| Features Contents |
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xix | |
| Preface |
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xxi | |
| To the Student |
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xxvii | |
| PART I Effective Thinking, Writing, and Studying |
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1 | (34) |
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2 | (8) |
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a. Use critical thinking to write a definition of a problem |
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4 | (1) |
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b. Use creative thinking to generate information |
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5 | (2) |
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c. Use creative thinking to write a list of tentative options |
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7 | (1) |
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d. Use critical thinking to test tentative options |
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7 | (1) |
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e. Use critical thinking to evaluate reliable options |
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8 | (2) |
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2 Basics of Critical Thinking |
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10 | (11) |
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a. Distinguish facts from opinions |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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c. Verify interpretations |
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13 | (2) |
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d. Identify logical fallacies |
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15 | (5) |
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20 | (1) |
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3 Critical Thinking and Reasoning |
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21 | (7) |
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a. Use reflective listening |
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22 | (1) |
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b. Trace inductive process |
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23 | (2) |
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c. Trace deductive process |
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25 | (3) |
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28 | (7) |
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29 | (1) |
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b. Use your study time efficiently |
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29 | (1) |
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c. Use class time efficiently |
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30 | (1) |
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d. Read carefully and critically |
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31 | (1) |
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e. Prepare efficiently for tests |
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32 | (3) |
| PART II The College Essay |
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35 | (66) |
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36 | (10) |
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a. Have a dominant purpose |
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36 | (1) |
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b. Have a clear structure |
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37 | (1) |
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c. Follow clear development patterns |
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38 | (8) |
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A student essay for study |
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39 | (7) |
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6 Begin the composing process |
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46 | (14) |
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a. Analyze the writing situation |
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47 | (3) |
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b. Find a subject in open-ended assignments |
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50 | (1) |
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c. Analyze the language of close-ended assignments |
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50 | (5) |
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d. Narrow the subject so that it can be covered in a single essay |
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55 | (1) |
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e. Use association techniques to gather information |
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56 | (2) |
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f. Evaluate prewritten information |
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58 | (2) |
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7 Write a thesis statement and develop a plan |
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60 | (11) |
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a. Clarify a subject by stating a purpose |
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61 | (1) |
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b. Sketch an informal plan |
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61 | (2) |
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c. Write a clear, limited working thesis statement |
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63 | (5) |
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d. Draft a formal outline |
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68 | (3) |
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71 | (6) |
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71 | (3) |
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b. Write a discussion several paragraphs long |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (14) |
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a. Phase 1, improve the major elements |
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77 | (8) |
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b. Phase 2, improve the smaller elements |
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85 | (4) |
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c. Phase 3, proofread and write a title |
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89 | (2) |
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10 Standard manuscript form |
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91 | (2) |
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11 Instructor and peer review |
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93 | (8) |
| PART III Paragraphs |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (47) |
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a. State a paragraph's subject and controlling idea in a brief topic sentence |
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102 | (3) |
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b. Develop a paragraph fully |
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105 | (1) |
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c. Close a paragraph with a clincher sentence |
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106 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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a. Maintain unity throughout paragraph |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (1) |
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a. Achieve coherence with transitional words and phrases |
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111 | (1) |
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b. Achieve coherence through the repetition of key words |
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112 | (1) |
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c. Achieve coherence by using parallel structure |
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113 | (1) |
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15 Descriptive and narrative paragraphs |
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114 | (1) |
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a. Write active description that appeals to the senses |
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115 | (2) |
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b. Balance subjective responses with objective description |
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117 | (1) |
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c. Select an effective arrangement for descriptive paragraphs |
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118 | (2) |
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d. Arrange narrative paragraphs in a clear time sequence |
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120 | (4) |
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124 | (1) |
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a. Use examples to illustrate a point |
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124 | (5) |
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b. Use comparison to explain similarities and differences |
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129 | (3) |
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c. Use cause and effect to reveal reasons and results |
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132 | (4) |
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d. Use classification to arrange information in categories |
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136 | (2) |
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e. Use definition to clarify unusual words |
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138 | (2) |
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f. Use process analysis to show how to do something or how something works |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (7) |
| PART IV Sentence Clarity, Variety, and Word Choice |
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149 | (1) |
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18 Emphasize equal ideas; deemphasize unequal ideas |
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150 | (45) |
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a. Combine choppy sentences |
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152 | (1) |
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b. Avoid faulty or excessive coordination and subordination |
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152 | (3) |
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19 Use parallel structure for emphasis |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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c. Correlative constructions |
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156 | (1) |
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20 Create sentence variety |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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21 Rewrite misplaced modifiers |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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d. Awkwardly placed modifiers |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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22 Revise for consistency |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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e. Direct and indirect discourse |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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b. Missing words in compound word groups |
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174 | (1) |
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c. The word that to prevent misreadings |
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175 | (1) |
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d. Articles a, an, and the |
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175 | (1) |
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24 Use appropriate language |
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176 | (1) |
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a. Slang, regional expressions, neologisms, obsolete words |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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25 Revise wordy sentences |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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a. Denotation and connotation |
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186 | (2) |
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b. Abstract and general words |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (2) |
| PART V Sentence Errors |
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195 | (1) |
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27 Rewrite sentence fragments |
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196 | (47) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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c. Compound predicates and word groups |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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28 Revise run-on sentences |
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200 | (3) |
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29 Examine subject-verb agreement |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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c. Singular verbs with indefinite pronouns |
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205 | (1) |
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d. Collective nouns and nouns ending in -s |
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206 | (1) |
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e. Miscellaneous subject-verb agreement problems |
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207 | (2) |
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30 Examine pronoun-antecedent agreement |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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b. Indefinite pronouns as antecedents |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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e. Who, whom, which, and that |
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211 | (3) |
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31 Check pronoun reference |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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32 Use appropriate pronoun case |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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c. We or us before a noun |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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e. Elliptical comparisons |
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220 | (1) |
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f. Subjects and objects of infinitives |
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220 | (1) |
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g. Possessive case before a gerund |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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33 Select accurate verb forms and tense |
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223 | (3) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (4) |
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34 Use the appropriate mood |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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b. Subjunctive form in that clauses |
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233 | (1) |
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c. Standard phrases and idioms |
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233 | (1) |
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35 Write in active rather than passive voice |
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234 | (3) |
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36 Select adjectives and adverbs with care |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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d. Bad, badly, good, and well |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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f. Comparatives and superlatives |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (2) |
| PART VI Punctuation |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (45) |
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a. Main clauses joined with and, but, or |
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244 | (3) |
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b. Introductory phrases and clauses |
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247 | (2) |
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c. Nonrestrictive and restrictive elements |
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249 | (5) |
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254 | (1) |
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e. Coordinate and cumulative adjectives |
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255 | (2) |
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f. Parenthetical expressions like for example, however |
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257 | (1) |
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g. Mild interjections like yes, no |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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i. Contrasting expressions |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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k. Established conventions |
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260 | (2) |
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l. Misunderstandings and omissions |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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a. Between subject and verb |
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263 | (1) |
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b. Between verb and object |
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263 | (1) |
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c. Between preposition and object |
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263 | (1) |
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d. Between modified words |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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g. After like and such as |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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k. Other punctuation marks |
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265 | (2) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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b. With conjunctive adverbs |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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d. Long phrases or clauses with commas |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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c. Words used in a special sense |
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273 | (1) |
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d. With other punctuation marks |
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274 | (1) |
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e. Single quotation marks |
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275 | (2) |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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b. With the following or as follows |
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277 | (1) |
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c. Second main clause that explains the first |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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a. Appositives and parenthetical expressions |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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b. Omitted paragraph or line of poetry |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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a. Description and explanation |
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283 | (1) |
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b. With letters or figures |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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e. Interjections, commands, emphatic statements |
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287 | (2) |
| PART VII Mechanics |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (27) |
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a. First word in sentences |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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a. Possessive case of nouns and indefinite pronouns |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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d. Plurals of letters and words |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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c. Corporations, organizations, countries |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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e. English and Latin abbreviations |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (2) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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b. Names of spacecraft, aircraft, ships, trains |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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d. Words, letters, numbers, phrases, symbols |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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e. Prefixes, suffixes, and letters with words |
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305 | (1) |
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f. Hyphenated words in a series |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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a. Numbers of one or two words |
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307 | (1) |
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b. Numbers of three or more words |
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307 | (1) |
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c. Combination of numbers |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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e. Numbers beginning sentences |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (7) |
| PART VIII Special College Essays |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (31) |
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a. Draft a purpose statement |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (2) |
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c. Confront the opposition |
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321 | (2) |
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d. Write a thesis statement |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (7) |
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327 | (4) |
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56 The essay about literature |
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331 | (8) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (2) |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (7) |
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A student essay about literature |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (45) |
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345 | (1) |
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b. Understanding the question |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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f. Revising and proofreading |
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347 | (2) |
| PART IX The Research Paper |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (75) |
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a. Find and limit a topic |
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350 | (2) |
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b. Use research resources |
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352 | (8) |
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c. Prepare a bibliography |
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360 | (1) |
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d. Develop a tentative thesis and outline |
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361 | (2) |
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363 | (9) |
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f. Twenty student questions and answers |
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372 | (4) |
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59 Writing a research paper |
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376 | (1) |
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a. Revise the thesis and outline |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (7) |
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d. Complete the final draft |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (20) |
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387 | (19) |
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406 | (19) |
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406 | (9) |
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415 | (4) |
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419 | (6) |
| PART X Communicating in the Workplace |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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63 Résumé and cover letter |
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431 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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65 Creating an Effective Web site |
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436 | (11) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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439 | (3) |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (4) |
| PART XI Background in the Basics |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (21) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (2) |
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450 | (2) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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a. Simple and complete subject |
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456 | (1) |
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b. Simple and complete predicate |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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e. Direct and indirect objects |
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457 | (1) |
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f. Predicate adjectives and nominatives |
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458 | (1) |
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459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
c. Infinitives and infinitive phrases |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
d. Participles and participial phrases |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
e. Gerunds and gerund phrases |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (4) |
| PART XII Background for Multilingual Writers |
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
76 Present and past participles |
|
|
481 | (2) |
| Glossaries |
|
483 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Glossary of Grammatical Terms |
|
|
493 | (10) |
| Index |
|
503 | |
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