| List of contributors |
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ix | (3) |
| Acknowledgments |
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xii | (1) |
| Introduction |
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xiii | |
| Part One Mineral and Thermal Groundwater Resources |
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3 | (202) |
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1 History of mineral and thermal waters |
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3 | (18) |
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4 | (8) |
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1.2 Mineral extraction from groundwaters |
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12 | (2) |
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1.3 Bottling of mineral waters |
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14 | (5) |
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1.4 Energy from thermal waters |
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19 | (2) |
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2 Uses of mineral and thermal waters |
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21 | (27) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (10) |
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2.3 Regulations governing mineral and bottled waters |
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33 | (6) |
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39 | (9) |
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3 Hydrogeochemistry and origin of mineral waters |
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48 | (53) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.2 Chemical evolution of groundwater |
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49 | (7) |
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3.3 Hydrochemical principles |
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56 | (14) |
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3.4 Evolution of groundwater in a stratabound aquifer |
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70 | (6) |
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3.5 Evolution of groundwater in crystalline rocks |
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76 | (2) |
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3.6 Radioactive mineral waters |
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78 | (9) |
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3.7 Categories of mineral waters |
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87 | (5) |
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3.8 Isotope hydrochemistry, water origins and groundwater dating |
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92 | (9) |
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101 | (18) |
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4.1 Heat production and heat flow |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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4.4 Thermal water systems |
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107 | (1) |
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4.5 Origins and chemistry of thermal waters |
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118 | (1) |
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5 Investigation of mineral and thermal water systems |
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119 | (26) |
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5.1 Stages of investigation |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (13) |
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5.4 Estimation of the potential yield of mineral waters |
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134 | (7) |
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5.5 Methods for estimating the quantity of heat stored in thermal water systems |
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141 | (4) |
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6 Modelling of groundwater systems |
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145 | (16) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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6.3 Fundamental equations |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (8) |
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6.6 Comparison of modelling methods |
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159 | (2) |
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7 Exploitation and management of mineral and thermal waters |
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161 | (29) |
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7.1 Abstraction of mineral waters |
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161 | (1) |
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7.2 Abstraction of thermal waters |
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162 | (1) |
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7.3 Drilling and borehole construction |
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163 | (2) |
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7.4 Scaling and corrosion |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (5) |
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174 | (5) |
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179 | (11) |
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8 Environmental issues and conservation |
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190 | (15) |
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8.1 Anthropogenic impacts |
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190 | (2) |
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8.2 Concerns of mineral water exploitation |
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192 | (1) |
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8.3 Protection of mineral water resources |
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192 | (2) |
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8.4 Impacts of exploitation of thermal waters |
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194 | (3) |
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8.5 Operational characterization of resource conservation |
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197 | (8) |
| Part Two Case Studies |
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205 | (201) |
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9 Geothermal energy in Iceland |
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205 | (30) |
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205 | (2) |
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9.2 Geothermal activity, hydrogeology and chemistry |
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207 | (6) |
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9.3 History of exploitation of geothermal resources |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (20) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (46) |
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235 | (2) |
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10.2 The spas of London and Surrey |
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237 | (4) |
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10.3 The `wyches' of Mercia and Cheshire |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (4) |
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10.5 Spas of the Carboniferous limestone of the White Peak |
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247 | (19) |
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266 | (7) |
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273 | (8) |
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11 Geothermal and mineral water resources of Lithuania |
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281 | (36) |
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281 | (1) |
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11.2 Mineral waters of Lithuania |
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281 | (22) |
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303 | (14) |
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12 Natural mineral waters of Mineralnye Vody region of north Caucasus, CIS |
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317 | (14) |
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317 | (2) |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (4) |
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12.5 Narzan bottled water source |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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12.7 Narzan water quality |
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328 | (3) |
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13 Geological, hydrochemical, regulatory and economic aspects of natural packaged water production: Nordland County, Norway |
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331 | (26) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (1) |
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13.3 Geology and hydrogeology |
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334 | (13) |
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13.4 Spring water, mineral water or packaged water? |
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347 | (2) |
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349 | (2) |
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13.6 Logistical considerations |
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351 | (2) |
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13.7 Export possibilities |
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353 | (2) |
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13.8 Discussion and conclusions |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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14 The mineral and thermal waters of the Krusne Hory rift valley, Czech Republic |
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357 | (19) |
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357 | (4) |
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361 | (5) |
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366 | (5) |
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371 | (2) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (2) |
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15 The spa of Buzias, Romania |
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376 | (13) |
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15.1 Position and brief history |
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376 | (1) |
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15.2 Geology and occurrence of groundwater |
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377 | (1) |
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15.3 The mineral water resource |
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378 | (6) |
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15.4 Exploitation of mineral waters |
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384 | (2) |
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15.5 Utilization of mineral waters |
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386 | (1) |
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15.6 Optimization of exploitation |
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386 | (1) |
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15.7 Protection and conservation of sources |
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387 | (2) |
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16 Optimization of exploitation of geothermal reservoirs in the Pannonian Basin, Romania |
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389 | (17) |
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389 | (1) |
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16.2 Reservoir characteristics |
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390 | (2) |
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16.3 Specific management approaches |
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392 | (2) |
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16.4 Single well analysis |
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394 | (6) |
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400 | (3) |
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403 | (2) |
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405 | (1) |
| References |
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406 | (25) |
| Index |
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431 | |
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