The Struggle for Democracy: Greenberg, Edward S.; Page, Benjamin I.: 9780321155283: Book: History: eCampus.com

List of Features

xxi

Preface

xxv

Part One Introduction: Main Themes

(24)

Democracy and American Politics

(23)

Robert Moses and the Struggle for African-American Voting Rights

(1)

Democracy

(11)

The Democratic Idea

(1)

Direct Versus Representative Democracy

(1)

Fundamental Principles of Representative Democracy

(2)

By the Numbers Is Voting Turnout Declining in the United States?

(5)

Objections to Majoritarian Representative Democracy

(2)

Democracy as an Evaluative Standard: How Democratic Are We?

(1)

A Framework for Understanding How American Politics Works

(10)

Organizing the Main Factors of Political Life

(1)

Connecting the Main Factors of Political Life

(2)

Understanding American Politics Holistically

(1)

Using The Framework The Voting Rights Art

(5)

Part Two Structure

(90)

The Constitution

(28)

Shays's Rebellion

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

(1)

The Political Theory of the Revolutionary Era

(3)

The Declaration of Independence

(2)

The Articles of Coonfederation: The First Constitution

(1)

Provisions of the Articles

(1)

Shortcomings of the Articles

(1)

Factors Leading to the Constitutional Convention

(3)

The Republican Beliefs of the Founders

(2)

Why the Founders Were Worried

(1)

The Constitutional Convention

(10)

Who Were the Framers?

(1)

Consensus and Conflict at the Convention

(3)

What the Framers Created

(1)

Using the Framework Slavery in the Constitution

(5)

The Struggle to Ratify the Constitution

(2)

The Changing Constitution, Democracy, and American Politics

(6)

How Democratic Are We? A Republic or a Democracy?

(5)

Federalism: States and Nation

(30)

Welfare Reform and the States

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

(1)

Federalism as a System of Government

(3)

The Nature of Federalism

(1)

The Roots of Federalism

(2)

Federalism in the Constitution

(4)

Independent State Powers

(1)

The States' Roles in National Government

(1)

By the Numbers How Do We Know How Many People There Are in Each of the States?

(1)

Relations Among the States

(2)

The Evolution of American Federalism

(9)

The Perpetual Debate About the Nature of American Federalism

(2)

Federalism Before the Civil War

(2)

The Civil War and the Expansion of National Power

(1)

Expanded National Activity Since the Civil War

(2)

Resurgence of the States in the 1990s

(2)

Terrorism and the Resurgence of the Federal Government

(1)

Changing American Federalism

(1)

National Grants-in-Aid to the States

(4)

Origin and Growth of Grants

(1)

Categorical Grants

(1)

Block Grants and Revenue Sharing

(1)

Debates About Federal Money and Control

(1)

U.S. Federalism: Pro and Con

(8)

Using The Framework Federalism and Out-of-State Tuitition

(2)

What Sort of Federalism?

(1)

How Democratic Are We? Federalism, Majority Rule, and Political Equality

(4)

The Structural Foundations of American Government and Politics

(31)

``B-1 Bob'' Learns About His District

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

(1)

American Society: How It has Changed and Why It Matters

(14)

Growing Diversity

(4)

Changing Location

(1)

Changing Jobs and Occupations

(2)

The Aging of the American Population

(1)

By the Numbers Does Population Movement and Change Affect the Electoral Fortunes of the Parties?

(1)

Income, Wealth, and Poverty

(4)

Using the Framework The Persistence of Poverty

(2)

The American Economy

100

(4)

The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of the Corporation

100

(1)

The Post-World War II Boom

100

(1)

The Temporary Fall from Grace

101

(1)

Globalization and the American Economy

102

(1)

Will Globalization Slow?

103

(1)

The United States in the International System

104

(3)

The United States as a Superpower I

104

(2)

The United States as a Superpower II

106

(1)

The Foundational Beliefs of American Political Culture

107

(3)

Competitive Individualism

107

(1)

Limited Government

108

(1)

Free Enterprise

108

(1)

Citizenship and the Nature of the Political Order

109

(1)

Populism

110

(1)

Structural Influences on American Politics

110

(5)

How Democratic Are We? Is Real Democracy Possible in the United States?

111

(4)

Part Three Political Linkage

115

(190)

Public Opinion

116

(34)

The Vietnam War and The Public

117

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

118

(1)

Democracy and Public Opinion

119

(1)

Measuring What People Think

120

(5)

Individuals' Ignorance

121

(1)

By The Numbers Do Americans Support Stem Cell Research? How Do We Know Which Survey to Believe?

122

(2)

Collective Knowledge and Stability

124

(1)

How People Feel About Politics

125

(9)

The System in General

125

(2)

Government Performance

127

(1)

Party Identification

128

(1)

Government's Role

129

(1)

Policy Preferences

130

(3)

Using the Framework Why No Gun Control?

133

(1)

How People Differ

134

(7)

Race and Ethnicity

134

(2)

Religion

136

(2)

Region

138

(1)

Social Class

138

(2)

Education

140

(1)

Gender

140

(1)

Age

141

(1)

Does Public Opinion Strongly Influence What Government Does?

141

(9)

``Yes, It Does''

141

(1)

``No, It Doesn't''

142

(2)

How Democratic Are We? The Influence of Public Opinion on American Government

144

(6)

The News Media

150

(34)

Vernon Jordan Meets the Press

151

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

152

(1)

Roles of the News Media in Democracy

152

(2)

Watchdog Over Government

152

(1)

Clarifying Electrocal Choices

153

(1)

Providing Policy Information

153

(1)

The Media Landscape

154

(4)

Newspapers

154

(1)

Magazines

155

(1)

Radio

155

(1)

Television

156

(1)

The Internet

156

(2)

How the Media Work

158

(12)

Organization of the News Media

158

(2)

Political Newsmaking

160

(4)

Interpreting

164

(1)

Is the News Biased?

165

(1)

By the Numbers How Much Serious Crime Is There in the United States?

166

(2)

Prevailing Themes in Political News

168

(2)

Effects of the News Media on Politics

170

(4)

Using the Framework Monica All the Time

171

(1)

Agenda Setting

172

(1)

Framing and Effects on Policy Preferences

172

(1)

Impact on Policymaking

173

(1)

Cynicism

173

(1)

Government Regulation of the Media

174

(10)

Print Media

174

(1)

The Electronic Media

175

(2)

The Internet

177

(1)

How Democratic Are We? The Media and Democratic Citizenship

178

(6)

Interest Groups and Business Corporations

184

(30)

Lobbying for China

185

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

186

(1)

Interest Groups in a Democratic Society: Contrasting Views

186

(3)

The Evils of Factions

187

(1)

Interest Group Democracy: The Pluralist Argument

188

(1)

Interest Group Formation: Structural, Political Linkage, and Governmental Factors

189

(2)

Diverse Interests

189

(1)

Rules of the Game

189

(1)

The Growth in Government

190

(1)

Distrbances

190

(1)

Incentives

190

(1)

What Interests Are Represented

191

(3)

Private Interest Groups

191

(2)

Public Interest Groups

193

(1)

What Interest Groups Do

194

(5)

The Inside Game

194

(2)

Using The Framework Airline Passenger Bill of Rights

196

(1)

The Outside Game

197

(2)

Possible Flaws in the Pluralist Heaven

199

(5)

By The Numbers How Can We Evaluate Our Congressional Representatives?

200

(1)

Representational Inequalities

200

(1)

Resource Inequalities

200

(3)

Access Inequality

203

(1)

The Special Place of Business Corporations

204

(3)

Curing the Mischief of Factions

207

(7)

How Democrative Are We? Interest Groups and American Politics

208

(6)

Social Movements

214

(24)

Women Win the Right to Vote

215

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

216

(1)

What Are Social Movements?

217

(1)

Major Social Movements in the United States

218

(3)

Social Movements in a Majoritarian Democracy

221

(2)

Encouraging Participation

221

(1)

Overcoming Political Inequality

221

(1)

Creating New Majorities

221

(1)

Overcoming Cridlock

221

(2)

Factors That Encourage the Creation of Social Movements

223

(4)

The Existence of Social Distress

223

(1)

Availability of Resources for Mobilization

224

(1)

A Supportive Environment

225

(1)

A Sense of Efficacy Among Participants

226

(1)

A Spark to Set Off the Flames

226

(1)

Tactics of Social Movements

227

(2)

Why Some Social Movements Succeed and Others Do Not

229

(9)

Low-Impact Social Movements

229

(1)

Repressed Social Movements

230

(1)

Partially Successful Social Movements

230

(1)

Using The Framework ``Don't Ask, Don't Tell''

231

(1)

Successful Social Movements

232

(2)

How Democratic Are We? Social Movements and American Politican Politics

234

(4)

Political Parties

238

(28)

The Rise of the Campaign Party Machine

239

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

240

(1)

The Role of Political Parties in a Democracy

240

(2)

History of the Two-Party System

242

(4)

The First Party System: Federalists Versus Democratic Republicans

243

(1)

The Second Party System: Democrats Versus Whigs

244

(1)

From the Civil War to 1896: Republicans and Democrats in Balance

244

(1)

The Party System of 1896: Republican Dominance

244

(1)

The New Deal Party System: Democratic Party Dominance

245

(1)

The Sixth Party System: Dealignment and Divided Government

246

(1)

Why a Two-Party System?

246

(4)

Electral Rules

246

(2)

Restrictions on Minor Parties

248

(1)

Absence of a Strong Labor Movement

248

(2)

The Role of Minor Parties in the Two-Party System

250

(1)

The Parties as Organizations

250

(8)

The Ambiguous Nature of American Political Parties

250

(1)

The Organization of American Political Parties

251

(3)

The Primacy of Candidates

254

(1)

Ideology and Program

255

(3)

The Parties in Government and in the Electrate

258

(1)

The Problem of Divided Government

258

(3)

Using The Framework Gridlock

260

(1)

Parties in the Electorate

261

(5)

How Democratic Are We? Political Parties and Responsive Government

261

(5)

Participation, Voting, and Elections

266

(39)

The Contested 2000 Presidential Election

267

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

268

(1)

Elections and Democracy

269

(4)

The Prospective (or Responsible Party) Voting Model

269

(1)

The Electoral Competition Voting Model

270

(1)

The Retrospective (or Reward and Punishment) Voting Model

271

(2)

Imperfect Electoral Democracy

273

(1)

The Nature of American Elections

273

(3)

Using The Framework Elections Bring the New Deal

274

(2)

Political Participation

276

(5)

Expansion of the Franchise

276

(2)

Low Voting Turnout

278

(3)

Who Participates?

281

(3)

Income and Education

281

(1)

Race and Ethnicity

281

(2)

Age

283

(1)

Gender

283

(1)

Does It Matter Who Votes?

283

(1)

Campaigning for Office

284

(9)

Contending for the Party Presidential Nomination

284

(5)

The Autumn Campaign

289

(2)

Money and Elections

291

(2)

Election Outcomes

293

(12)

How Voters Decide

293

(3)

The Electoral College

296

(1)

How Democatic Are We? Do Elections Matter?

297

(1)

By The Numbers Did George W. Bush Really Win the 200 Presidential Vote in Florida?

298

(7)

Part Four Government and Governing

305

(142)

Congress

306

(44)

The 2002 Elections and the Return of Unified Government

307

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

308

(1)

Constitutional Foundations of the Modern Congress

309

(2)

Empowering Congress

309

(1)

Constraining Congress

309

(1)

Bicameralism and Representation

309

(1)

Federalism

310

(1)

Representation and Democracy

311

(15)

Styles of Representation

311

(1)

Race, Gender, and Occupation in Congress

312

(3)

The Electoral Connection

315

(5)

By The Numbers How Are Congressional Districts Drawn to Include Equal Numbers of Voters?

320

(2)

Using The Framework Campaign Finance Reform

322

(4)

How Congress Works

326

(17)

Political Parties in Congress

326

(3)

Congressional Leadership

329

(4)

Congressional Committees

333

(3)

Rules and Norms in the House and Senate

336

(2)

Legislative Responsibilities: How a Bill Becomes a Law

338

(3)

Legislative Oversight of the Executive Branch

341

(2)

Congress, Public Policy, and the American People

343

(7)

Congress as Policymaker

343

(1)

Congress and the American People

343

(1)

How Democratic Are We? Is Congress Out of Touch?

344

(6)

The President

350

(34)

George W. Bush's War Presidency

351

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

352

(1)

The Expanding Presidency

353

(5)

The Earliest and Latest Presidencies Compared

353

(1)

The Founders' Conception of the Presidency

353

(1)

The Dormant Presidency

354

(1)

The Twentieth-Century Transformation

355

(2)

How Important Are Individual Presidents?

357

(1)

The Many Roles of the President

358

(3)

Chief of State

358

(1)

Commander in Chief

358

(1)

Legislator

359

(1)

Manager of the Economy

359

(1)

Chief Diplomat

360

(1)

Head of the Political Party

360

(1)

The President's Staff and Cabinet

361

(4)

The White House Staff

361

(1)

The Executive Office of the President

362

(1)

The Vice-Presidency

363

(1)

The Cabinet

364

(1)

The President and the Bureaucracy

365

(2)

Giving Orders

365

(1)

Persuasion

366

(1)

The President and Congress: Perpetual Tug-of-War

367

(4)

Conflict by Constitutional Design

367

(1)

What Makes a President Successful with Congress?

368

(3)

The President and the People: An Evolving Relationship

371

(5)

Getting Closer to the People

371

(1)

Leading Public Opinion

372

(1)

Responding to the Public

373

(2)

The Role of Presidential Popularity

375

(1)

Interest Groups, Political Parties, and Social Movements

376

(1)

Interest Groups

376

(1)

Political Parties

376

(1)

Social Movements

377

(1)

Structural Influences on the Presidency

377

(7)

The International System

377

(1)

Using The Framework Clinton and Free Trade

378

(1)

How Democratic Are We? Presidents and the American People

379

(1)

The Economy

379

(5)

The Federal Bureaucracy

384

(34)

The Federal Bureaucracy After Nine-Eleven

385

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

386

(1)

A Comparative View of the American Bureaucracy

386

(2)

Hostile Political Culture

387

(1)

Incoherent Organization

387

(1)

Divided Control

388

(1)

Transformation of the Bureaucracy

388

(4)

A Brief Administrative History of the United States

388

(4)

How the Executive Branch Is Organized

392

(2)

By The Numbers How Big Is the Federal Government? Is It Really Shrinking, as People Say?

394

(1)

What Do Bureaucrats Do?

394

(4)

Executing the Law

394

(2)

Regulating (Rule Making)

396

(1)

Using the Framework Bureaucratic Rule-Making

397

(1)

Adjudicating

398

(1)

Who Are the Bureaucrats?

398

(4)

The Merit Services

398

(2)

Political Appointees

400

(2)

Political and Governmental Influences on Bureaucratic Behavior

402

(4)

The Public

402

(1)

The President

403

(2)

Congress

405

(1)

Common Criticisms of the Federal Bureaucracy

406

(3)

``The Federal Bureaucracy Is Always Expanding''

407

(1)

``The Federal Bureaucracy Is Ineffective''

407

(1)

``The Federal Bureaucracy Is Wasteful and Inefficient''

407

(1)

``The Federal Bureaucracy Is Mired in Red Tape''

408

(1)

Reforming the Federal Bureaucracy

409

(9)

Scaling Back the Size of the Bureaucracy

409

(1)

Reinventing Government

410

(1)

Protecting Against Bureaucratic Abuses of Power

411

(1)

How Democratic Are We? The Bureaucracy and Democracy

412

(1)

Increasing Popular Participation

413

(1)

Increasing Presidential Control

413

(5)

The Courts

418

(29)

The Supreme Court Stops the Florida Recount

419

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

420

(1)

The Structural Context of Court Behavior

421

(2)

Constitutional Powers

421

(1)

The Power of Judicial Review

421

(2)

The U.S. Court System: Organization and Jurisdiction

423

(4)

Constitutional Provisions

423

(1)

Federal District Courts

424

(1)

U.S. Courts of Appeal

425

(1)

The Supreme Court

426

(1)

Appointment to the Federal Bench

427

(3)

Who Are the Appointees?

428

(2)

The Appointment Process

430

(1)

The Supreme Court in Action

430

(4)

Norms of Operation

430

(1)

Controlling the Agenda

430

(2)

Deciding Cases

432

(2)

The Supreme Courts as a National Policymaker

434

(6)

Structural Change and Constitutional Interpretation

434

(4)

Using The Framework Japanese-American Internment

438

(1)

The Debate Over Judical Activism

439

(1)

Outside Influences on the Court

440

(7)

Governmental Factors

440

(1)

Political Linkage Factors

441

(2)

How Democratic Are We? Is the Supreme Court a Democratic or Nondemocratic Institution?

443

(4)

Part Five What Government Does

447

Freedom: The Struggle for Civil Liberties

448

(28)

Campus Speech Codes and Free Speech

449

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

450

(1)

Civil Liberties in the Constitution

450

(2)

Rights And Liberties in the Nineteenth Century

452

(1)

Economic Liberty in the Early Republic

452

(1)

Economic Liberty After the Civil War

453

(1)

Nationalization of the Bill of Rights

453

(23)

Selective Incorporation

453

(1)

Standards for Incorporation

454

(1)

Freedom of Speech

455

(4)

Freedom of the Press

459

(2)

Free Exercise of Religion

461

(1)

Establishment of Religion

461

(3)

Privacy

464

(1)

Rights of the Accused

465

(5)

Using The Framework The Death Penalty

470

(1)

Civil Liberties and the War on Terrorism

471

(2)

How Democratic Are We? Civil Liberties and Democracy

473

(3)

Civil Rights: The Struggle for Political Equality

476

(26)

From Martin Luther King to Louis Farrakhan

477

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

478

(1)

Civil Rights Before the Twentieth Century

478

(4)

An Initial Absence of Civil Rights

478

(2)

The Civil War Amendments

480

(2)

The Contemporary Status of Civil Rights

482

(20)

Civil Rights for Racial Minorities

483

(6)

Using The Framework Affirmative Action

489

(1)

Civil Rights for Women

490

(4)

Enlarging the Civil Rights Umbrella

494

(3)

How Democratic Are We? Civil Rights in the United States

497

(5)

Domestic Policy: The Economy and Social Welfare

502

(36)

Whatever Happened to the Budget Surplus?

503

(1)

Thinking Critically Abut This Chapter

504

(1)

Why Government Is Involved in the Economy and Social Welfare

505

(1)

Economic Management

505

(1)

Social Welfare

506

(1)

Economic Policy

506

(4)

The Goals of Economic Policy

506

(2)

The Tools of Macroeconomic Policy

508

(2)

The Federal Budget and Fiscal Policy

510

(9)

Spending, Texas, and Debt

510

(4)

Regulation

514

(4)

Making Economic Policy: The Main Players

518

(1)

Social Welfare

519

(19)

Outline of the American Welfare State

519

(1)

Social Security and Other Social Insurance Programs

520

(3)

Means-Tested Programs (Welfare)

523

(1)

By The Numbers How Many Americans Are Poor?

524

(4)

Using The Framework Welfare Reform

528

(1)

How the American Welfare State Compares with Others

529

(1)

Why the American Welfare State Is Different

530

(2)

How Democratic Are We? Economic and Social Policy and the American People

532

(6)

Foreign Policy and National Defense

538

The Triumph of Unilateralism?

539

(1)

Thinking Critically About This Chapter

540

(1)

Foreign Policy and Democracy: A Contradiction in Terms?

540

(1)

The United States as a Superpower: History and Structure

541

(7)

The Cold War

542

(2)

The End of the Cold War

544

(1)

The Structural Bases of American Superpower Status

545

(3)

Problems of the Post-Cold War World

548

(9)

New Security Issues

549

(2)

Economic and Social Dilemmas

551

(6)

Who Makes Foreign Policy?

557

The President and the Executive Branch

558

(1)

Congres

559

(1)

Public Opinion and the News Media

560

(1)

Corporations, Interest, Groups, and Social Movements

561

(1)

Using the Framework Air War in Kosovo

562

(1)

How Democratic Are We? The American Public and the Making of Foreig Policy

563

Appendix

The Declaration of Independence

(2)

The Constitution of the United States

(9)

The Federalist Papers, Nos. 10,51, and 78

(7)

Presidents and Congresses, 1789-2005

(4)

Chief Justices of the Supreme Court, 1789-2003

Glossary

(1)

Credits

(1)

Index


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