President and Congress, The: Collaboration and Combat in National Policymaking

1. Patterns of Policymaking: Partners or Partisans?
Perspectives on Legislative and Executive Power.
Partisan Control and Divided Government.
Examining Policymaking.
Determinants of Policymaking Patterns.
Consequences of Presidential-Congressional Policymaking.

2. The Constitution and Shared Governance.
Prelude to Constitution Making.
Shaping Legislative and Executive Branches.
Policymaking Patterns in the Early Republic.
Policymaking Patterns from the Jackson Era to the Civil War.
Policymaking Patterns from Reconstruction to the Depression.
Policymaking Patterns in the Modern Era.
The Impact of the Courts: Legislative-Executive Power.

3. The Presidency and Policymaking.
The Potential for Presidential Leadership.
Presidential Institutions.
The Presidential Agenda.
The Legislative Records of Modern Presidents.

4. Congress and Policymaking.
The Potential for Congressional Leadership.
Elections and the Political Environment.
Congressional Institutions.
Committees, Party Leaders and the Policy Agenda.

5. Foreign Policy.
The Evolution of U.S. Foreign Policy.
The New International Environment.
Making Foreign Policy.
Presidential Dominance: The Persian Gulf War (1991).
Congressional Dominance: Cuban Sanctions Legislation (1996).
Consensus/Cooperation: The Panama Canal Treaties (1978).
Deadlock/Extraordinary Resolution: Aid to the Nicaraguan Contras (1982-89).

6. Civil Rights Policy.
The Evolution of Civil Rights Policy.
The Environment for Civil Rights Policy.
Making Civil Rights Policy.
Presidential Leadership: The Anti-terrorism (Patriot) Act (2001).
Congressional Leadership: The Civil Rights Restoration Act (1988).
Cooperation/Consensus: Same Sex Marriage Law (1996).
Deadlock/Extraordinary Resolution: The Civil Rights Act (1991).

7. Economic and Budget Policy.
The Evolution of of U.S. Economic and Budget Policy.
The Environment for Economic and Budget Policy.
Making Economic and Budget Policy.
Presidential Leadership: The Tax Cut (2001).
Congressional Leadership: The Shareholder Lawsuits Bill (1995).
Consensus/Cooperation: The Tax Reform Act (1986).
Deadlock/Extraordinary Resolution: The Balanced Budget Standoff (1995-96).

8. Social Welfare Policy.
The Evolution of Social Welfare Policy.
The Environment for Social Welfare Policy.
Making Social Welfare Policy.
Presidential Leadership: The Economic Opportunity Act (1964).
Congressional Leadership: Catastrophic Health Care Insurance (1988-1989).
Cooperation/Consensus: Comprehensive Welfare Reform (1996).
Deadlock/Extraordinary Resolution: The Social Security Bailout (1983).

9. Patterns and Consequences: Can Presidential-Congressional Policymaking Be Improved?
Presidential Leadership.
Congressional Leadership.
Consensus/Cooperation.
Deadlock/Extraordinary Resolution.
Can Presidential-Congressional Policymaking Be Improved?