| SECTION I. INTRODUCTION |
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Fibers from the Vapour Phase |
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3 | (8) |
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The most important phase is the liquid phase |
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3 | (1) |
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A fibre by any name is still a fiber |
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4 | (2) |
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Biographic Sketches of the authors |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (4) |
| SECTION II. FIBERS FORM THE VAPOUR PHASE |
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Short Fibers, Whiskers and Nanotubes |
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11 | (36) |
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Advanced vapor phase processes |
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11 | (15) |
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Evolution of a technology |
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11 | (1) |
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Crystal growth and phase transformations |
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12 | (1) |
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Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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Metal catalyzed chemical vapor deposition |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (3) |
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Controlled whisker growth |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Generic whisker properties |
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20 | (1) |
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Laser ablation of whisker precursor alloys |
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20 | (1) |
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Hot fiber chemical vapor deposition |
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21 | (1) |
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Chemical vapor infiltration |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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Chemical mixing processes |
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23 | (1) |
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Self propagating high-temperature synthesis |
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24 | (1) |
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Plasma and related processes |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Laser vaporization and ion bombardment |
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25 | (1) |
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Advanced liquid phase processes |
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26 | (3) |
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Self-assembly of silver nanowires |
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26 | (1) |
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Whiskers from organic solvents |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Advanced solid phase processes |
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29 | (1) |
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Micropillars by lithography and etching |
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29 | (1) |
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Selected fiber structures and properties |
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30 | (9) |
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Silicon whiskers and nanowhiskers |
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30 | (4) |
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Silicon carbide whiskers and nanowhiskers |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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Selected fiber products and applications |
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39 | (8) |
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Silicon whiskers and nanowhiskers |
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39 | (1) |
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Silicon carbide whiskers and nanowhiskers |
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40 | (1) |
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Short carbon and diamond fibers |
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41 | (1) |
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Short carbon fiber composites |
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41 | (1) |
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Diamond/carbon fiber composites |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (5) |
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Continuous or Endless Inorganic Fibers |
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47 | (34) |
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Continuous vapor phase processes |
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47 | (13) |
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Laser assisted chemical vapor deposition |
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47 | (1) |
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The generic process concept |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (4) |
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The high pressure process |
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53 | (1) |
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Automatic process control |
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54 | (1) |
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Conventional chemical vapor deposition |
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55 | (1) |
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Commercial hot filament CVD process |
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55 | (1) |
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Experimental CVD and PVD processes |
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56 | (3) |
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Chemical vapor infiltration processes |
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59 | (1) |
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CVI of carbon fibers with silicon oxide |
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59 | (1) |
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CVI of boron oxide fibers with ammonia |
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59 | (1) |
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CVI of polyborazine fibers with ammonia |
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60 | (1) |
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Laser vaporization of carbon-metal mixtures |
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60 | (1) |
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Selected structures and properties |
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60 | (10) |
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High and low pressure LCVD fibers |
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61 | (1) |
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Reactor pressure vs. growth rate |
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61 | (1) |
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Tip temperature vs. properties |
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62 | (1) |
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Side growth versus tip growth |
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63 | (1) |
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Versatility versus whisker processes |
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63 | (2) |
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Commercial hot filament CVD fibers |
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65 | (1) |
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Sheath/core boron/tungsten fibers |
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66 | (1) |
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Sheath/core versus pure boron fibers |
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66 | (1) |
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Sheath/core silicon carbide/carbon fibers |
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67 | (1) |
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Important CVI and PVD fibers |
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68 | (1) |
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Structure - property commonalties |
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69 | (1) |
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Straight, coiled and tubular structures |
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69 | (1) |
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Fiber strength, modulus and toughness |
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69 | (1) |
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Selected products and applications |
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70 | (11) |
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B/W and SiC/C fiber reinforced composites |
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70 | (1) |
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Rapid evaluation of new fibers by LCVD |
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71 | (1) |
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Ultrahigh temperature fibers |
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71 | (2) |
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High temperature sensor fibers |
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73 | (1) |
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Rapid prototyping of microparts by LCVD |
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73 | (1) |
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Evolution of rapid prototyping |
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74 | (1) |
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Laser chemical vapor deposition |
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74 | (1) |
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Photonic band-gap microstructure |
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75 | (1) |
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The future of vapor phase processing |
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75 | (6) |
| SECTION III. FIBERS FROM THE LIQUID PHASE |
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Continuous Melt Spinning Processes |
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81 | (42) |
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Important melt forming processes |
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81 | (11) |
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Principles of fiber formation |
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81 | (1) |
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Behavior of viscous melts |
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81 | (3) |
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Behavior of inviscid melts |
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84 | (1) |
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Generic fiber forming processes |
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85 | (2) |
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Structure of melts and fibers |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Fiber structure versus modulus |
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88 | (3) |
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Fiber structure versus strength |
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91 | (1) |
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Forming glass fibers from strong melts |
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92 | (3) |
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Downdrawing from solid preforms |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Melt spinning from strong silicate melts |
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92 | (1) |
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Structural silicate glass fibers |
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93 | (1) |
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Product design parameters |
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94 | (1) |
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General and special purpose fibers |
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94 | (1) |
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Forming glass fibers from fragile melts |
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95 | (8) |
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Glass fibers from fragile silicate melts |
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95 | (2) |
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Melt spinning from supercooled melts |
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97 | (1) |
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Single and double crucible processes |
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97 | (1) |
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Single and bicomponent fluoride fibers |
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97 | (1) |
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Updrawing from supercooled melts |
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97 | (1) |
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Updrawing of tellurite glass fibers |
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98 | (1) |
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Updrawing of aluminate glass fibers |
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98 | (2) |
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Hybrid fiber forming processes |
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100 | (1) |
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Quaternary calcium aluminate fibers |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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Forming amorphous fibers from inviscid liquids |
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103 | (10) |
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Attainment of fiber forming viscosities |
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103 | (1) |
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Rapid solidification (RS) processes |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Products and applications |
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105 | (1) |
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Inviscid melt spinning (IMS) processes |
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105 | (1) |
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Principles of jet and fiber formation |
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106 | (1) |
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Principles of increasing the jet lifetime |
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107 | (1) |
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Oxide fibers from containerless, laser heated melts |
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107 | (1) |
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Metal fibers in a reactive environment |
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108 | (2) |
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Oxide glass fibers in a reactive environment |
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110 | (1) |
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Mechanism of jet solidification |
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111 | (2) |
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Cryogenic fibers from liquefied gasses |
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113 | (1) |
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Growing single crystal fibers from inviscid melts |
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113 | (10) |
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Edge defined film fed growth |
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113 | (1) |
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Growth of sapphire fibers |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Laser heated float zone growth |
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115 | (1) |
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Growth of single crystal fibers |
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115 | (1) |
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High Tc superconducting fibers |
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116 | (2) |
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The future of single crystal oxide fibers |
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118 | (1) |
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Single crystal sapphire fibers |
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118 | (1) |
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Other single crystal oxide fibers |
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119 | (4) |
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Continuous Solvent Spinning Processes |
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123 | (6) |
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Dry spinning of silica glass fibers |
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123 | (5) |
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123 | (1) |
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Pure silica fibers from water glass solutions |
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124 | (2) |
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Ultrapure silica fibers from sol-gels |
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126 | (2) |
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Silica fibers by other processes |
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128 | (1) |
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Structural Silicate and Silica Glass Fibers |
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129 | (76) |
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General purpose silicate glass fibers |
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129 | (7) |
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Commercial fiber forming processes |
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129 | (1) |
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Commercial commodity glass fibers |
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130 | (1) |
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Evolution of borosilicate E-glass fibers |
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130 | (1) |
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Boron- and fluorine-free E-glass fibers |
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131 | (1) |
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Structures and properties |
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132 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Commercial products and applications |
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134 | (2) |
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Special purpose silicate glass fibers |
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136 | (17) |
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High strength - high temperature fibers |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (3) |
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Properties and applications |
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139 | (1) |
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High modulus - high temperature fibers |
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140 | (1) |
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Ultrahigh modulus glass-ceramic fibers |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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Properties and applications |
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144 | (1) |
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Fibers with high chemical stability |
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145 | (1) |
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Chemical resistance of glass fibers |
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145 | (1) |
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Alkali resistant glass fibers |
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146 | (2) |
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Acid resistant glass fibers |
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148 | (1) |
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Other special purpose fibers |
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149 | (1) |
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Fibers with low dielectric constants |
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149 | (1) |
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Fibers with high densities and high dielectric constants |
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150 | (1) |
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Fibers with very high dielectric constants |
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151 | (1) |
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Fibers with super- and semiconducting properties |
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152 | (1) |
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Fibers with bone bioactive glass compositions |
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153 | (1) |
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Non-round, bicomponent and hollow fibers |
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153 | (9) |
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Silicate glass fibers with non-round cross sections |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Products and applications |
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155 | (1) |
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Structural bicomponent silicate glass fibers |
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156 | (1) |
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Sheath/core and side-by-side bicomponent fibers |
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156 | (1) |
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Hollow sheath/core silicate glass fibers |
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156 | (2) |
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Hollow porous sheath/core silicate glass fibers |
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158 | (1) |
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Hollow superconducting sheath/core glass fibers |
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158 | (2) |
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Solid side-by-side bicomponent glass fibers |
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160 | (2) |
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High temperature silica glass fibers |
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162 | (7) |
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Value-in-use of silica glass fibers |
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162 | (1) |
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Ultrapure silica fibers from solid preforms |
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163 | (1) |
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Ultrapure and pure silica fibers from solutions |
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164 | (1) |
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High silica fibers by leaching of borosilicate fibers |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | |
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169 | (1) |
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Principles of optical transmission |
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169 | (11) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (5) |
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179 | (1) |
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Fabrication of optical fibers |
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180 | (11) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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Outside vapor deposition (OVD and VAD) |
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183 | (2) |
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Modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (2) |
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Thermophoretic deposition and sintering |
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189 | (1) |
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Plasma chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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Protective fiber coatings |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Applications of optical fiber devices |
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194 | (4) |
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195 | (1) |
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Fiber gratings as mirrors and filters |
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196 | (1) |
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Strain sensor and other applications |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (7) |
| SECTION IV. FIBERS FROM SOLID PRECURSOR FIBERS |
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Ceramic Oxide Fibers from Sol-Gels and Slurries |
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205 | (28) |
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205 | (2) |
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The generic sol-gel process |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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The calcination and sintering steps |
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207 | (1) |
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Alumina and alumina based fibers |
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207 | (18) |
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207 | (2) |
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Processing of alumina based fibers |
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209 | (1) |
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Polycrystalline alumina fibers |
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210 | (1) |
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Transition alumina fibers |
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211 | (1) |
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Mullite and related fibers |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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Structure and microstructure |
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216 | (1) |
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Transition alumina fibers |
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216 | (1) |
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Mullite and related fibers |
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216 | (2) |
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Corundum and related fibers |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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Processing of zirconia based fibers |
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226 | (1) |
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Fibers from zirconia sols |
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226 | (1) |
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Fibers from polyzirconoxanes |
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226 | (1) |
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Properties and applications |
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227 | (1) |
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Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) fibers |
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227 | (6) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Properties and applications |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (4) |
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Carbon Fibers from Pan and Pitch |
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233 | (32) |
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233 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
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Classification of carbon fibers |
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235 | (1) |
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Processing of carbon fibers |
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235 | (10) |
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Principles of fiber formation |
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235 | (2) |
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From polyacrylonitrile based precursor fibers |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Spinning of PAN based precursor |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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From pitch based precursor fibers |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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The carbonaceous mesophase stage |
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240 | (3) |
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Spinning and stabilization |
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243 | (2) |
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Carbonization and graphitization |
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245 | (1) |
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Structure of carbon fibers |
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245 | (5) |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (1) |
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PAN based high tenacity carbon fibers |
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247 | (1) |
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PAN based high modulus carbon fibers |
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247 | (1) |
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Mesopitch (MP)based carbon fibers |
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247 | (3) |
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Properties of carbon fibers |
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250 | (11) |
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252 | |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (1) |
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High temperature properties |
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256 | (1) |
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Thermal and electrical properties |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Oxidation of carbon fibers |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (4) |
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Silicon Carbide and Oxycarbide Fibers |
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265 | (34) |
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265 | (1) |
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Preparation of Si-C-0 fibers |
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266 | (6) |
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267 | (2) |
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Melt spinning of PCS fibers |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (2) |
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Related Si-C-0 (Ti) fibers |
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272 | (1) |
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Preparation of oxygen-free Si-C fibers |
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272 | (3) |
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From radiation cured PCS precursor fibers |
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272 | (3) |
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From infusible PCS precursor fibers |
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275 | (1) |
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Preparation of quasi-stoichiometric SiC fibers |
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275 | (1) |
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Pyrolysis of PCS precursor fibers under hydrogen |
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275 | (1) |
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Pyrolysis of boron doped PCS precursor fibers |
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275 | (1) |
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From extruded SiC powder/polymer mixtures |
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276 | (1) |
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Structure of silicon carbide fibers |
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276 | (4) |
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Silicon oxycarbide fibers |
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276 | (3) |
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279 | (1) |
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Thermal stability of silicon fibers |
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280 | (4) |
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Silicon oxycarbide fibers |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (1) |
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Mechanical properties of SiC fibers |
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284 | (7) |
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284 | (3) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (3) |
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Bend stress relaxation test |
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291 | (1) |
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Oxidation of silicon carbide fibers |
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291 | (2) |
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Transport properties of SiC fibers |
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293 | (2) |
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295 | (4) |
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Silicon Nitride and Boride Based Fibers |
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299 | (16) |
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299 | (1) |
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Si-C-N-0 and Si-C-N fibers |
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299 | (306) |
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299 | (1) |
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From polysilazane (PSZ) fibers |
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299 | (1) |
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From polycarbosilazane (PCSZ) fibers |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (2) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (3) |
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306 | (1) |
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From Yajima type polycarbosilane (PCS) fibers |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
From perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) fibers |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
From other polysilazane fibers |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Si-B-0-N, Si-B-N and Si-B-N-C fibers |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
From perhydropolysilazane (PHPSZ) fibers |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
From trichlorosilylamino-dichloroborane (TADB) fibers |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Structures and properties |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Structure and thermal stability |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (4) |
|
Applications of Carbon and Ceramic Fibers |
|
|
315 | (16) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
|
316 | (15) |
|
Polymer matrix composites |
|
|
316 | (4) |
|
|
|
320 | (2) |
|
Carbon and ceramic matrix composites |
|
|
322 | (9) |
| Acronyms |
|
331 | (4) |
| Glossary |
|
335 | (6) |
| Index |
|
341 | |
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