| Preface |
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v | |
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1 | (48) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (2) |
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Chemical composition, morphology and structure of cotton |
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3 | (5) |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (8) |
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Molecular structure of wool fibres |
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8 | (5) |
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13 | (1) |
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Morphology and chemical structure of silk |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (6) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (3) |
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Regenerated natural fibres |
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22 | (5) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (1) |
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Regenerated protein fibres |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (11) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (5) |
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34 | (3) |
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37 | (1) |
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Miscellaneous synthetic fibres |
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38 | (6) |
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39 | (1) |
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Poly(vinyl alcohol) fibres |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (5) |
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Preparation before chemical processes |
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49 | (20) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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Mechanical cleaning of fabrics |
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52 | (3) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (10) |
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Singeing different kinds of fibres fabrics |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (5) |
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Singeing circular knit fabrics |
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63 | (2) |
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65 | (4) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Cotton fabric on pad-roll/thermoreaction chamber (T.R.C.) |
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66 | (1) |
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Cotton fabric on Jumbo jigger |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (17) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (6) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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Desizing with oxidising agents |
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75 | (2) |
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Desizing of synthetic fabrics and their blends |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (5) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (46) |
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86 | (1) |
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Mechanism of removal of impurities |
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87 | (2) |
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Scouring of cotton in alkaline agents |
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89 | (5) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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The mixture of caustic soda and soda-ash boil |
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90 | (1) |
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The soap/detergent-soda-ash boil |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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Fibre protecting reducing agents |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (12) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Surfactants as wetting agent |
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99 | (2) |
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Surfactants as detergent (scouring agent) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (3) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Solvent extraction scouring |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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Scouring wool yam and fabric |
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109 | (4) |
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Setting and scouring of wool yarn |
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109 | (1) |
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Crabbing (setting) of woollen fabric |
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110 | (1) |
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Potting of woollen fabric |
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110 | (3) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (4) |
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116 | (1) |
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Degumming with alkali and acid |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Degumming with synthetic detergents |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Scouring of synthetic-polymer fibres |
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120 | (5) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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Scouring of blended fibre fabrics |
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125 | (4) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | |
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122 | (5) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Blends containing viscose |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (3) |
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132 | (28) |
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132 | (1) |
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Batch type (rope) scouring machines |
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132 | (3) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Batch type (open-width) scouring machines |
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135 | (3) |
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Mather and Platt horizontal kier |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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Semi-continuous scouring machines |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Padd-roll on perforated cylinder |
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138 | (1) |
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Continuous scouring machines |
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138 | (7) |
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Saturator J-Box-rope washer |
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138 | (1) |
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Open-width roller steamer |
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139 | (1) |
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Batch or re-batching system |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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High pressure Klienewefer roller steamer |
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141 | (1) |
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Conveyer storage steamer system |
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142 | (1) |
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Roller-bed steamer with pre-swelling time |
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142 | (1) |
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Continuous relaxing/scouring machines |
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142 | (2) |
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Solvent scouring machines |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (11) |
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Raw wool scouring machines |
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145 | (2) |
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Wool hank scouring machines |
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147 | (1) |
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Wool fabric scouring machines |
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147 | (3) |
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Carbonising range for woollen fabric |
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150 | (2) |
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Crabbing and decatising machines |
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152 | (4) |
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156 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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Piece goods degumming machines |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (57) |
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160 | (1) |
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Bleaching with hypochlorites |
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161 | (7) |
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Calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Lithium hypochlorite and chlorinated trisodium phosphate |
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163 | (1) |
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Factors effecting hypochlorite bleaching operations |
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164 | (2) |
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Accelerated hypochlorite bleaching |
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166 | (1) |
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Advantages of hypochlorite bleaching over bleaching powder |
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167 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of sodium hypochlorite bleaching over bleaching powder |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (5) |
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Mechanism of peroxide bleaching |
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170 | (1) |
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Stabilisers for peroxide bleaching |
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170 | (2) |
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Parameters in peroxide bleaching operations |
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172 | (1) |
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Bleaching of wool with hydrogen peroxide |
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173 | (5) |
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In alkaline hydrogen peroxide |
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174 | (1) |
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In acidic hydrogen peroxide |
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174 | (1) |
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Alkaline peroxide followed by hydrosulphite treatment |
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175 | (1) |
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Mordanting and peroxide bleaching |
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175 | (1) |
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Sequential oxidative and reductive bleaching |
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176 | (2) |
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In emulsion of hydrogen peroxide |
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178 | (1) |
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Bleaching of silk with hydrogen peroxide |
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178 | (2) |
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Bleaching of synthetic fibres with peroxide |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Advantages and disadvantages of peroxide over hypochlorite bleaching |
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181 | (1) |
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Bleaching with sodium chlorite |
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182 | (6) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Bleaching of acetate fibres |
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185 | (1) |
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Bleaching of polyacrylonitrile |
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185 | (1) |
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Bleaching of polyvinyl alcohol |
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186 | (1) |
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Problem of corrosion and its prevention |
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186 | (1) |
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Merits and demerits of chlorite bleaching |
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187 | (1) |
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Bleaching with peracetic acid |
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188 | (4) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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Reductive bleaching of wool |
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192 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Thio-urea bleaching of wool |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Bleaching of silk with reducing agents |
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194 | (1) |
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Reductive bleaching of nylon |
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195 | (1) |
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Peroxygen bleaching compounds |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (13) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Drawbacks in bleaching of jute |
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199 | (1) |
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Causes of yellowing and improvement of photostability of bleached jute |
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199 | (2) |
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201 | (2) |
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Bleaching of blended fabrics |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (3) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Bleaching of cotton weft knitted fabrics |
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209 | (2) |
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211 | (6) |
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Bleaching and washing equipment |
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217 | (42) |
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217 | (1) |
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Batch bleaching process machineries |
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217 | (5) |
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Semi-continuous bleaching process machineries |
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222 | (2) |
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Continuous bleaching by J-Box systems |
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224 | (6) |
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Continuous open-width bleaching equipment |
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230 | (10) |
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Steamers without plaited storage |
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232 | (1) |
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Conveyer steamer without pre-steeping zone |
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232 | (2) |
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Conveyer steamer with pre-steeping zone |
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234 | (2) |
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Pressureless or Combi-steamers |
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236 | (2) |
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Submerged bleaching systems |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (17) |
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241 | (6) |
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Open-width washing machines |
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247 | (10) |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (20) |
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259 | (1) |
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Thermal behaviour of synthetic fibres |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (6) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Heat-setting using tenter frame |
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263 | (3) |
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Selective infra-red emitters method |
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266 | (1) |
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Heat-setting conditions for different kinds of fibres |
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267 | (4) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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Acrylic and modacrylic fabrics |
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269 | (1) |
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Cationic dyeable polyester |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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Polyvinyl chloride fibres |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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Heat-setting of blended fibre fabrics |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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Polyvinyl chloride/cellulosics |
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272 | (1) |
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Effect of heat-setting on properties of synthetic fibres |
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272 | (5) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (41) |
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279 | (1) |
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Conditions for mercerization |
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279 | (9) |
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Changes in properties of cellulose on mercerization |
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288 | (2) |
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281 | (4) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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Increased moisture absorption |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Removal of immature cotton |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Mercerization of remie and flax fibres |
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290 | (1) |
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Mercerization of blended fibre fabrics |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (14) |
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Cloth (woven) mercerizing machines |
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293 | (9) |
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Yarn mercerizing machines |
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302 | (1) |
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Knit goods mercerizing machines |
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303 | (3) |
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306 | (3) |
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Liquid ammonia mercerization |
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309 | (6) |
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315 | (5) |
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Optical brightening agents |
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320 | (16) |
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320 | (1) |
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Chemical constitution of optical brighteners |
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321 | (2) |
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Mechanism of fluorescent whitening |
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323 | (1) |
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Factors influencing the functions of optical whiteners |
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323 | (2) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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Application of optical brighteners |
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325 | (9) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
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Cationic dyeable polyester |
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331 | |
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322 | (10) |
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Other synthetic polymers and plastics |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (2) |
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Combined pre-treatment processes of textiles |
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336 | (8) |
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336 | (1) |
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Combined scouring and desizing |
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336 | (1) |
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Combined scouring and bleaching |
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337 | (2) |
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Combined desizing, scouring and bleaching |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (2) |
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Degradation of fibres associated with chemical pre-treatment processes |
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344 | (16) |
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344 | (1) |
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Degradation of cotton during desizing |
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344 | (2) |
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Degradation of cotton during scouring |
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346 | (4) |
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Degradation of cotton during bleaching |
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350 | (4) |
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Hypochlorite bleaching and damage |
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350 | (3) |
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Peroxide bleaching and damage |
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353 | (1) |
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Damage of wool during pre-treatment processes |
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354 | (2) |
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Damage of silk during pre-treatment processes |
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356 | (1) |
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Damage of polyester during pre-treatment processes |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (3) |
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Conservation of energy and water, economy and effluent control in pre-treatment processes |
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360 | (35) |
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Water consumption in textile industry |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (2) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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Economy through energy conservation |
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364 | (3) |
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Efficient generation of energy and minimum consumption |
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365 | (1) |
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Mechanical removal of water before drying |
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365 | (1) |
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Increased efficiency of drying and heat-setting |
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365 | (1) |
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Reduced liquor to material ratio |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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Heat recovery from process effluents |
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367 | (1) |
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Economy through water conservation |
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367 | (1) |
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Minimising liquor to material ratio |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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Re-using rinsing bath water |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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Economy through process modification |
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368 | (2) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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Shortening of process sequence |
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369 | (1) |
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Pollution aspects in pre-treatment processes of textiles |
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370 | (4) |
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370 | (2) |
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Parameters for assessment of harmful material; in waste water |
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372 | (2) |
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Pollution load and pre-treatment processes |
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374 | (6) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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Waste water treatment from pre-treatment plants |
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380 | (10) |
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Protective measures for ultra-violet radiation |
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390 | (1) |
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391 | (4) |
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Pre-treatment of textiles under plasma conditions |
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395 | (23) |
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395 | (1) |
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395 | (2) |
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396 | (1) |
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396 | (1) |
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Generation of plasma and its action |
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397 | (10) |
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Machine performance for producing plasma |
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398 | (6) |
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The interaction of plasma with substrate |
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404 | (3) |
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Surface modification of fabrics under plasma treatment |
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407 | (5) |
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407 | (3) |
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Plasma treatment of other fabrics |
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410 | (2) |
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High energy radiation of textiles |
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412 | (2) |
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414 | (4) |
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Application of bio-technology in the pre-treatment processes of textiles |
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418 | (23) |
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418 | (1) |
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Enzymes for textile application |
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418 | (7) |
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418 | (2) |
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Mechanism of enzyme action on cotton |
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420 | (2) |
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Parameters governing the cellulase treatments |
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422 | (1) |
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Structural and morphological changes of fibres by enzymatic hydrolysis |
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423 | (1) |
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The use and advantages of enzymatic processing |
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424 | (1) |
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Treatment of cotton with enzymes |
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425 | (7) |
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Enzymatic desizing of cotton and silk |
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426 | (1) |
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Use of enzymes in mercerization |
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426 | (1) |
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Enzymatic scouring and bleaching processes |
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426 | (2) |
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428 | (3) |
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Effect of cellulase treatment in washing processes |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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Treatment of protein fibres with enzyme |
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432 | (3) |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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Shrink-proofing and modification of wool |
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434 | (1) |
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Bio-technology and effluent treatment |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (5) |
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Analysis and testing in preparatory processes |
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441 | (33) |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (2) |
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442 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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443 | (1) |
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Temporary and permanent hardness |
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443 | (1) |
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Analysis of non-cellulosic residues |
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443 | (2) |
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Ash content (mineral matter) |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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Evaluation of wax content in cotton |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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Saponification value of an oil |
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447 | (1) |
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447 | (1) |
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Determination of moisture content |
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447 | (1) |
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Tests and analyses of sizes |
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448 | (4) |
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449 | (2) |
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Percentage size by ordinary method |
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451 | (1) |
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Total size by Soxhlet method |
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451 | (1) |
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Total size by enzyme method |
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451 | (1) |
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Determination of the efficiency of scouring |
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452 | (1) |
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Measurement of weight loss |
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452 | (1) |
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Measurement of residual wax content |
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|
452 | (1) |
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Practical test of absorbancy |
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452 | (1) |
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Removal of motes (kitties) |
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453 | (1) |
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Testing and evaluation of bleaching agents |
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|
453 | (5) |
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|
455 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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|
456 | (1) |
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|
456 | (1) |
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Stabilisers for peroxide bleach |
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457 | (1) |
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457 | (1) |
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|
457 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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Assessment of damage of cellulose |
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458 | (5) |
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Determination of fluidity |
|
|
458 | (2) |
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Determination of Copper Number |
|
|
460 | (1) |
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Methylene Blue absorption test |
|
|
461 | (1) |
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|
462 | (1) |
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Determination of acidic groups by iodometric method |
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|
462 | (1) |
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Assessment of damage of wool |
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|
463 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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|
463 | (1) |
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|
463 | (1) |
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|
464 | (1) |
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Determination of degree of mercerization |
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464 | (4) |
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|
464 | (1) |
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|
465 | (1) |
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|
465 | (1) |
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Sodium hydroxide spotting test |
|
|
465 | (1) |
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Goldthwait red-green test |
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|
466 | (1) |
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|
466 | (1) |
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|
466 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
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|
467 | (1) |
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|
|
468 | (1) |
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Evaluation of whitening efficiency of optical brighteners |
|
|
468 | (1) |
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|
468 | (1) |
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|
468 | (1) |
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|
469 | (1) |
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Determination of degree of heat-setting |
|
|
469 | (1) |
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|
469 | (1) |
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|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Determination of biodegradability of surfactants |
|
|
470 | (2) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
472 | (2) |
| Subject index |
|
474 | |
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