CHEMISTRY: ZUMDAHL/ZUMDAHL;A/: 9780395985816: Book: : eCampus.com

To the Professor

xii

To the Student

xvii

Chemical Foundations

(38)

Chemistry: An Overview

(2)

The Seientific Method

(2)

Units of Measurement

(4)

Chemical Impact Observations, Theories, and the Planets

(3)

Uncertainty in Measurement

(3)

Significant Figures and Calculations

(4)

Dimensional Analysis

(4)

Temperature

(4)

Density

(1)

Classification of Matter

(13)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Questions and Exercises

(8)

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

(40)

The Early History of Chemistry

(1)

Chemical Impact There's Gold in Them There Plants!

(1)

Fundamental Chemical Laws

(3)

Dalton's Atomic Theory

(3)

Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom

(5)

Chemical Impact Berzelius, Selenium, and Silicon

(4)

The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

(3)

Chemical Impact Reading the History Bogs

(2)

Molecules and Ions

(3)

An Introduction to the Periodic Table

(2)

Naming Simple Compounds

(19)

Chemical Impact Buckminsterfullerene: A New Form of Carbon

(7)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Question and Exercises

(6)

Stoichiometry

(52)

Atomic Masses

(3)

The Mole

(4)

Chemical Impact Elemental Analysis Catches Elephant Poachers

(2)

Molar Mass

(4)

Chemical Impact Measuring the Masses of Large Molecules, or Making Elephants Fly

(3)

Percent Composition of Compounds

(2)

Determining the Formula of a Compound

(7)

Chemical Equations

100

(2)

Balancing Chemical Equations

102

(5)

Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products

107

(4)

Chemical Impact High Mountains---Low Octane

108

(3)

Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant

111

(20)

Summary

120

(1)

Key Terms

120

(1)

Questions and Exercises

121

(10)

Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

131

(56)

Water, the Common Solvent

132

(2)

The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes

134

(5)

Chemical Impact Arrhenius: a Man with Solutions

138

(1)

The Composition of Solutions

139

(8)

Chemical Impact Tiny Laboratories

144

(3)

Types of Chemical Reactions

147

(1)

Precipitation Reactions

147

(5)

Describing Reactions in Solution

152

(2)

Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions

154

(3)

Acid-Base Reactions

157

(7)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

164

(7)

Chemical Impact Iron Zeroes in on Pollution

166

(5)

Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations

171

(16)

Chemical Impact Aging: Does It Involve Oxidation?

172

(6)

Summary

178

(1)

Key Terms

178

(1)

Questions and Exercises

179

(8)

Gases

187

(54)

Pressure

188

(2)

The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro

190

(6)

The Ideal Gas Law

196

(5)

Gas Stoichiometry

201

(4)

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

205

(6)

Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Air Bags

209

(2)

Chemical Impact Scuba Diving

211

(1)

The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

211

(8)

Effusion and Diffusion

219

(2)

Real Gases

221

(4)

Chemistry in the Atomosphere

225

(16)

Chemical Impact Acid Rain: A Growing Problem

227

(2)

Summary

229

(1)

Key Terms

229

(1)

Questions and Exercises

230

(11)

Thermochemistry

241

(50)

The Nature of Energy

242

(6)

Enthalpy and Calorimetry

248

(8)

Chemical Impact Firewalking: Magic or Science?

255

(1)

Hess's Law

256

(4)

Standard Enthalpies of Formation

260

(7)

Present Sources of Energy

267

(4)

New Energy Sources

271

(20)

Chemical Impact Heat Packs

277

(1)

Chemical Impact Nature Has Hot Plants

278

(1)

Chemical Impact Veggie Gasoline?

279

(1)

Summary

280

(1)

Key Terms

280

(1)

Questions and Exercises

281

(10)

Atomic Structure and Periodicity

291

(58)

Electromagnetic Radiation

292

(2)

Chemical Impact Files that Dye

293

(1)

The Nature of Matter

294

(5)

Chemical Impact Chemistry That Doesn't Leave You in the Dark

295

(4)

The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen

299

(2)

The Bohr Model

301

(5)

Chemical Impact Fireworks

304

(2)

The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

306

(3)

Quantum Numbers

309

(2)

Orbital Shapes and Energies

311

(1)

Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle

312

(2)

Polyelectronic Atoms

314

(2)

The History of the Periodic Table

316

(3)

Chemical Impact The Growing Periodic Table

318

(1)

The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table

319

(8)

Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties

327

(6)

The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals

333

(16)

Chemical Impact Potassium: Too Much of a Good Thing Can Kill You

337

(1)

Summary

338

(1)

Key Terms

338

(1)

Questions and Exercises

339

(10)

Bonding: General Concepts

349

(66)

Types of Chemical Bonds

350

(3)

Electronegativity

353

(2)

Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments

355

(3)

Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes

358

(5)

Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds

363

(4)

Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds

367

(2)

The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model

369

(3)

Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions

372

(4)

The Localized Electron Bonding Model

376

(1)

Lewis Structures

376

(4)

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

380

(4)

Resonance

384

(6)

Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model

390

(25)

Chemical Impact Chemical Structure and Communication: Semiochemicals

402

(2)

Summary

404

(1)

Key Terms

404

(1)

Questions and Exercises

405

(10)

Covalent Bonding: Orbitals

415

(36)

Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model

415

(13)

The Molecular Orbital Model

428

(4)

Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules

432

(6)

Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

438

(2)

Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models

440

(11)

Summary

442

(1)

Key Terms

442

(1)

Questions and Exercises

443

(8)

Liquids and Solids

451

(62)

Intermolecular Forces

452

(4)

The Liquid State

456

(2)

An Introduction to Structrues and Types of Solids

458

(5)

Structure and Bonding in Metals

463

(7)

Chemical Impact What Sank the Titanic?

469

(1)

Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solid

470

(8)

Chemical Impact Golfing with Glass

475

(3)

Molecular Solids

478

(1)

Ionic Solids

479

(5)

Chemical Impact Gallium Arsenide Lasers

481

(3)

Vapor Pressure and Changes of State

484

(9)

Phase Diagrams

493

(20)

Chemical Impact Making Diamonds at Low Pressures: Fooling Mother Nature

497

(1)

Chemical Impact Transistors and Printed Circuits

498

(3)

Summary

501

(1)

Key Terms

501

(2)

Questions and Exercises

503

(10)

Properties of Solutions

513

(46)

Solution Composition

514

(4)

Chemical Impact Electronic Ink

516

(2)

The Energies of Solution Formation

518

(4)

Factors Affecting Solubility

522

(6)

Chemical Impact Hydrogen Beer

524

(2)

Chemical Impact The Lake Nyos Tragedy

526

(2)

The Vapor Pressures of Solutions

528

(8)

Chemical Impact Spray Power

531

(5)

Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression

536

(4)

Osmotic Pressure

540

(6)

Chemical Impact The Drink of Champions---Water

546

(1)

Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions

546

(2)

Colloids

548

(11)

Chemical Impact Organisms and Ice Formation

549

(2)

Summary

551

(1)

Key Terms

551

(1)

Questions and Exercises

552

(7)

Chemical Kinetics

559

(52)

Reaction Rates

561

(3)

Rate Laws: An Introduction

564

(3)

Determining the Form of the Rate Law

567

(5)

The Integrated Rate Law

572

(10)

Rate Laws: A Summary

582

(1)

Reaction Mechanisms

583

(4)

A Model for Chemical Kinetics

587

(5)

Catalysis

592

(19)

Chemical Impact Automobiles: Air Purifiers?

595

(1)

Chemical Impact Enzymes: Nature's Catalysts

596

(4)

Summary

600

(1)

Key Terms

600

(1)

Questions and Exercises

601

(10)

Chemical Equilibrium

611

(46)

The Equilibrium Condition

612

(3)

The Equilibrium Constant

615

(4)

Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures

619

(3)

Heterogeneous Equilibria

622

(2)

Applications of the Equilibrium Constant

624

(10)

Solving Equilibrium Problems

634

(6)

Le Chatelier's Principle

640

(17)

Summary

647

(1)

Key Terms

648

(1)

Questions and Exercises

649

(8)

Acids and Bases

657

(62)

The Nature of Acids and Bases

658

(3)

Acid Strength

661

(5)

The pH Scale

666

(3)

Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions

669

(2)

Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions

671

(10)

Chemical Impact Household Chemistry

679

(2)

Bases

681

(7)

Chemical Impact Amines

684

(4)

Polyprotic Acids

688

(6)

Acid-Base Properties of Salts

694

(7)

The Effect of Structure on Acid-Base Properties

701

(2)

Acid-Base Properties of Oxides

703

(1)

The Lewis Acid-Base Model

704

(3)

Chemical Impact Self-Destructing Paper

705

(2)

Strategy for Solving Acid-Base Problems: A Summary

707

(12)

Summary

709

(1)

Key Terms

709

(2)

Questions and Exercises

711

(8)

Applications of Aqueous Equilibria

719

(72)

Acid-Base Equilibria

Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion

720

(2)

Buffered Solutions

722

(11)

Buffer Capacity

733

(3)

Titrations and pH Curves

736

(15)

Acid-Base Indicators

751

(6)

Solubility Equilibria

Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product

757

(9)

Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis

766

(7)

Complex Ion Equilibria

Equilibria Involving Complex Ions

773

(18)

Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Teeth

778

(2)

Summary

780

(1)

Key Terms

780

(1)

Questions and Exercises

781

(10)

Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy

791

(46)

Spontaneous Processes and Entropy

792

(6)

Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

798

(1)

Chemical Impact Entropy: An Organizing Force?

799

(1)

The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity

799

(4)

Free Energy

803

(3)

Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions

806

(4)

Free Energy and Chemical Reactions

810

(6)

The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure

816

(3)

Free Energy and Equilibrium

819

(5)

Free Energy and Work

824

(13)

Summary

826

(1)

Key Terms

826

(2)

Questions and Exercises

828

(9)

Electrochemistry

837

(52)

Galvanic Cells

838

(2)

Standard Reduction Potentials

840

(8)

Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy

848

(3)

Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration

851

(6)

Batteries

857

(4)

Chemical Impact Thermophotovoltaics: Electricity from Heat

859

(2)

Corrosion

861

(5)

Chemical Impact Paint that Stops Rust---Completely

863

(1)

Chemical Impact Refurbishing the Lady

864

(2)

Electrolysis

866

(5)

Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Sunken Treasure

870

(1)

Commercial Electrolytic Processes

871

(18)

Summary

877

(1)

Key Terms

877

(2)

Questions and Exercises

879

(10)

The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A

889

(28)

A Survey of the Representative Elements

890

(5)

The Group 1A Elements

895

(3)

Hydrogen

898

(2)

The Group 2A Elements

900

(4)

The Group 3A Elements

904

(3)

The Group 4A Elements

907

(10)

Chemical Impact Concrete Learning

909

(2)

Summary

911

(1)

Key Terms

911

(1)

Questions and Exercises

912

(5)

The Representative Elements: Groups 5A Through 8A

917

(46)

The Group 5A Elements

918

(2)

The Chemistry of Nitrogen

920

(12)

Chemical Impact Nitrous Oxide: Laughing Gas That Propels Whipped Cream and Cars

930

(2)

The Chemistry of Phosphorus

932

(5)

Chemical Impact Phosphorus: An Illuminating Element

934

(3)

The Group 6A Elements

937

(1)

The Chemistry of Oxygen

938

(2)

The Chemistry of Sulfur

940

(5)

The Group 7A Elements

945

(9)

Chemical Impact Photography

947

(6)

Chemical Impact Automatic Sunglasses

953

(1)

The Group 8A Elements

954

(9)

Summary

956

(1)

Key Terms

956

(1)

Questions and Exercises

957

(6)

Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry

963

(58)

The Transition Metals: A Survey

964

(7)

The First-Row Transition Metals

971

(6)

Chemical Impact Titanium Makes Great Bicycles

973

(4)

Coordination Compounds

977

(6)

Chemical Impact Alfred Werner: Coordination Chemist

982

(1)

Isomerism

983

(6)

Chemical Impact The Importance of Being cis

986

(3)

Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model

989

(2)

The Crystal Field Model

991

(7)

Chemical Impact Transition Metal Ions Lend Color to Gems

996

(2)

The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes

998

(6)

Chemical Impact The Danger of Mercury

1000

(3)

Chemical Impact Supercharged Blood

1003

(1)

Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production

1004

(17)

Summary

1013

(1)

Key Terms

1013

(2)

Questions and Exercises

1015

(6)

The Nucleus: A Chemist's View

1021

(36)

Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay

1022

(5)

The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay

1027

(4)

Chemical Impact Stellar Nucleosynthesis

1031

(1)

Nuclear Transformations

1031

(2)

Detection and Uses of Radioactivity

1033

(5)

Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus

1038

(3)

Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion

1041

(7)

Chemical Impact Nuclear Power: Could It Stage a Comeback?

1045

(1)

Chemical Impact Nuclear Waste Disposal

1046

(2)

Effects of Radiation

1048

(9)

Chemical Impact Nuclear Physics: An Introduction

1050

(1)

Summary

1051

(1)

Key Terms

1051

(1)

Questions and Exercises

1052

(5)

Organic Chemistry

1057

(52)

Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons

1058

(9)

Alkenes and Alkynes

1067

(3)

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1070

(3)

The Petrochemical Industry

1073

(3)

Hydrocarbon Derivatives

1076

(7)

Polymers

1083

(4)

The Polymer Industry

1087

(22)

Chemical Impact Wallace Hume Carothers

1089

(8)

Chemical Impact The Mechanism of Methane Combustion

1097

(1)

Chemical Impact Plastic That Talks and Listens

1098

(1)

Summary

1099

(1)

Key Terms

1099

(1)

Questions and Exercises

1100

(9)

Biochemistry

1109

Proteins

1111

(11)

Carbohydrates

1122

(5)

Nucleic Acids

1127

(4)

Lipids

1131

Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Vision

1138

(1)

Summary

1139

(1)

Key Terms

1139

(1)

Questions and Exercises

1140

Appendix 1 Mathematical Procedures

A1.1 Exponential Notation

A1.2 Logarithms

A1.3 Graphing Functions

A1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations

A1.5 Uncertainties in Measurements

A10

Appendix 2 The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model

A14

Appendix 3 Spectral Analysis

A17

Appendix 4 Selected Thermodynamic Data

A21

Appendix 5 Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials

A24

A5.1 Values of Ka for Some Common Monoprotic Acids

A24

A5.2 Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids

A25

A5.3 Values of Kb for Some Common Weak Bases

A25

A5.4 Ksp Values at 25°C for Common Ionic Solids

A26

A5.5 Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C (298 K) for Many Common Half-Reactions

A27

Appendix 6 SI Units and Conversion Factors

A28

Glossary

A29

Answers to Selected Exercises

A43

Photo Credits

A69

Index

A71