| Preface |
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xi | |
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1 | (58) |
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1 | (1) |
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Disease Management versus Case Management |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (6) |
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4 | (1) |
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Appropriateness of therapy and awareness of Potential harm |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (4) |
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Talking about Drugs and Drug Therapies |
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10 | (7) |
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Nosology and properties of drugs and drug products |
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11 | (3) |
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Ways of storing drug related data |
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14 | (3) |
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Delivery of Information and Problem Solving Skills |
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17 | (14) |
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The Internet, computing and telecommunication |
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17 | (1) |
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Types of computer support |
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18 | (1) |
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Drug information resources |
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19 | (12) |
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31 | (17) |
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Logistical support for pharmacotherapeutic management |
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32 | (3) |
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Delivering problem solving skills |
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35 | (1) |
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Medication control: avoiding and detecting drug related problems |
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35 | (6) |
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Medication surveillance: critiquing clinicians' plans |
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41 | (4) |
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45 | (3) |
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Delivering Clinical Information |
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48 | (8) |
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54 | (2) |
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Delivering Health Care Information |
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56 | (3) |
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Evidence Related to Drug Therapy |
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59 | (58) |
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59 | (1) |
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Evidence-Based Pharmacotherapy |
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60 | (1) |
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Where Does the Evidence Come From? |
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61 | (6) |
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Best evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) |
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62 | (5) |
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Electronic Sources of Evidence from Clinical Trials |
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67 | (4) |
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69 | (1) |
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Comprehensive literature retrieval from relevant trials: the Cochrane collaboration |
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70 | (1) |
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Extracting Evidence from Clinical Trials |
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71 | (11) |
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72 | (1) |
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Evidence about harm and measures of risk |
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73 | (2) |
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From sample to population: generalising results |
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75 | (2) |
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Making the balance: which pharmacotherapies to recommend |
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77 | (3) |
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80 | (2) |
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Patient Specific Evidence: Capturing How Patient Characteristics Affect Response |
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82 | (35) |
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Evidence as a statistical relationship |
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84 | (1) |
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Evidence as logical assertions |
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85 | (3) |
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Evidence extracted via neural networks |
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88 | (5) |
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Decomposing evidence: modelling what has been observed |
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93 | (3) |
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Encapsulating PK evidence |
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96 | (7) |
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Encapsulating PD evidence |
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103 | (4) |
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Reconstructing the picture: linking PK and PD models |
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107 | (3) |
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Evidence on therapeutic ranges |
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110 | (3) |
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Evidence on drug-drug interactions |
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113 | (4) |
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Formal Decision Making Methods |
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117 | (72) |
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117 | (6) |
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Decisions and their Representation |
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123 | (9) |
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Decisions that are based on past experience |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Neural networks as stores of past experience |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Supporting the Decision Making Process: Statistical Methods |
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132 | (19) |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (7) |
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Integration of EBM within a decision-analytic framework: ``Primum nil nocere'' today |
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142 | (7) |
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Diagnostic entropy as a guide for decision making |
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149 | (2) |
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Supporting the Decision Making Process: Knowledge-Based Techniques |
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151 | (38) |
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155 | (7) |
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162 | (4) |
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Temporal models for problem solving |
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166 | (7) |
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Continuous systems models |
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173 | (1) |
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Explanations and justifications |
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174 | (15) |
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The Drug-Prescription Problem |
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189 | (104) |
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189 | (3) |
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What to Give and How Much? |
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192 | (5) |
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The Selection of Treatment as a Classification Problem |
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197 | (1) |
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A Case-Based Approach to Drug Prescription |
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198 | (2) |
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Prescribing Using Decision Trees |
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200 | (10) |
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Rule-Based Reasoning in Prescribing |
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210 | (10) |
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A rule base for formulating the prescription problem |
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210 | (5) |
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An example: selecting the best antibiotic therapy |
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215 | (5) |
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Causal Modelling for Prescribing |
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220 | (11) |
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224 | (7) |
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Deciding How Much to Give |
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231 | (31) |
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The basis of the dosage planning problem: targets, effectiveness and toxicity |
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232 | (7) |
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239 | (10) |
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Planning with conflicting objectives |
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249 | (5) |
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Planning convenient dosage regimens |
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254 | (8) |
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An Electronic Prescribing Assistant |
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262 | (10) |
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265 | (7) |
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Pharmacotherapeutic Protocols |
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272 | (21) |
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The structure of protocols: managing hyperlipidaemia, hypertension and chemotherapy |
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273 | (7) |
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Protocols as graphical constructs: e.g. Opal, Protege |
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280 | (3) |
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Supporting patient care via customised protocols |
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283 | (6) |
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Safety issues in protocol planning: e.g. the OASIS system (Hammond et al., 1994) |
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289 | (4) |
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293 | (82) |
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293 | (3) |
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Drug Therapy as an Operating Control System |
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296 | (6) |
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Running the pharmacotherapeutic control loop |
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298 | (1) |
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Information processing and control actions within the loop: the digoxin example |
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299 | (3) |
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Control Strategies for Operation of the Drug Therapy Loop |
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302 | (15) |
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Open loop and closed loop strategies |
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307 | (1) |
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Preprogrammed and adaptive strategies |
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308 | (9) |
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317 | (8) |
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Recording what has happened |
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319 | (2) |
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Understanding what has happened: the patient specific model (PSM) |
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321 | (1) |
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Choosing the form of the PSM |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (1) |
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Open Loop Adaptive Control in Drug Therapy |
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325 | (31) |
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Separation principle stochastic controllers |
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325 | (4) |
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Non-separation principle controllers |
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329 | (1) |
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Feedback control in polypharmacy |
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330 | (3) |
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Software for supporting customised dosage planning |
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333 | (6) |
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A telecare approach to drug therapy: joining patient and clinician in diabetic management |
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339 | (9) |
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348 | (8) |
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Closed Loop Control (Automated Therapy) |
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356 | (12) |
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Non model-based techniques: including both conventional PID and fuzzy control |
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358 | (7) |
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Model-based control algorithms |
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365 | (1) |
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Combining model-based and fuzzy control |
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366 | (1) |
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Controlling post-operative pain: Problem revisited |
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366 | (2) |
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The Roles of Physician and Patient |
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368 | (7) |
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The physician as a sensor in the loop: e.g. anaesthesia management |
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369 | (1) |
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The patient as an effector in the loop: e.g. patient-controlled analgesia |
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370 | (5) |
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Monitoring the Drug Response |
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375 | (50) |
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375 | (1) |
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Outcome Measures and Clinical Indicators |
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375 | (1) |
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Monitoring Desired Clinical Outcome |
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376 | (3) |
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377 | (1) |
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When to monitor: the value of clinical information |
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378 | (1) |
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What Monitoring Data Means: Data Mining and Intelligent Data Interpretation |
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379 | (11) |
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380 | (4) |
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Intelligent interpretation of blood glucose home monitoring data |
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384 | (1) |
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Extracting patterns via temporal reasoning |
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385 | (3) |
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Extracting patterns via time series methods |
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388 | (2) |
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390 | (17) |
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Causality assessment in adverse drug reactions |
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393 | (4) |
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Constructing explanation graphs (Tschaitschian et al., 1996) |
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397 | (3) |
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Bayesian analysis of adverse drug reactions |
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400 | (7) |
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Therapeutic Drug monitoring |
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407 | (18) |
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407 | (1) |
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Optimal timing for blood sampling |
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408 | (3) |
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Interpreting TDM data: updating the PK model |
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411 | (3) |
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TDM as safeguard against toxicity: decision thresholds for ordering TDM |
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414 | (2) |
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Risk of toxicity: test or discontinue treatment dilemma |
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416 | (1) |
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Revising probability of the risk of toxicity |
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416 | (3) |
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Threshold probabilities for testing or discontinuing drug therapy |
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419 | (1) |
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How cost and benefit estimates affect decisions |
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420 | (2) |
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The need to combine TDM with modelling and clinical judgement |
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422 | (3) |
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Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research |
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425 | (44) |
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425 | (2) |
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Elements of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (2) |
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431 | (2) |
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431 | (1) |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (5) |
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Tools for cost and economic analysis |
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434 | (4) |
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Modelling Approaches in Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research |
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438 | (27) |
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Techniques for modelling outcomes research |
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439 | (1) |
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The Health Status Approach |
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440 | (1) |
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Knowledge centred modellign (Herren et al., 1998) |
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441 | (1) |
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Application to osteoporosis: The Osteoporosis BioFusion model (O-Bio) (Herren et al., 1998) |
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442 | (2) |
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444 | (2) |
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446 | (19) |
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Drug Utilisation Research (DUR) |
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465 | (1) |
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Closing the Loop: Influencing Prescribing Practice |
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466 | (3) |
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469 | (18) |
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469 | (2) |
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A prescribing scenario of the future |
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470 | (1) |
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The Need for a Systems View and Integration |
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471 | (1) |
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Providing Data and Evidence for Decision making |
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472 | (3) |
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472 | (1) |
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Networking and the patient medical record revisited |
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473 | (1) |
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Dissemination of information |
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474 | (1) |
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Providing Support for Decision Making |
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475 | (5) |
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475 | (1) |
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The shifts towards patient-centred computing |
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476 | (2) |
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Pharmacotherapy on the Internet |
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478 | (2) |
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Collaborative problem solving: Telemedicine (Charles et al., 1997) |
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480 | (1) |
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Concerns about Information Sources and Medical Decision Support: the Need for Evaluation |
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480 | (5) |
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The technology of evaluation |
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482 | (1) |
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The four phases of medical software evaluation |
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483 | (2) |
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Drug Policy and Regulatory Issues |
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485 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
| References |
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487 | (16) |
| Author Index |
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503 | (6) |
| Subject Index |
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509 | |
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