| Preface |
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xxi | |
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1 | (10) |
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1 | (2) |
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Chemicals Compose Ordinary Things |
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3 | (1) |
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All Things are Made of Atoms and Molecules |
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4 | (1) |
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The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think |
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5 | (2) |
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Everyday Chemistry Combustion and the Scientific Method |
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6 | (1) |
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A Beginning Chemist: How to Succeed |
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7 | (4) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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Measurement and Problem Solving |
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11 | (44) |
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Measuring Global Temperatures |
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11 | (1) |
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Scientific Notation: Writing Big and Small Numbers |
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12 | (2) |
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Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision |
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14 | (4) |
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Counting Significant Figures |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Chemistry in the Media The COBE Satellite and Very Precise Measurements that Illuminate our Cosmic Past |
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17 | (1) |
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Significant Figures in Calculations |
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18 | (4) |
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Multiplication and Division |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Calculations Involving Both Multiplication/Division and Addition/Subtraction |
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20 | (2) |
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The Basic Units of Measurement |
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22 | (3) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Converting From One Unit to Another |
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25 | (3) |
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Solving Multistep Conversion Problems |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (4) |
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34 | (1) |
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Density as a Conversion Factor |
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35 | (1) |
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Everyday Chemistry Density, Cholesterol, and Heart Disease |
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36 | (1) |
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Numerical Problem Solving Strategies and the Solution Map |
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37 | (18) |
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39 | (5) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (11) |
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55 | (36) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas |
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57 | (1) |
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Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures |
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58 | (3) |
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How We Tell Matter Apart: Physical and Chemical Properties |
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61 | (2) |
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How Matter Changes: Physical and Chemical Changes |
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63 | (1) |
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The Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (3) |
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66 | (1) |
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Chemistry in the Media Perpetual Motion |
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66 | (2) |
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Temperature: Random Molecular and Atomic Motion |
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68 | (3) |
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Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity |
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71 | (2) |
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Everyday Chemistry Coolers, Camping, and The Heat Capacity of Water |
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73 | (1) |
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Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations |
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73 | (18) |
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76 | (6) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (9) |
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91 | (36) |
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Experiencing Atoms at Tiburon |
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91 | (1) |
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Not to Cut: The Atomic Theory |
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92 | (1) |
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Everyday Chemistry Atoms and Humans |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (4) |
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Everyday Chemistry Solid Matter? |
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96 | (1) |
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The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons |
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97 | (1) |
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Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons |
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98 | (3) |
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Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table |
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101 | (5) |
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Ions: Losing and Gaining Electrons |
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106 | (2) |
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Ions and The Periodic Table |
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107 | (1) |
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Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies |
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108 | (5) |
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Chemistry in the Environment Radioactive Isotopes at Hanford, Washington |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (14) |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (10) |
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127 | (36) |
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127 | (1) |
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Compounds Display Constant Composition |
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128 | (2) |
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Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds |
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130 | (2) |
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A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds |
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135 | (1) |
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Nomenclature: Naming Compounds |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (6) |
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Naming Type I Binary Ionic Compounds |
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137 | (1) |
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Naming Type II Binary Ionic Compounds |
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138 | (2) |
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Naming Ionic Compounds Containing a Polyatomic Ion |
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140 | (1) |
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Everyday Chemistry Polyatomic Ions |
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141 | (1) |
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Naming Molecular Compounds |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (3) |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Chemistry in the Environment Acid Rain |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit |
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148 | (15) |
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149 | (4) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (10) |
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163 | (40) |
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163 | (1) |
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Counting Nails by the Pound |
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164 | (1) |
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Counting Atoms by the Gram |
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165 | (5) |
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Converting Between Moles and Number of Atoms |
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166 | (1) |
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Converting Between Grams and Moles |
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167 | (2) |
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Converting Between Grams and Number of Atoms |
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169 | (1) |
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Counting Molecules by the Gram |
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170 | (2) |
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Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors |
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172 | (5) |
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Converting between Moles of a Compound and Moles of a Constituent Element |
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173 | (1) |
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Converting between Grams of a Compound and Grams of a Constituent Element |
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174 | (2) |
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Chemistry in the Environment Chlorine in Chlorofluorocarbons |
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176 | (1) |
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Mass Percent Composition of Compounds |
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177 | (2) |
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Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula |
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179 | (2) |
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Chemistry and Health Fluoridation of Drinking Water |
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180 | (1) |
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Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds |
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181 | (4) |
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Calculating an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data |
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183 | (2) |
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Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds |
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185 | (18) |
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187 | (6) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (10) |
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203 | (44) |
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Kindergarten Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents |
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203 | (2) |
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Evidence of a Chemical Reaction |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (2) |
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How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations |
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209 | (3) |
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Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water |
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212 | (3) |
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213 | (2) |
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Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid |
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215 | (4) |
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Predicting Precipitation Reactions |
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216 | (3) |
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Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations |
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219 | (6) |
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Acid-Base and Gas Evolution Reactions |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (3) |
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Chemistry and Health Neutralizing Excess Stomach Acid |
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224 | (1) |
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Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
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225 | (2) |
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226 | (1) |
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Classifying Chemical Reactions |
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227 | (20) |
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Classifying Chemical Reactions by What Atoms Do |
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227 | (4) |
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Classification Flow Chart |
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231 | (1) |
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Chemistry in the Environment The Reactions Involved in Ozone Depletion |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (5) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (10) |
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Quantities in Chemical Reactions |
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247 | (30) |
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Global Warming: Too Much CO2 |
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247 | (1) |
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Making Pancakes: Relationships Among Ingredients |
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248 | (4) |
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Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions |
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250 | (1) |
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Chemistry in the Media The Controversy Over Oxygenated Fuels |
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251 | (1) |
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Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions |
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252 | (4) |
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More Pancakes: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield |
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256 | (3) |
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Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield From Initial Masses of Reactants |
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259 | (18) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (3) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (10) |
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Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table |
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277 | (42) |
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Blimps, Balloons, and Models for the Atom |
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277 | (2) |
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Light: Electromagnetic Radiation |
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279 | (1) |
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum |
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280 | (4) |
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Chemistry and Health Radiation Treatment for Cancer |
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282 | (2) |
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The Bohr Model: Atoms with Orbits |
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284 | (3) |
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals |
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287 | (1) |
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Baseball Paths and Electron Probability Maps |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals |
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288 | (9) |
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Electron Configurations: How Electrons Occupy Orbitals |
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290 | (2) |
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Chemistry and Health Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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292 | (5) |
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Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table |
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297 | (3) |
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297 | (3) |
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The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model |
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300 | (2) |
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Periodic Trends: Ionization Energy, Atomic Size, and Metallic Character |
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302 | (17) |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (3) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (8) |
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319 | (36) |
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Bonding Models and AIDS Drugs |
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319 | (1) |
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Representing Valence Electrons with Dots |
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320 | (1) |
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Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred |
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321 | (2) |
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Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared |
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323 | (2) |
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324 | (1) |
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Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds |
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325 | (4) |
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Writing Lewis Structures for Polyatomic Ions |
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327 | (1) |
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Exceptions to the Octet Rule |
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328 | (1) |
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Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule |
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329 | (2) |
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Chemistry in the Environment The Lewis Structure of Ozone |
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331 | (1) |
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Predicting the Shapes of Molecules |
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331 | (5) |
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Representing Molecular Geometries on Paper |
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335 | (1) |
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Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Don't Mix |
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336 | (19) |
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Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules |
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339 | (3) |
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Everyday Chemistry How Soap Works |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (3) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (9) |
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355 | (52) |
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355 | (2) |
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Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases |
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357 | (2) |
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Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions |
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359 | (4) |
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360 | (2) |
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Pressure Unit Conversions |
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362 | (1) |
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Everyday Chemistry Airplane Cabin Pressurization |
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363 | (1) |
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Boyle's Law: Pressure and Volume |
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363 | (6) |
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Everyday Chemistry Extralong Snorkels |
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368 | (1) |
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Charles's Law: Volume and Temperature |
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369 | (4) |
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The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature |
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373 | (2) |
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Avogadro's Law: Volume and Moles |
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375 | (1) |
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The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature and Moles |
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376 | (7) |
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Molar Mass of a Gas from the Ideal Gas Law |
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380 | (3) |
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Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen |
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383 | (5) |
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Deep Sea Diving and Partial Pressure |
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385 | (2) |
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Collecting Gases Over Water |
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387 | (1) |
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Gases in Chemical Reactions |
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388 | (19) |
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Molar Volume at Standard Temperature and Pressure |
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390 | (2) |
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Chemistry in the Environment Air Pollution |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (5) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (9) |
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Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces |
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407 | (36) |
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Interactions Between Molecules |
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407 | (1) |
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Properties of Solids and Liquids |
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408 | (2) |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity |
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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Evaporation and Condensation |
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411 | (6) |
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Everyday Chemistry Why Are Water Drops Spherical? |
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412 | (2) |
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414 | (1) |
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Energetics of Evaporation and Condensation |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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Melting, Freezing, and Sublimation |
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417 | (3) |
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Energetics of Melting and Freezing |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, Dipole-Dipole, and Hydrogen Bonding |
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420 | (8) |
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420 | (2) |
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422 | (2) |
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Chemistry and Health Hydrogen Bonding in DNA |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (3) |
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Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic |
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428 | (2) |
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428 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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Water: A Remarkable Molecule |
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430 | (13) |
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Chemistry in the Environment Water Pollution |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (3) |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (7) |
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443 | (40) |
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443 | (1) |
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Solutions: Homogenous Mixtures |
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444 | (1) |
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Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy |
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445 | (3) |
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Solubility and Saturation |
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445 | (2) |
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Electrolyte Solutions: Dissolved Ionic Solids |
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447 | (1) |
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How Solubility Varies with Temperature |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz |
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448 | (2) |
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Specifying Solution Concentration: Mass Percent |
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450 | (5) |
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450 | (2) |
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Chemistry in the Environment The Dirty Dozen |
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452 | (1) |
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Using Mass Percent in Calculations |
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453 | (2) |
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Specifying Solution Concentration: Molarity |
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455 | (4) |
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Using Molarity in Calculations |
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457 | (2) |
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459 | (2) |
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461 | (2) |
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter |
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463 | (5) |
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Freezing Point Depression |
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464 | (2) |
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Everyday Chemistry Antifreeze in Frogs |
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466 | (2) |
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Osmosis: Why Drinking Saltwater Causes Dehydration |
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468 | (15) |
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Chemistry and Health Solutions in Medicine |
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469 | (1) |
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469 | (5) |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (8) |
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483 | (44) |
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Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies |
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483 | (1) |
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Acids: Properties and Examples |
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484 | (2) |
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Bases: Properties and Examples |
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486 | (2) |
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Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases |
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488 | (3) |
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488 | (1) |
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The Brønsted-Lowry Definition |
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489 | (2) |
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The Reactions of Acids and Bases |
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491 | (4) |
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491 | (1) |
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492 | (2) |
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494 | (1) |
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Everyday Chemistry What Is in My Antacid? |
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494 | (1) |
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Acid--Base Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution |
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495 | (2) |
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Strong and Weak Acids and Bases |
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497 | (6) |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (3) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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Water: Acid and Base in One |
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503 | (3) |
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The pH Scale: A Way to Express Acidity and Basicity |
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506 | (3) |
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Calculating pH from [H3O+] |
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506 | (2) |
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Calculating [H3O+] from pH |
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508 | (1) |
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Chemistry and Health Ulcers |
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509 | (1) |
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Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change |
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509 | (2) |
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Chemistry and Health The Danger of Antifreeze |
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511 | (1) |
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Acid Rain: An Environmental Problem Related to Fossil Fuel Combustion |
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511 | (16) |
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512 | (1) |
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512 | (2) |
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514 | (5) |
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519 | (1) |
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519 | (8) |
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527 | (46) |
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Life: Controlled Disequilibrium |
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527 | (1) |
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The Rate of a Chemical Reaction |
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528 | (4) |
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528 | (2) |
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How Concentration Affects the Rate of a Reaction |
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530 | (1) |
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How Temperature Affects the Rate of a Reaction |
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530 | (2) |
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The Idea of Dynamic Chemical Equilibrium |
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532 | (3) |
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The Equilibrium Constant: A Measure of How Far a Reaction Goes |
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535 | (3) |
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Writing Equilibrium Expressions for Chemical Reactions |
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536 | (1) |
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The Significance of the Equilibrium Constant |
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537 | (1) |
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Heterogeneous Equilibria: The Equilibrium Expression for Reactions Involving a Solid or a Liquid |
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538 | (1) |
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Calculating and Using Equilibrium Constants |
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539 | (4) |
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Calculating Equilibrium Constants |
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539 | (2) |
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Using Equilibrium Constants in Calculations |
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541 | (2) |
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Disturbing a Reaction at Equilibrium: Le Chatelier's Principle |
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543 | (2) |
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The Effect of a Concentration Change on Equilibrium |
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545 | (3) |
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Chemistry and Health How a Developing Fetus Gets Oxygen From Its Mother |
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547 | (1) |
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The Effect of a Volume Change on Equilibrium |
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548 | (2) |
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The Effect of a Temperature Change on Equilibrium |
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550 | (2) |
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Solubility-Product Constant |
|
|
552 | (3) |
|
Using Ksp to Determine Molar Solubility |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Everyday Chemistry Hard Water |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
The Path of a Reaction and the Effect of a Catalyst |
|
|
555 | (18) |
|
How Activation Energies Affect Reaction Rates |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Catalysts Lower the Activation Energy |
|
|
557 | (2) |
|
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
|
560 | (4) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (9) |
|
|
|
573 | (36) |
|
The End of the Internal Combustion Engine? |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Oxidation and Reduction: Some Definitions |
|
|
574 | (3) |
|
Oxidation States: Electron Bookkeeping |
|
|
577 | (5) |
|
Everyday Chemistry The Bleaching of Hair |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Balancing Redox Equations |
|
|
582 | (3) |
|
The Activity Series: Predicting Spontaneous Redox Reactions |
|
|
585 | (4) |
|
Predicting Whether a Metal Will Dissolve in Acid |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Batteries: Using Chemistry to Generate Electricity |
|
|
589 | (5) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Lead-Acid Storage Batteries |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Everyday Chemistry The Fuel Cell Breathalyzer |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Electrolysis: Using Electricity to Do Chemistry |
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
Corrosion: Undesirable Redox Reactions |
|
|
596 | (13) |
|
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (9) |
|
Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry |
|
|
609 | |
|
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
The Discovery of Radioactivity |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Types of Radioactivity: Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay |
|
|
612 | (7) |
|
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
617 | (2) |
|
|
|
619 | (1) |
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Natural Radioactivity and Half-Life |
|
|
619 | (4) |
|
A Natural Radioactive Decay Series |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Chemistry and Health Environmental Radon |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Radiocarbon Dating: Using Radioactivity to Measure the Age of Fossils and Other Artifacts |
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
Chemistry in the Media The Shroud of Turin |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
The Discovery of Fission and the Atomic Bomb |
|
|
625 | (2) |
|
Nuclear Power: Using Fission to Generate Electricity |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Nuclear Fusion: The Power of the Sun |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
The Effects of Radiation on Life |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Measuring Radiation Exposure |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Radioactivity in Medicine |
|
|
630 | |
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (3) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | |
| Appendix 1 Physical Constants, Conversion Factors, and Geometric Formulas |
|
1 | (2) |
| Appendix 2 Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds |
|
3 | (1) |
| Appendix 3 Mathematics Review |
|
4 | (6) |
| Appendix 4 Glossary |
|
10 | (12) |
| Appendix 5 Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises |
|
22 | |
| Photo Credits |
|
1 | (1) |
| Index |
|
1 | |
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