Plasma Astrophysics: Tajima, Toshiki: 9780201406429: Book: Science: eCampus.com

The twentieth century has witnessed the transformation of astronomy from celestial mechanics to astrophysics. While optical telescopes may have presented a peek into the structure of the constituents of the universe, such as stars and galaxies, new windows of observation have revealed far more amorphous objects, from nebulae and sheets to filaments and voids, whose �violent� processes include flares, shocks, accretion disks and jets. In these processes, plasma is often the constituent matter�as well as the medium through which the astrophysical setting becomes so violent.In this graduate-level text, Tajima and Shibata offer a new synthesis starting where the classic works on plasma physics left off. Beginning with a view of plasma astrophysics through fundamental processes of quasi-magnetostatic equilibria, quasi-hydrostatic equilibria, and non-equilibria, the authors go on to develop unique approaches to violent astrophysical plasmas�as opposed to the more quiescent laboratory variety�and their processes. The text continues with an exploration of the fundamental processes in hydrostatic, magnetostatic, and gravitational objects. The final chapter is devoted to a discussion of the applications of plasma astrophysics to cosmology, anticipating future developments in this exciting field.This text will be of enormous use to graduate�and some advanced undergraduate�students, as well as to physicists entering the field of plasma physics.

Provides an overview of the fundamental processes of quasi-magnetostatic equilibria, quasi-hydrostatic equilibria and non-equilibria and develops unique approaches to violent astrophysical plasmas and their processes. Explores fundamental processes in hydrostatic, magnetostatic and gravitational objects.

Preface

xvii

1 Introduction

(38)

1.1 Overall Structure of Plasma Physics and Astrophysics

(5)

1.2 Introductory Survey

(5)

1.2.1 Hierarchical Structure of the Universe

(2)

1.2.2 Structure of Celestial Objects

(1)

1.2.3 Evolution and Activity of Celestial Objects

(2)

1.3 Classification of Celestial Objects

(7)

1.3.1 Three Categories of Celestial Objects

(1)

1.3.2 Fundamental Processes in Objects in Quasi-Magnetostatic Equilibrium

(3)

1.3.3 Fundamental Processes in Objects in Quasi-Hydrostatic Equilibrium

(1)

1.3.4 Fundamental Processes in Objects in Non-Equilibrium

(2)

1.4 Typical Examples of Celestial Objects

(21)

1.4.1 Solar Corona

(4)

1.4.2 Galactic Disks

(2)

1.4.3 Active Galactic Nuclei

(3)

1.4.4 Clusters of Galaxies

(12)

2 Plasma Physics-Modern Astrophysical Perspectives

(90)

2.1 General Survey

(12)

2.1.1 Nonmagnetized Plasma

(1)

2.1.2 Magnetized Plasma

(4)

2.2 Nonlinear Physics

(6)

2.3 Turbulence

(10)

2.3.1 Onset of Turbulence

(3)

2.3.2 Nondissipative Fully Developed Turbulence in MHD

(3)

2.3.3 Fully Developed Dissipative Turbulence

(2)

2.4 Structure Formation and Plasma Filaments

(13)

2.4.1 Filaments vs. Continua in Plasmas

(4)

2.4.2 Filamentary Construct of Two-Dimensional MHD(*)

(2)

2.4.2.1 Statistics of Filaments(*)

(3)

2.4.3 Filamentary Objects in Three-Dimensional MHD Turbulence(*)

(2)

2.5 Relaxation and Dissipation

(10)

2.5.1 Dissipative Vorticity Equation(*)

(3)

2.5.2 Generalized Relaxation Theory(*)

(2)

2.5.3 Electron-Positron Proton Plasma(*)

(3)

2.5.4 Ideal MHD Structures(*)

(2)

2.6 Stochastic Processes

(3)

2.7 Anomalous Transport

(11)

2.7.1 Convective Transport

(3)

2.7.2 Self-Organized Critical Transport

(3)

2.7.3 Landau-Ginzburg Transport Equations(*)

102

(4)

2.8 General Relativistic Plasma Physics

106

(25)

2.8.1 Electromagnetic Waves in a Black Hole Atmosphere

106

(5)

2.8.2 General Relativistic MHD

111

(6)

2.8.3 Schwarzschild Equilibria(*)

117

(14)

3 Fundamental Processes in Hydrostatic and Magnetostatic Objects

131

(152)

3.1 Dynamo

131

(25)

3.1.1 Introduction to Dynamo Theory

132

(13)

3.1.1.1 Kinematic and Dynamic Dynamo

132

(1)

3.1.1.2 Cowling's Theorem

132

(2)

3.1.1.3 Parker's (1955) Suggestion

134

(1)

3.1.1.4 Turbulent Dynamo

134

(2)

3.1.1.5 Dynamo Waves

136

(3)

3.1.1.6 Results of Kinetic Dynamo(*)

139

(1)

3.1.1.7 Present Status of Dynamo Theory(*)

140

(5)

3.1.2 Magneotconvection

145

(11)

3.1.2.1 Convective Instability

146

(2)

3.1.2.2 Thermal (Rayleigh-Bernard) Convection

148

(1)

3.1.2.3 Solar Convection

149

(1)

3.1.2.4 Incompressible Magnetoconvection

149

(4)

3.1.2.5 Compressible Magnetoconvection(*)

153

(1)

3.1.2.6 Formation of Intense Flux Tubes(*)

154

(2)

3.2 Magnetobuoyancy

156

(52)

3.2.1 Magnetic Buoyancy

156

(7)

3.2.1.1 What is Magnetic Buoyancy?

156

(2)

3.2.1.2 Magnetic Buoyancy Instability and Parker Instability

158

(1)

3.2.1.3 Instability Condition for Interchange Mode

159

(1)

3.2.1.4 Instability Condition for Undular Mode (Parker Instability)

160

(1)

3.2.1.5 Ballooning instability

161

(2)

3.2.2 Parker Instability

163

(45)

3.2.2.1 Critical Wavelength

163

(3)

3.2.2.2 Growth Rate and Critical XXX

166

(2)

3.2.2.3 Nonlinear Evolution of the Parker Instability: Most Unstable Mode

168

(4)

3.2.2.4 Condition for Shock Waves Formation and Nonlinear Oscillation(*)

172

(2)

3.2.2.5 Self-Similar Evolution(*)

174

(6)

3.2.2.6 Theory of Nonlinear Parker Instability(*)

180

(9)

3.2.2.7 Physical Interpretation

189

(8)

3.2.2.8 Comparison with Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

197

(2)

3.2.2.9 Application to Solar Emerging Flux(*)

199

(2)

3.2.2.10 Three Dimensional Effect: Coupling with Interchange Mode

201

(3)

3.2.2.11 Emergence of Twisted Flux Tube(*)

204

(1)

3.2.2.12 Effect of Rotation and Shearing Motion(*)

204

(4)

3.3 Magnetic Reconnection

208

(75)

3.3.1 Flares as Violent Magnetic Energy Release

210

(12)

3.3.1.1 What is a Flare?

210

(1)

3.3.1.2 Morphology of Flares

210

(2)

3.3.1.3 Models of CME Related Flares(*)

212

(5)

3.3.1.4 Models of Compact Flares

217

(5)

3.3.2 Theory of Magnetic Reconnection

222

(21)

3.3.2.1 Magnetic Diffusion

223

(1)

3.3.2.2 Sweet-Parker Model

223

(2)

3.3.2.3 Petschek Model

225

(2)

3.3.2.4 Numerical Simulations of Reconnection

227

(1)

3.3.2.5 Tearing Instability

228

(2)

3.3.2.6 Coalescence Instability and Explosive Reconnection Model

230

(7)

3.3.2.7 Reconnection Driven by Magnetic Buoyancy Instability

237

(5)

3.3.2.8 Fractal Nature of Current Sheet

242

(1)

3.3.3 Yohkoh Observations of Flares(*)

243

(17)

3.3.3.1 LDE (Long Duration Events) Flares(*)

244

(1)

3.3.3.2 Large Scale Arcade Formation(*)

245

(2)

3.3.3.3 Impulsive Flares(*)

247

(2)

3.3.3.4 A Unified Model of Flares(*)

249

(3)

3.3.3.5 Transient Brightenings (Microflares) and X-ray Jets(*)

252

(3)

3.3.3.6 Toward A Further Unified Model of "Flares"(*)

255

(2)

3.3.3.7 Summary and Remaining Questions

257

(3)

3.3.4 Collisionless Conductivity(*)

260

(23)

3.3.4.1 Collisionless Plasma and Memory Decay(*)

260

(3)

3.3.4.2 Collisionless Tearing Instability(*)

263

(20)

4 Fundamental Processes in Gravitational Objects

283

(129)

4.1 Gravitational Contraction

283

(33)

4.1.1 Jeans Instability

283

(3)

4.1.2 Gravitational Contraction of Spherical Clouds

286

(12)

4.1.2.1 Contraction of Spherical Clouds with Zero Pressure

286

(4)

4.1.2.2 Contraction of Spherical Clouds with Finite Pressure

290

(4)

4.1.2.3 Present Picture of Star Formation

294

(4)

4.1.3 Contraction of Rotating Clouds

298

(7)

4.1.3.1 Disk Formation and Runaway Collapse

298

(3)

4.1.3.2 Equilibrium Solution of a Rotating Disk

301

(2)

4.1.3.3 3D Simulation

303

(2)

4.1.4 Contraction of Magnetic Clouds

305

(11)

4.1.4.1 Criteria for Collapse of Magnetic Clouds

305

(2)

4.1.4.2 Ambipolar Diffusion

307

(2)

4.1.4.3 Magnetic Braking

309

(3)

4.1.4.4 Quasistatic Contraction

312

(2)

4.1.4.5 Dynamical Collapse

314

(2)

4.2 Shear Flows

316

(37)

4.2.1 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability

317

(6)

4.2.1.1 Growth Rate

319

(1)

4.2.1.2 Richardson Number

320

(1)

4.2.1.3 Local vs. Nonlocal Analysis

320

(1)

4.2.1.4 Rotating Flow: Rayleigh's Criterion

321

(2)

4.2.2 Magnetorotational Instability

323

(6)

4.2.2.1 Motivation: Need for Anomalous Viscosity in Accretion Disks

323

(2)

4.2.2.2 Critical Wavelength and Growth Rate

325

(1)

4.2.2.3 Local Linear Stability Analysis for Vertical Magnetic Field

326

(1)

4.2.2.4 Nonlinear Evolution for Vertical Magnetic Field(*)

327

(2)

4.2.3 Magnetic Viscosity in Accretion Disks

329

(24)

4.2.3.1 Nonlocal Linear Stability Analysis for General Magnetic Shearing Field

329

(3)

4.2.3.2 Alfven Singularities and Eigenmodes(*)

332

(3)

4.2.3.3 Effect of Resistivity

335

(1)

4.2.3.4 Anomalous Resistivity and Magnetic Viscosity(*)

335

(4)

4.2.3.5 3D Numerical Simulation of the Magneto-Rotational Instability(*)

339

(3)

4.2.3.6 Effects of the Parker Instability(*)

342

(2)

4.2.3.7 Effects of Large-Scale Vertical Field(*)

344

(2)

4.2.3.8 Two States of Accretion Disks(*)

346

(7)

4.3 Jet

353

(59)

4.3.1 Observations of Astrophysical Jets

354

(6)

4.3.1.1 AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei) Jets

354

(3)

4.3.1.2 YSO (Young Stellar Objects) jets

357

(1)

4.3.1.3 Jets ejected from XRB (X-ray Binaries) and CV (Cataclysmic Variables)

358

(2)

4.3.2 Thermally Driven Wind/Jet

360

(3)

4.3.3 Magnetically Driven Wind/Jet

363

(11)

4.3.3.1 1D Steady Magnetically Driven (Centrifugal) Wind

364

(5)

4.3.3.2 2D Steady Magnetically Driven Wind Theory(*)

369

(5)

4.3.4 Nonsteady MHD Jets

374

(16)

4.3.4.1 Magnetic Twist Jets Produced by the Interaction between a Rotating Disk and a Poloidal Magnetic Field

376

(5)

4.3.4.2 Interaction of Magnetic Twist Jets with Interstellar Clouds(*)

381

(1)

4.3.4.3 Relation to Magnetorotational (Balbus-Hawley) Instability

382

(2)

4.3.4.4 Nonsteady MHD Jets from Thick Disks(*)

384

(1)

4.3.4.5 Interaction between Stellar Magnetosphere and Accretion Disk Magnetic Field(*)

384

(2)

4.3.4.6 Relation to Steady Wind/Jet and Remaining Questions

386

(3)

4.3.4.7 Three-Dimensional Propagation of MHD Jets(*)

389

(1)

4.3.5 High Energy Particle Acceleration

390

(22)

4.3.5.1 XXX ray Bursts with Alfven Waves

390

(1)

4.3.5.2 Explosive Magnetic Reconnection in a Disk and Associated Acceleration(*)

391

(21)

5 Cosmological Plasma Astrophysics

412

(54)

5.1 Cosmology and the Plasma Epoch

412

(3)

5.1.1 Cosmological Constraints and Challenges

413

(1)

5.1.2 Observations on Cosmological Magnetic Fields

414

(1)

5.2 Intergalactic Plasma

415

(19)

5.2.1 Cosmic X-ray Background Radiation

415

(3)

5.2.2 Basic Physical Processes of Flux Tube Constriction

418

(5)

5.2.3 Magnetically Constricted IGM Plasmas

423

(1)

5.2.4 Heating of IGM Plasmas by Magnetic Fields(*)

424

(2)

5.2.5 The Intergalactic Magnetic Dynamo(*)

426

(8)

5.3 On the Origin of Cosmological Magnetic Fields

434

(17)

5.3.1 The Fluctuation-Dissipation Theorem and Magnetic Fields(*)

436

(3)

5.3.2 Frequency Spectrum of Magnetic Fields(*)

439

(3)

5.3.3 Collisional Effects(*)

442

(2)

5.3.4 Cosmological Implications

444

(2)

5.3.5 Structure Formation

446

(5)

5.4 Electroweak Plasmas(*)

451

(4)

5.4.1 Neutrino Fluid and Electron Fluid(*)

451

(1)

5.4.2 Primordial Instability(*)

452

(3)

5.5 Extended Yang-Mills Structures(*)

455

(11)

5.5.1 Introduction to Yang-Mills Vacua(*)

457

(4)

5.5.2 Nontrivial (Non-zero Energy) Vacua(*)

461

(2)

5.5.3 Perturbed Excitations(*)

463

(3)

Sources

466

(5)

Epilogue

471

(3)

List of References

474

(6)

Subject Index

480

(7)

Credit

487


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