| Preface to the Second Edition |
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xix | (2) |
| Preface to the First Edition |
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xxi | |
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1 | (15) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (4) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4 Resources for the Osteologist |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (4) |
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1.6 Working with Human Bones |
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12 | (1) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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13 | (3) |
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16 | (19) |
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16 | (4) |
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2.2 A Few Facts about Bone |
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20 | (1) |
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2.3 Bones as Elements of the Musculoskeletal System |
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20 | (3) |
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2.4 Gross Anatomy of Bones |
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23 | (2) |
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2.5 Molecular Structure of Bone |
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25 | (1) |
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2.6 Histology and Metabolism of Bone |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (3) |
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32 | (2) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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34 | (1) |
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CHAPTER 3 Anatomical Terminology |
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35 | (18) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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3.4 General Bone Features |
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40 | (3) |
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3.4.1 Projections and Parts |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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43 | (10) |
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53 | (57) |
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53 | (1) |
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4.2 Elements of the Skull |
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53 | (2) |
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4.3 Growth and Architecture, Sutures and Sinuses |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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4.5 Cranial Osteometric Points |
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57 | (7) |
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4.5.1 Unpaired (Midline) Cranial Osteometric Points |
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58 | (4) |
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4.5.2 Paired Cranial Osteometric Points |
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62 | (2) |
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4.6 Learning Cranial Skeletal Anatomy |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (5) |
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64 | (4) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (3) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (5) |
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72 | (4) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (4) |
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78 | (3) |
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81 | (1) |
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4.11.3 Possible Confusion |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (3) |
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82 | (3) |
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85 | (1) |
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4.12.3 Possible Confusion |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (2) |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (1) |
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4.13.3 Possible Confusion |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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4.14.3 Possible Confusion |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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4.15 Inferior Nasal Conchae |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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4.15.3 Possible Confusion |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (1) |
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4.16.3 Possible Confusion |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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4.17.3 Possible Confusion |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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4.18.3 Possible Confusion |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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4.19.3 Possible Confusion |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (6) |
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95 | (5) |
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100 | (1) |
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4.20.3 Possible Confusion |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (5) |
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101 | (4) |
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105 | (1) |
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4.21.3 Possible Confusion |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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107 | (3) |
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110 | (27) |
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5.1 Dental Form and Function |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (3) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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5.6 To Which Tooth Category (Class) Does the Specimen Belong? |
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117 | (3) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (1) |
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5.7 Is the Tooth Permanent or Deciduous? |
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120 | (1) |
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5.7.1 Diagnostic Criteria |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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5.8 Is the Tooth an Upper or a Lower? |
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120 | (4) |
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5.8.1 Upper versus Lower Incisors |
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121 | (1) |
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5.8.2 Upper versus Lower Canines |
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122 | (1) |
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5.8.3 Upper versus Lower Premolars |
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123 | (1) |
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5.8.4 Upper versus Lower Molars |
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123 | (1) |
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5.9 Where in the Arch Is the Tooth Located? |
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124 | (5) |
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5.9.1 Upper Incisors: I^1 versus I^2 |
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124 | (1) |
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5.9.2 Lower Incisors: I(1) versus I(2) |
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125 | (1) |
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5.9.3 Upper Premolars: P^3 versus P^4 |
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126 | (1) |
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5.9.4 Lower Premolars: P(3) versus P(4) |
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127 | (1) |
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5.9.5 Upper Molars: M^1 versus M^2 versus M^3 |
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127 | (1) |
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5.9.6 Lower Molars: M(1) versus M(2) versus M(3) |
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128 | (1) |
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5.10 Is the Tooth from the Right or the Left Side? |
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129 | (6) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (1) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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135 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 6 Hyoid and Vertebrae |
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137 | (20) |
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137 | (2) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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6.2 General Characteristics of Vertebrae |
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139 | (6) |
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139 | (4) |
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143 | (2) |
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6.3 Cervical Vertebrae (n=7) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Special Cervical Vertebrae |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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6.4 Thoracic Vertebrae (n=12) |
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146 | (3) |
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147 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Special Thoracic Vertebrae |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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6.5 Lumbar Vertebrae (n=5) |
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149 | (7) |
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150 | (4) |
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6.5.2 Identifying Lumbar Position |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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6.6 Functional Aspects of the Vertebrae |
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156 | (1) |
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CHAPTER 7 Thorax: Sternum and Ribs |
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157 | (10) |
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157 | (4) |
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157 | (4) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (5) |
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161 | (4) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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7.3 Functional Aspects of the Thoracic Skeleton |
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166 | (1) |
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CHAPTER 8 Shoulder Girdle: Clavicle and Scapula |
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167 | (12) |
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167 | (3) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (7) |
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170 | (5) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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8.3 Functional Aspects of the Shoulder Girdle |
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177 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 9 Arm: Humerus, Radius, and Ulna |
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179 | (21) |
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179 | (8) |
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179 | (6) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (5) |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (5) |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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9.4 Functional Aspects of the Elbow and Wrist |
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197 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 10 Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges |
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200 | (17) |
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200 | (8) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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10.1.5 Trapezium (Greater Multangular) |
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205 | (1) |
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10.1.6 Trapezoid (Lesser Multangular) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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10.1.10 Possible Confusion |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (6) |
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10.2.1 First Metacarpal (Thumb) |
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208 | (4) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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10.2.7 Possible Confusion |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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10.3.1 Proximal Hand Phalanges |
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215 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Intermediate Hand Phalanges |
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215 | (1) |
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10.3.3 Distal Hand Phalanges |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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10.3.5 Possible Confusion |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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10.4 Functional Aspects of the Hand |
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215 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 11 Pelvic Girdle: Sacrum, Coccyx, and Os Coxae |
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217 | (14) |
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217 | (4) |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (1) |
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11.1.3 Possible Confusion |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (9) |
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221 | (8) |
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229 | (1) |
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11.3.3 Possible Confusion |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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11.4 Functional Aspects of the Pelvic Girdle |
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230 | (1) |
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CHAPTER 12 Leg: Femur, Patella, Tibia, and Fibula |
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231 | (30) |
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231 | (10) |
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231 | (8) |
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239 | (1) |
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12.1.3 Possible Confusion |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Possible Confusion |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (7) |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (3) |
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12.3.3 Possible Confusion |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (6) |
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249 | (5) |
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254 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Possible Confusion |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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12.5 Functional Aspects of the Knee and Ankle |
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255 | (6) |
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CHAPTER 13 Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges |
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261 | (16) |
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261 | (8) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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13.1.5 Medial (First) Cuneiform |
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266 | (1) |
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13.1.6 Intermediate (Second) Cuneiform |
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267 | (1) |
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13.1.7 Lateral (Third) Cuneiform |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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13.1.9 Possible Confusion |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (6) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (4) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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13.2.7 Possible Confusion |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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13.3.1 Proximal Foot Phalanges |
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275 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Intermediate Foot Phalanges |
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275 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Distal Foot Phalanges |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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13.3.5 Possible Confusion |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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13.4 Functional Aspects of the Foot |
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276 | (1) |
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CHAPTER 14 Recovery, Preparation, and Curation of Skeletal Remains |
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277 | (26) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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14.3 Excavation and Retrieval |
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279 | (11) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (3) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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300 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 15 Analysis and Reporting of Skeletal Remains |
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303 | (16) |
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303 | (6) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (5) |
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309 | (3) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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15.2.3 Lighting and Setup |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (2) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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317 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 16 Ethics in Osteology |
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319 | (19) |
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16.1 Ethics in Forensic Osteology |
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319 | (4) |
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16.1.1 Boundaries of Evidence |
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320 | (1) |
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16.1.2 The Expert Witness |
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321 | (2) |
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16.2 Ethics in Archeological Osteology |
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323 | (9) |
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16.2.1 Ethics in Collision |
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323 | (3) |
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16.2.2 NAGPRA and Its Effects |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (4) |
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16.3 Ethics in Human Paleontology |
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332 | (3) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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335 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 17 Assessment of Age, Sex, Stature, Ancestry, and Identity |
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338 | (45) |
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17.1 Accuracy and Precision of Estimation |
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338 | (1) |
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17.2 From Known to Unknown |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (22) |
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17.3.1 Estimating Subadult Age from the Dentition |
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342 | (1) |
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17.3.2 Estimating Adult Age from the Dentition |
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343 | (2) |
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17.3.3 Estimating Adult Age from Cranial Suture Closure |
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345 | (2) |
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17.3.4 Estimating Subadult Age from Long-Bone Length |
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347 | (1) |
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17.3.5 Estimating Subadult Age from Epiphyseal Closure |
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347 | (1) |
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17.3.6 Estimating Adult Age from the Pubic Symphysis Surface |
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348 | (6) |
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17.3.7 Parturition Changes at the Pubic Symphysis |
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354 | (1) |
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17.3.8 Estimating Adult Age from the Ilium's Auricular Surface |
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355 | (2) |
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17.3.9 Estimating Adult Age from the Sternal Rib End |
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357 | (2) |
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17.3.10 Estimating Adult Age by Radiographic Analysis |
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359 | (1) |
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17.3.11 Estimating Adult Age by Using Bone Microstructure |
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359 | (2) |
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17.3.12 Multifactorial Age Estimation |
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361 | (1) |
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17.4 Determination of Sex |
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362 | (9) |
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17.4.1 Sexing the Skull and Dentition |
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363 | (2) |
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17.4.2 Sexing the Postcranial Skeleton |
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365 | (6) |
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17.5 Estimation of Stature |
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371 | (2) |
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17.6 Estimation of Ancestry |
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373 | (3) |
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17.7 Identifying the Individual |
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376 | (2) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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378 | (5) |
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CHAPTER 18 Osteological and Dental Pathology |
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383 | (25) |
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383 | (6) |
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384 | (3) |
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387 | (1) |
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18.1.3 Artificial Deformation |
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387 | (1) |
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18.1.4 Trephination and Amputation |
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388 | (1) |
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18.2 Infectious Diseases and Associated Manifestations |
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389 | (4) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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18.2.4 Treponemal Infections |
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393 | (1) |
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18.3 Circulatory Disturbances and Hematopoietic Disorders |
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393 | (2) |
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18.4 Metabolic and Hormonal Imbalance |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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18.4.4 Endocrine Disturbances and Dysplasias |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (3) |
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398 | (1) |
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18.6.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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399 | (1) |
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18.6.3 Ankylosing Spondylitis |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (4) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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18.7.3 Periodontal Disease |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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18.7.5 Artificial Dental Modification |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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405 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 19 Postmortem Skeletal Modification |
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408 | (18) |
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408 | (2) |
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19.2 Bone Modification by Physical Agents |
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410 | (3) |
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410 | (1) |
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19.2.2 Rock, Earth, and Ice |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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19.3 Bone Modification by Nonhuman Biological Agents |
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413 | (2) |
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413 | (2) |
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415 | (1) |
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19.4 Bone Modification by Humans |
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415 | (8) |
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19.4.1 Cutmarks, Chopmarks, and Scrapemarks |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (2) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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423 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 20 The Biology of Skeletal Populations: Discrete Traits, Distance, Diet, Disease, and Demography |
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426 | (15) |
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426 | (4) |
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20.1.1 Dental Nonmetric Variation |
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426 | (2) |
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20.1.2 Cranial Nonmetric Variation |
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428 | (2) |
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20.1.3 Postcranial Nonmetric Variation |
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430 | (1) |
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20.2 Measuring Biological Distance |
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430 | (3) |
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433 | (2) |
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20.4 Disease and Demography |
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435 | (3) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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438 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 21 Molecular Osteology |
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441 | (11) |
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441 | (2) |
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443 | (4) |
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21.2.1 PCR and Methodology |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (2) |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (2) |
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Suggested Further Readings |
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449 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 22 Forensic Case Study: Homicide: "We Have the Witnesses but No Body" |
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452 | (7) |
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22.1 A Disappearance in Cleveland |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (3) |
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457 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 23 Forensic Case Study: Child Abuse, the Skeletal Perspective |
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459 | (8) |
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23.1 Child Abuse and the Skeleton |
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459 | (2) |
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23.2 A Missing Child Found |
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461 | (1) |
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461 | (4) |
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465 | (2) |
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CHAPTER 24 Archeological Case Study: The Bioarcheology of the Stillwater Marsh, Nevada |
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467 | (11) |
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467 | (1) |
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24.2 Geography of the Carson Sink |
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468 | (1) |
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24.3 Exposure and Recovery |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (1) |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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24.7 Limb Shaft Cross-Sectional Anatomy |
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473 | (1) |
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24.8 Physiological Stress |
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473 | (1) |
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24.9 Dietary Reconstruction |
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473 | (2) |
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475 | (3) |
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CHAPTER 25 Archeological Case Study: Anasazi Remains from Cottonwood Canyon |
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|
478 | (14) |
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25.1 Cannibalism and Archeology |
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|
478 | (1) |
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25.2 Cottonwood Canyon Site 42SA12209 |
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479 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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479 | (6) |
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25.4.1 Patterns of Damage |
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479 | (2) |
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25.4.2 Sorting and Refitting |
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481 | (2) |
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25.4.3 Minimum Number, Age, and Sex of the Individuals |
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483 | (2) |
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25.5 What Happened? The Osteological Contribution |
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485 | (7) |
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CHAPTER 26 Paleontological Case Study: The Pit of the Bones |
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492 | (9) |
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492 | (2) |
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494 | (1) |
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494 | (3) |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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26.6 Functional and Phylogenetic Assessment |
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497 | (3) |
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26.7 Continuing Mysteries |
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500 | (1) |
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CHAPTER 27 Paleontological Case Study: Australopithecus Mandible from Maka, Ethiopia |
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|
501 | (16) |
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27.1 Historical Background |
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|
501 | (1) |
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27.2 The Geography and Geology of Maka |
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|
502 | (2) |
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27.3 Search and Discovery |
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504 | (3) |
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507 | (4) |
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511 | (1) |
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27.6 Photography and Casting |
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512 | (2) |
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514 | (1) |
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514 | (3) |
| APPENDIX Photographic Methods and Provenance |
|
517 | (6) |
| A.1 Methods |
|
517 | (2) |
| A.1.1 Preparation of the Bone |
|
517 | (1) |
| A.1.2 Equipment |
|
517 | (1) |
| A.1.3 Lighting and Staging |
|
518 | (1) |
| A.1.4 Film and Development |
|
518 | (1) |
| A.2 Provenance |
|
519 | (4) |
| A.2.1 Chapter 2 |
|
519 | (1) |
| A.2.2 Chapter 4 |
|
520 | (1) |
| A.2.3 Chapter 5 |
|
520 | (1) |
| A.2.4 Chapters 6-13 |
|
520 | (1) |
| A.2.5 Chapter 17 |
|
520 | (1) |
| A.2.6 Chapter 18 |
|
520 | (1) |
| A.2.7 Chapter 19 |
|
521 | (1) |
| A.2.8 Chapter 20 |
|
521 | (2) |
| Glossary |
|
523 | (8) |
| Bibliography |
|
531 | (24) |
| Index |
|
555 | |