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Cover Art for Manual of Photography
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Manual of Photography
Edition: 9th
Author(s): Jacobson; Ray; Attridge; Axford
ISBN10:  0240515749
ISBN13:  9780240515748
Format:  Paperback
Pub. Date:  9/20/2000
Publisher(s): Elsevier Science & Technology

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SummaryTable of Contents
The Manual of Photography is the standard work for anyone who is serious about photography - professional photographers and lab technicians or managers, as well as students and enthusiastic amateurs who want to become more technically competent. The authors provide comprehensive and accessible coverage of the techniques and technologies of photography.

The Manual has aided many thousands of photographers in their careers. The ninth edition now brings this text into a third century, as the first edition dates from 1890.

Major new updates for the ninth edition include:

Coverage of digital techniques - more emphasis on electronic and hybrid media
Greater coverage of colour measurement, specification and reproduction - illustrated with a new colour plate section

Dealing with the fundamental principles as well as the practices of photography and imaging, the Manual topics ranging from optics to camera types and features, to colour photography and digital image processing and manipulation.

The authors write in a reader-friendly style, using many explanatory illustrations and dividing topics into clear sections.

The authoritative text on virtually every technical aspect of photography and digital imaging
If you are serious about photography you can't afford to be without this book
New colour plate section illustrates the chapters on colour techniques
Preface to the first edition of The Ilford Manual of Photography (1890) ix
Preface to the ninth edition xi
Imaging systems
1(8)
Ralph E. Jacobson
The production of images
1(1)
Photographic and digital imaging
2(3)
General characteristics of reproduction systems
5(1)
Imaging chains
6(1)
The reproduction of tone and colour
6(1)
Image quality expectations
7(2)
Fundamentals of light and vision
9(7)
Ralph E. Jacobson
Light waves and particles
9(1)
Optics
10(1)
The electromagnetic spectrum
10(1)
The eye and vision
11(5)
Photographic light sources
16(23)
Sidney F. Ray
Characteristics of light sources
16(5)
Light output
21(4)
Daylight
25(1)
Tungsten-filament lamps
25(1)
Tungsten-halogen lamps
26(1)
Fluorescent lamps
27(1)
Metal-halide lamps
27(1)
Pulsed xenon lamps
27(1)
Expendable flashbulbs
28(1)
Electronic flash
29(9)
Other sources
38(1)
The geometry of image formation
39(22)
Sidney F. Ray
Interaction of light with matter
39(2)
Image formation
41(1)
The simple lens
42(1)
Image formation by a compound lens
43(2)
Graphical construction of images
45(1)
The lens conjugate equation
45(3)
Field angle of view
48(1)
Covering power of a lens
49(1)
Geometric distortion
49(1)
Depth of field
50(3)
Depth of field equations
53(3)
Depth of focus
56(1)
Perspective
57(4)
The photometry of image formation
61(11)
Sidney F. Ray
Stops and pupils
61(1)
Aperture
62(1)
Mechanical vignetting
62(1)
Image illumination
63(3)
Image illuminance with wide-angle lenses
66(1)
Exposure compensation for close-up photography
67(1)
Light losses and lens transmission
68(1)
Flare and its effects
68(1)
T-numbers
69(1)
Anti-reflection coatings
69(3)
Optical aberrations and lens performance
72(11)
Sidney F. Ray
Introduction
72(1)
Axial chromatic aberration
72(2)
Lateral chromatic aberration
74(1)
Spherical aberration
75(1)
Coma
76(1)
Curvature of field
77(1)
Astigmatism
77(1)
Curvilinear distortion
78(1)
Diffraction
79(1)
Resolution and resolving power
80(1)
Modulation transfer function
81(2)
Camera lenses
83(21)
Sidney F. Ray
Simple lenses
83(1)
Compound lenses
83(2)
Development of the photographic lens
85(3)
Modern camera lenses
88(3)
Wide-angle lenses
91(2)
Long-focus lenses
93(2)
Zoom and varifocal lenses
95(3)
Macro lenses
98(1)
Teleconverters
99(1)
Optical attachments
100(2)
Special effects
102(2)
Types of camera
104(27)
Sidney F. Ray
Survey of development
104(3)
Camera types
107(6)
Special purpose cameras
113(2)
Automatic cameras
115(5)
Digital cameras
120(5)
Architecture of the digital camera
125(6)
Camera features
131(32)
Sidney F. Ray
Shutter systems
131(5)
The iris diaphram
136(2)
Viewfinder systems
138(5)
Flash synchronization
143(1)
Focusing systems
144(7)
Autofocus systems
151(3)
Exposure metering systems
154(6)
Battery power
160(1)
Data imprinting
161(2)
Camera movements
163(13)
Sidney F. Ray
Introduction
163(2)
Translational movements
165(1)
Rotational movements
165(1)
Lens covering power
166(2)
Control of image sharpness
168(2)
Limits to lens tilt
170(1)
Control of image shape
171(2)
Perspective control lenses
173(1)
Shift cameras
174(2)
Optical filters
176(15)
Sidney F. Ray
Optical filters
176(2)
Filter sizes
178(1)
Filters and focusing
178(1)
Colour filters for black-and-white photography
179(3)
Colour filters for colour photography
182(1)
Special filters
183(3)
Polarizing filters
186(3)
Filters for darkroom use
189(2)
Sensitive materials and image sensors
191(14)
Ralph E. Jacobson
Latent image formation in silver halides
191(2)
Image formation by charge-coupled devices
193(2)
Production of light-sensitive materials and sensors
195(5)
Sizes and formats of photographic and electronic sensors and media
200(5)
Spectral sensitivity of photographic materials
205(8)
Geoffrey G. Attridge
Response of photographic materials to short-wave radiation
205(1)
Response of photographic materials to visible radiation
206(1)
Spectral sensitization
207(1)
Orthochromatic materials
208(1)
Panchromatic materials
208(1)
Extended sensitivity materials
208(1)
Infrared materials
209(1)
Other uses of dye sensitization
209(1)
Determination of the colour sensitivity of an unknown material
210(1)
Wedge spectrograms
210(1)
Spectral sensitivity of digital cameras
211(2)
Principles of colour photography
213(5)
Geoffrey G. Attridge
Colour matching
213(1)
The first colour photograph
214(1)
Additive colour photography
214(1)
Substractive colour photography
214(1)
Additive processes
215(2)
Substractive processes
217(1)
Integral tripacks
217(1)
Sensitometry
218(29)
Geoffrey G. Attridge
The subject
218(1)
Exposure
218(1)
Density
219(1)
Effect of light scatter in a negative
220(1)
Callier coefficient
220(1)
Density in practice
221(1)
The characteristic (H and D) curve
222(1)
Main regions of the negative characteristic curve
223(2)
Variation of the characteristic curve with the material
225(1)
Variation of the characteristic curve with development
225(1)
Gamma-time curve
226(1)
Variation of gamma with wavelength
227(1)
Placing of the subject on the characteristic curve
227(1)
Average gradient and G
228(1)
Contrast index
228(1)
Effect of variation in development on the negative
228(1)
Effect of variation in exposure on the negative
229(1)
Exposure latitude
230(1)
The response curve of a photographic paper
231(1)
Maximum black
231(1)
Exposure range of a paper
232(1)
Variation of the print curve with the type of emulsion
232(1)
Variation of the print curve with development
233(1)
Requirements in a print
234(1)
Paper contrast
234(1)
The problem of the subject of high contrast
235(1)
Tone reproduction
236(2)
Reciprocity law failure
238(1)
Sensitometric practice
239(1)
Sensitometers
240(1)
Densitometers
241(3)
Elementary sensitometry
244(1)
Sensitometry of a digital camera
245(2)
The reproduction of colour
247(26)
Geoffrey G. Attridge
Colours of the rainbow
247(1)
Colours of natural objects
247(1)
Effect of the light source on the appearance of colours
248(1)
Response of the eye to colours
248(1)
Primary and complementary colours
249(1)
Complementary pairs of colours
250(1)
Low light levels
250(1)
Black-and-white processes
250(1)
Colour processes
251(3)
Formation of subtractive image dyes
254(1)
Colour sensitometry
254(4)
Imperfections of colour processes
258(1)
Correction of deficiencies of the substractive system
259(1)
Masking of colour materials
260(1)
Problems of duplication
261(2)
The chemistry of colour image formation
263(1)
Chromogenic processes
263(5)
Silver-dye-bleach process
268(1)
Instant colour processes
269(2)
Alternative method for instant photography
271(2)
Photographic processing
273(29)
Ralph E. Jacobson
Developers and development
273(1)
Developing agents
273(3)
Preservatives
276(1)
Alkalis
276(1)
Restrainers (anti-foggants)
277(1)
Miscellaneous additions to developers
277(1)
Superadditivity (synergesis)
278(1)
Monochrome developer formulae in general use
279(3)
Changes in a developer with use
282(1)
Replenishment
283(1)
Preparing developers
284(1)
Techniques of development
285(4)
Obtaining the required degree of development
289(3)
Quality control
292(1)
Processing following development
293(1)
Rinse and stop baths
293(1)
Fixers
294(2)
Silver recovery
296(2)
Bleaching of silver images
298(1)
Washing
299(1)
Tests for permanence
300(1)
Drying
301(1)
Speed of materials, sensors and systems
302(8)
Ralph E. Jacobson
Speed of photographic media
302(1)
Methods of expressing speed
302(3)
Speed systems and standards
305(1)
ISO speed ratings for colour materials
306(1)
Speed of digital systems
307(1)
Speed ratings in practice
308(2)
Camera exposure determination
310(26)
Sidney F. Ray
Camera exposure
310(1)
Optimum exposure criteria
311(1)
Exposure latitude
311(1)
Subject luminance ratio
312(1)
Development variations
313(1)
Exposure determination
313(2)
Practical exposure tests
315(1)
Light measurement
315(1)
Exposure meter calibration
316(2)
Exposure values
318(1)
Incident light measurements
318(2)
Exposure meters in practice
320(3)
Photometry units
323(1)
Spot meters
324(1)
In-camera metering systems
324(5)
Electronic flash exposure metering
329(4)
Automatic electronic flash
333(3)
Hard copy output media
336(12)
Ralph E. Jacobson
Hard copy output
336(1)
Photographic papers
336(1)
Type of silver halide emulsion
336(1)
Paper contrast
337(1)
Paper surface
338(1)
Paper base
339(1)
Colour photographic papers
339(1)
Processing photographic paper
340(4)
Pictrography and Pictrostat
344(1)
Dry Silver materials
345(1)
Cylithographic materials/Cycolor
346(1)
Thermal imaging materials
346(1)
Materials for ink-jet printing
347(1)
Production of hard copy
348(24)
Ralph E. Jacobson
Photographic printing and enlarging
349(1)
Types of enlargers
349(4)
Light sources for enlarging and printing
353(1)
Lenses for enlargers
354(1)
Ancillary equipment
355(1)
Exposure determination
355(3)
Conventional image manipulation
358(1)
Colour printing
359(3)
Colour enlarger design
362(1)
Types of colour enlarger
363(2)
Methods of evaluating colour negatives for printing
365(2)
Digital output
367(3)
Evaluating the results
370(2)
Life expectancy of imaging media
372(11)
Ralph E. Jacobson
Life expectancy of photographic media
372(1)
Processing conditions
373(2)
Storage conditions
375(1)
Atmospheric gases
376(1)
Toning
377(1)
Light fading
378(1)
Life expectancy of digital media
379(4)
Colour matters
383(10)
Geoffrey G. Attridge
Specification by sample
383(1)
The physical specification of colour
384(1)
Specification of colour by synthesis
384(5)
Colour gamuts
389(3)
Summing up
392(1)
Theory of image formation
393(20)
Norman R. Axford
Sinusoidal waves
394(1)
Images and sine waves
395(2)
Imaging sinusoidal patterns
397(1)
Fourier theory of image formation
398(8)
Measuring modulation transfer functions (MTF)
406(2)
Discrete transforms and sampling
408(3)
The MTF for a CCD imaging array
411(1)
Image quality and MTF
411(2)
Images and information
413(15)
Norman R. Axford
Image noise
413(1)
Photographic noise
413(4)
Quantifying image noise
417(2)
Practical considerations for the autocorrelation function and the noise power spectrum
419(1)
Signal-to-noise ratio
420(2)
Detective quantum efficiency (DQE)
422(4)
Information theory
426(2)
Digital image processing and manipulation
428(19)
Norman R. Axford
Linear spatial filtering (convolution)
428(1)
Frequency domain filtering
429(4)
Non-linear filtering
433(1)
Statistical operations (point, grey-level operations)
434(4)
Image restoration
438(4)
Edge detection and segmentation
442(1)
Image data compression
443(4)
Index 447

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