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Environmental Analysis,9780444500212
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Environmental Analysis


Author(s): Kleibö; hmer
ISBN10:  0444500219
ISBN13:  9780444500212
Format:  Hardcover
Pub. Date:  10/25/2001
Publisher(s): Elsevier Science & Technology

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SummaryTable of Contents
"Environmental Analysis" covers a compilation of analytical methods for the determination of a wide range of environmental priority pollutants, including amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, phenols, PCBs, and also including organometallic species, polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles and metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For all environmental pollutants, an overview and an assessment of value of a broad range of relevant methods including conventional techniques but also of advanced separation and sample preparation techniques given, with all possible matrices being considered.


This book does not only give up-to-date material on sampling and sample pre-treatment, extraction techniques, clean-up, pre-fractionation, different types of chromatographic methods and quality assurance, but also information on actual and upcoming analytical problems, such as the determination of polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocycles and of metabolites of PAH. The final chapter is devoted to the important role of analytic separation methods in water quality control.


Experienced and well-known authors have contributed their knowledge and expertise to individual chapters.
Editor's Preface v
Series Editor's Preface vii
List of Contributors
xvii
Gas chromatographic analysis of environmental amines with selective detectors
1(38)
H. Kataoka
S. Yamamoto
S. Narimatsu
Introduction
1(6)
Source and toxicity of environmental amines
1(4)
Selective detection of amines by gas chromatography
5(1)
Objective and scope of this review
6(1)
Selective detectors for gas chromatography of amines
7(10)
Thermionic detector
8(3)
Flame photometric detector
11(1)
Electron-capture detector
12(2)
Chemiluminescence detector
14(1)
Mass selective detector
15(2)
Applications in environmental amine analysis
17(12)
Aliphatic amines
19(3)
Aromatic amines
22(2)
N-Nitrosamines
24(1)
Heterocyclic amines
25(4)
Conclusions
29(2)
References
31(8)
Modern techniques for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
39(36)
H.K. Lee
Introduction
39(1)
Development of instrumental techniques for PAH analysis
40(18)
Gas chromatography
43(2)
High-performance liquid chromatography
45(1)
Stationary phases
46(1)
Mobile phase
47(1)
Detection
48(2)
Supercritical fluid chromatography
50(1)
Capillary electrophoresis
51(1)
Micellar electrokinetic chromatography
52(3)
Solvophobic interaction
55(1)
Complexation
55(1)
Capillary electrochromatography
56(1)
Coupled HPLC-MS: on-line HPLC clean-up
57(1)
On-line LC-LC coupled methods
57(1)
Sample preparation and extraction
58(11)
Solid-phase extraction
58(1)
Supercritical fluid extraction
59(1)
Extraction Modes
60(1)
Subcritical water extraction
61(2)
Microwave extraction
63(2)
Solid-phase microextraction
65(1)
Accelerated solvent extraction
66(2)
Cloud-point extraction
68(1)
Liquid-liquid Gas chromatography
69(1)
Concluding remarks
69(1)
References
69(6)
Separation methods in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles
75(24)
J.T. Andersson
Introduction
75(4)
Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles
75(2)
Why PASHs?
77(1)
Literature
78(1)
Sample workup for PASH analysis
79(1)
Class separation of PAHs and PASHs
80(8)
Oxidation to sulfones
81(1)
Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide
81(3)
Oxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid
84(1)
Oxidation with other oxidants
84(1)
Separation through complexation with metal ions
85(1)
Silver
85(1)
Other metals
85(1)
Palladium
85(3)
Liquid chromatographic properties of PASHs
88(1)
Gas chromatographic properties of PASHs
88(5)
Gas chromatographic retention indices of PASHs
89(1)
Stationary phases
89(3)
Selective detection in gas chromatography
92(1)
The flame photometric detector (FPD)
92(1)
Atomic emission detector (AED)
92(1)
Mass-selective detection
93(1)
Heteroatom-substituted PASHs
93(1)
Compounds with one other heterocyclic ring
94(1)
PASHs in reference materials
95(1)
Commercial sources of PASHs
96(1)
References
96(3)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites
99(24)
A. Honer
Introduction
99(1)
Metabolism
100(2)
Biological monitoring
102(15)
Sample preparation
104(1)
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
105(1)
Analysis of 1-hydroxypyrene
105(2)
Further metabolites
107(1)
Column-switching techniques
107(1)
HPLC separations with chiral stationary phases or chiral mobile phase modifiers
107(3)
Separation of conjugates
110(1)
Gas chromatography (GC)
110(1)
Gas chromatography with multistage clean-up procedures
110(2)
SPME
112(1)
Capillary electrophoresis (CE)
112(2)
Immunochemical methods
114(3)
References
117(6)
Pesticides defined by matrix
123(52)
J.R. Dean
L.J. Fitzpatrick
Introduction
123(1)
Method validation
123(1)
Extraction from water
124(3)
Types of aqueous matrices
125(1)
Rainwater
125(1)
Freshwater
125(1)
Drinking water
126(1)
Estuarine water
126(1)
Seawater
126(1)
Waste water
126(1)
Main pesticides classes monitored in water
127(1)
Liquid-liquid extraction
127(4)
Theory of liquid-liquid extraction
129(1)
Solvent extraction: Procedure
129(2)
Solid phase extraction
131(12)
Automation and SPE
131(12)
Solid phase microextraction
143(5)
Theoretical considerations
145(1)
Applications of SPME
145(3)
Extraction from soil
148(5)
What is soil?
149(1)
Clay minerals
149(2)
Organic matter
151(1)
Water
151(2)
Microwave-assisted extraction
153(4)
Interaction of microwaves with matter
153(1)
Instrumentation for microwave-assisted extraction
154(1)
Applications of microwave-assisted extraction
155(2)
Accelerated solvent extraction
157(4)
Theory
157(1)
Instrumentation
157(1)
Applications of ASE
158(3)
Supercritical fluid extraction
161(8)
Introduction
161(1)
Theory
162(1)
Instrumentation
162(1)
Applications of SFE
163(6)
Other solid/liquid techniques
169(2)
Soxhlet extraction
169(1)
Sonication
170(1)
Shake flask
170(1)
Solid phase microextraction
171(1)
Future prospects
171(1)
Recommended further reading
171(1)
References
172(3)
Phenols
175(62)
O. Jauregui
M.T. Galceran
Introduction
175(3)
Extraction and preconcentration techniques
178(19)
Water samples
178(14)
Soil samples
192(5)
Biological matrices
197(1)
Chromatographic analysis
197(26)
Gas chromatography
199(6)
EPA methods for analysis of phenolic compounds
205(6)
Liquid chromatography
211(12)
Capillary electrophoresis
223(7)
Immunochemical methods
230(1)
Conclusions
230(1)
References
231(6)
Polychlorinated biphenyls
237(26)
J. de Boer
Introduction
239(1)
Sampling and sample-pretreatment
240(1)
Extraction
240(2)
Soxhlet extraction
240(1)
Solid phase extraction
240(1)
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
241(1)
Other extraction methods
241(1)
Clean-up
242(2)
Non-destructive lipid removal
243(1)
Gel permeation chromatography
243(1)
Column chromatography
243(1)
Destructive lipid removal
244(1)
Sulphuric acid treatment
244(1)
Saponification
244(1)
Pre-fractionation
244(4)
Adsorption column chromatography
245(1)
Carbon column chromatography
245(3)
Other HPLC columns
248(1)
GC analysis
248(11)
Injection techniques
248(1)
Detection techniques
249(1)
GC separation
250(1)
Single-column GC
250(6)
Multi-column GC
256(3)
Quality assurance
259(1)
Calibrants and calibration
259(1)
System performance
259(1)
Control of extraction and clean-up
259(1)
Long-term stability
260(1)
References
260(3)
Metal Species
263(14)
R.-D. Wilken
Introduction to metal species
263(1)
The meaning of `speciation'
263(1)
Speciation of elements
263(3)
Classically defined species
264(1)
Operationally defined species
264(2)
Dynamics of species
266(1)
Errors during pre-treatment of samples for species determination
267(3)
Analytical tools for species determination
270(1)
Future aspects
271(3)
Measurement needed
271(3)
Remediation approaches
274(1)
Outlook
274(1)
References
274(3)
Water Quality
277(42)
C. Zwiener
F.H. Frimmel
Introduction
277(3)
Definitions
280(1)
Policy and legislative regulations
281(7)
European Community policy
281(1)
Emission-related regulations
282(1)
Quality-related regulations
283(1)
Miscellaneous regulations
283(1)
German policy
284(1)
Legislative instruments of water conservation
285(1)
Further tasks for water management
286(2)
The current situation
288(10)
Europe
288(1)
Gross development product
288(1)
Chemicals
288(1)
Solid waste
289(1)
Inland waters
289(1)
Marine and coastal waters
290(1)
Germany
290(1)
General overview
290(1)
Rivers
291(4)
Lakes
295(1)
Groundwater
296(2)
Parameters to assess water quality
298(5)
Parameters in the drinking water directive
298(1)
Demands on raw water for drinking water supply
298(3)
Quality targets
301(1)
Specific requirements
302(1)
Sum parameters vs. single substance analysis
303(4)
Dissolved organic carbon
303(3)
Further parameters
306(1)
Parameter measurement
306(1)
Sampling and sampling strategies
307(3)
Standardized methods
308(1)
Sampling procedure
308(1)
Semipermeable membrane devices
309(1)
New sample preparation methods for organic micropollutants
310(2)
Liquid-liquid extraction
310(1)
Solid phase extraction
310(1)
Solid phase microextraction
311(1)
New analytical methods for organic pollutants
312(2)
Instrumental methods
312(1)
On-line analysis
313(1)
References
314(5)
Subject index 319

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