Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties of Polymer Liquid Crystals: Brostow, Witold: 9780412609008: Book: Science: eCampus.com

As compared to engineering polymers (EPs) and polymer composites, polymer liquid crystals (PLCs) have many attractive properties. Moreover, ordinary equipment for thermoplastic processing can be used for PLCs; often PLCs have lower viscosities than EPs, or addition of a PLC to an EP lowers the viscosity of the latter by two orders of magnitude. This book covers inorganic, organic as well as non-covalently bonded PLCs. It describes their mechanical properties and performance, thermophysical characteristics, which is the basis for intelligent processing, and also relations between properties of blends and of individual components. A chapter on computer simulations, explaining how computer modeling is being used to develop stronger polymer-based composites, is included. This book will prove an invaluable reference to all those working with polymer liquid crystals and advanced materials.

List of Contributors

xii

Part One formation of Polymer Liquid Crystals

(144)

Creation of liquid crystalline phases: a comparative view emphasizing structure and shape of monomer liquid crystals

(38)

Richard G. Weiss

Introduction

(4)

Phases of some simple acyclic (calamitic) alkanes and their functionalized analogs

(12)

Rod-like molecules as single substances

(12)

Phases of some simple cyclic alkanes and their functionalized analogs

(9)

Cyclic hydrocarbons

(1)

substituted rod-like cyclic hydrocarbons

(1)

Substituted disk-like cyclic hydrocarbons

(6)

Induced mesophases in mixtures

(13)

n-Alkanes

(1)

Alkyl alkanoates

(1)

More complex rod-like molecules

(2)

Hydrogen bonding systems

(1)

Carbonaceous phases

(1)

Charge transfer interactions

(1)

Other related phenomena

(1)

Acknowledgement

(1)

References

(6)

Inorganic polymer liquid crystals

(18)

Cameron G. Cofer

James Economy

Introduction

(2)

Characteristics of borazine oligomers

(4)

Processing of borazine oligomers

(3)

Synthesis of boron nitride via LC borazine oligomers

(9)

References

(1)

Design of polymer liquid crystals with non-covalent bonds

(42)

C. Geraldine Bazuin

General concepts

(2)

Hydrogen bonded PLC structures

(17)

Longitudinal or main chain architecture

(6)

Comb-like or side chain architecture

(11)

Ionically bonded PLC complexes

(12)

Transition metal or coordination PLC complexes

(2)

Charge transfer and other donor-acceptor PLC complexes

(4)

Why non-covalent bonds?

(5)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(3)

Morphology of thermotropic longitudinal polymer liquid crystals

101

(23)

Yang Zhong

Introduction

101

(1)

Hierarchical and fibrillar structure

102

(15)

Fibrillar hierarchy of PLC fibers

103

(2)

Hierarchical and fibrillar structure of PLC extrudates

105

(1)

Hierarchical structure and molecular orientation in injection molded PLCs

106

(6)

Effect of processing conditions on the morphology and properties of PLCs

112

(5)

Crystallization behavior

117

(4)

Multiphase morphology

121

(1)

Summary

122

(2)

References

122

(2)

Polymer liquid crystals in solution

124

(21)

Lydia Fritz

Joachim Rubner

Jurgen Springer

Dietmar Wolff

Introduction

124

(1)

constitution and solubility

125

(6)

Dilute solutions of SGPLCs

131

(7)

Semidilute solutions of SGPLCs

138

(3)

Concluding remarks

141

(4)

References

141

(4)

Part 2 Thermophysical Properties

145

(108)

Memory effects in polymer liquid crystals: influence of thermal history on phase behavior

147

(25)

Rita B. Blumstein

Introduction

147

(4)

Brief overview of rigid-flexible PLCs

151

(8)

Chemical disorder in RF PLCs

152

(1)

Orientational and conformational order in RF PLCs

153

(1)

Pretransitional phenomena: the I-N transition

154

(1)

N + I biphase

155

(2)

Morphology of the nematic phase

157

(2)

Supercooling at the isotropic-mesophase transition

159

(2)

Cooling and heating scans

159

(1)

Supercooling at the I -- transition

160

(1)

Memory of thermal history in the isotropic phase

161

(3)

Cooling from the I phase

161

(2)

Memory of banded textures

163

(1)

Quenching from the isotropic state

163

(1)

Memory of thermal history in the N + I biphase. Aging of the N phase

164

(8)

Acknowledgement

169

(1)

References

169

(3)

Longitudinal polymer liquid crystal + engineering polymer blends: miscibility and crystallization phenomena

172

(42)

George P. Simon

Introduction

172

(2)

Miscibility and crystallization phenomena in longitudinal PLC + EP blends

174

(29)

Blends of rigid longitudinal PLCs: HNA/xPHB copolyesters

178

(6)

Blends of rigid longitudinal PLCs: non-HNA/xPHB copolyesters

184

(7)

Blends of semiflexible longitudinal PLCs: PET/xPHB copolyesters

191

(8)

Blends of semiflexible PLCs: non-PET/PHB copolyesters

199

(4)

General comments on miscibility and crystallinity of longitudinal + EP blends

203

(11)

References

209

(5)

Thermal expansivity

214

(39)

Ram Prakash Singh

Introduction

214

(1)

Definitions

215

(1)

Experimental determination

215

(1)

Polymers in general

216

(7)

Polymer crystals

218

(5)

Oriented polymers

223

(8)

Aggregate model

223

(1)

Dispersed crystallite and intercrystalline bridge models

224

(4)

Rubber-elastic effect

228

(3)

Polymer liquid crystals

231

(7)

Polymer composites and polymer liquid crystal + thermoplastic blends

238

(9)

Conclusions and predictions for the future

247

(6)

References

248

(5)

Part Three Mechanical Properties

253

(258)

Phase diagrams of polymer liquid crystals and polymer liquid crystal blends: relation to mechanical properties

255

(51)

Michael Hess

Betty L. Lopez

Introduction

255

(1)

Heterogeneous vs. molecular composites

256

(3)

Microscopy

259

(8)

X-ray diffraction

267

(6)

The concept of hierarchical structures

273

(2)

Reasons for studying phase diagrams

275

(1)

Information from thermodynamics

276

(2)

Information from statistical mechanics

278

(1)

Methods to determine phase transitions; definition of phase and miscibility

279

(4)

Phase diagrams of pure polymer liquid crystals

283

(4)

Phase diagrams of blends

287

(6)

Relation with mechanical properties

293

(13)

Torsion modulus

293

(4)

Three-point bending

297

(4)

Impact resistance

301

(1)

Acknowledgements

302

(1)

References

302

(4)

Development and relaxation of orientation in pure polymer liquid crystals and blends

306

(36)

Ulf W. Gedde

Goran Wiberg

Introduction

306

(3)

Chain orientation: fundamental aspects

309

(6)

Development of orientation in PLCs

315

(10)

General aspects

315

(4)

Alignment in electric fields

319

(4)

Alignment in magnetic fields

323

(1)

Alignment in surface fields

324

(1)

Loss of orientation in PLCs

325

(11)

Background and general aspects

325

(2)

Relaxation of longitudinal PLCs

327

(3)

Relaxation of one-comb PLCs

330

(2)

Relaxation of PLC networks

332

(4)

Summary

336

(6)

Acknowledgements

337

(1)

References

337

(5)

Flow-induced phenomena of lyotropic polymer liquid crystals: the negative normal force effect and bands perpendicular to shear

342

(65)

Gabor Kiss

Roger S. Porter

Introduction

342

(3)

Viscosity

345

(4)

Relationship of viscosity to normal force

349

(1)

Normal force phenomena

350

(20)

Review of experiments

357

(8)

Measurement of second normal stress coefficient N2

365

(4)

Behavior at high concentration

369

(1)

Theory of negative N1

370

(10)

Molecular theories

371

(5)

Domain theories

376

(2)

Continuum theories

378

(2)

Band structures

380

(20)

Background

380

(4)

Kinetics of formation upon cessation of shear

384

(5)

Effect of sample thickness (gap)

389

(1)

Bands during transient and steady shear

390

(4)

Morphology

394

(2)

Theory of band formation

396

(3)

Band formation in elongational flow

399

(1)

Final thoughts

400

(7)

References

404

(3)

Creep and stress relaxation

407

(24)

Josef Kubat

Robert D. Maksimov

Introduction

407

(1)

Creep of a liquid crystalline copolyester

408

(9)

Systems studied

408

(1)

Linear thermoviscoelastic creep behavior

408

(4)

Nonlinear creep behavior

412

(5)

Creep of blends of a liquid crystalline copolyester with polypropylene

417

(5)

Introductory remarks

417

(1)

Thermoviscoelastic creep behavior

417

(3)

Long-term creep behavior

420

(2)

Stress relaxation at different temperatures

422

(4)

Liquid crystalline copolyester

422

(3)

Blends of a liquid crystalline copolyester with polypropylene

425

(1)

Final remarks

426

(5)

Acknowledgements

429

(1)

References

429

(2)

Thermoreversible gelation of rigid rod-like and semirigid polymers

431

(17)

Andreas Greiner

Willie E. Rochefort

Introduction

431

(3)

Poly(amino acid)s

434

(2)

Polydiacetylene

436

(1)

Polyimide

437

(1)

Poly(p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole)

438

(1)

Aromatic LC polyesters

439

(6)

Concluding remarks

445

(3)

References

446

(2)

Elastic moduli of polymer liquid crystals

448

(47)

C.L. Choy

Introduction

448

(1)

Ultrasonic techniques for determining elastic constants and acoustic absorption

449

(5)

General consideration

449

(1)

Immersion method

450

(3)

Contact method

453

(1)

Elastic moduli of thermotropic main chain PLCs

454

(15)

Extruded PLCs

456

(4)

Aggregate model

460

(2)

Injection molded PLCs

462

(7)

Elastic moduli of in situ composites containing PLCs

469

(11)

In situ composites formed by extrusion

470

(7)

In situ composites formed by injection molding

477

(3)

Elastic moduli of glass fiber-reinforced PLCs

480

(3)

Elastic moduli and acoustic absorption of comb PLCs

483

(9)

Ultrasonic measurements

485

(3)

Brillouin scattering

488

(3)

Laser-induced phonon spectroscopy

491

(1)

Conclusions

492

(3)

Acknowledgements

492

(1)

References

492

(3)

Computer simulations

495

(16)

Witold Brostow

Motivation for computer simulations

495

(1)

Types of computer simulations of materials

496

(2)

Constructing a PLC system on a computer

498

(1)

Performance of simulations

499

(1)

Results

500

(9)

Concluding remarks

509

(2)

Acknowledgements

509

(1)

References

509

(2)

Index

511


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