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Micromechanics: Overall Properties of Heterogeneous Materials,9780444500847
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Micromechanics: Overall Properties of Heterogeneous Materials


Edition: 2nd
Author(s): Nemat-Nasser; Hori
ISBN10:  0444500847
ISBN13:  9780444500847
Format:  Paperback
Pub. Date:  12/24/1998
Publisher(s): Elsevier Science

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SummaryTable of Contents
In this second edition several new topics of technological interest have been added. These include: coupled mechanical and nonmechanical overall properties of heterogeneous piezoelectric materials, new upper and lower bounds for these coupled properties, a systematic comparison between the average-field theory and the results obtained using multi-scale perturbation theory, an account of the uniform-field theory, improveable bounds on overall moduli of heterogeneous materials which remain finite even when isolated cavities and rigid inclusions are present, and a brief account of a fundamental duality principle in anisotropic elasticity. In addition, better explanations of a number of topics are given, more recent references are added, the Subject Index has been expanded and printing and typographical errors have been corrected.


The material is organized into two parts preceded by a précis. Part 1 consists of four chapters which are organized into fourteen sections and four appendixes. It deals with materials with microdefects such as cavities, cracks, and inclusions, as well as with elastic composites. Part 2 consists of two chapters which are divided into seven sections. It provides an introduction to the theory of linear elasticity, added to make the book self-contained, since linear elasticity serves as the basis of the development of small-deformation micromechanics.


Part 2 mainly contains part of the lecture notes on elasticity which the first author wrote in the late 1960's. The material is mostly standard, given for background information.

Preface v
Table of Contents
ix
PART 1 OVERALL PROPERTIES OF HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS
PRECIS: PART 1
3(6)
Aggregate Properties and a Veraging Methods
9(64)
Aggregate Properties
11(16)
Representative Volume Element (RVE)
11(5)
Scope of The Book
16(3)
Description of RVE
19(4)
References
23(4)
Averaging Methods
27(46)
Average Stress and Stress Rate
27(2)
Average Strain and Strain Rate
29(2)
Average Rate of Stress-Work
31(2)
Uniform Boundary Tractions
33(1)
Linear Boundary Velocities
34(1)
Other Useful Identities
34(1)
Virtual Work Principle
35(1)
Interfaces and Discontinuities
35(3)
Potential Function For Macro-Elements
38(2)
Stress Potential
40(1)
Strain Potential
41(1)
Relation between Macropotentials
42(2)
On Definition of RVE
44(1)
Linear Versus Nonlinear Response
45(1)
General Relations Between Macropotentials
45(5)
Bounds on Macropotential Functions
50(3)
Statistical Homogeneity, Average Quantities, and Overall Properties
53(2)
Local Average Fields
55(3)
Limiting Process and Limit Fields
58(1)
Nonmechanical Properties
59(1)
Averaging Theorems
59(1)
Macropotentials
60(1)
Basic Inequalities
61(2)
Coupled Mechanical And Nonmechanical Properties
63(1)
Field Equations
63(2)
Averaging Theorems
65(1)
Stress/Electric-field Potential
66(1)
Strain/Electric-displacement Potential
67(1)
Basic Inequalities
68(3)
References
71(2)
Elastic Solids with Microcavities and Microcracks
73(134)
Linearly Elastic Solids
75(18)
Hooke's Law and Material Symmetry
75(1)
Elastic Moduli
75(2)
Elastic Compliances
77(1)
Elastic Symmetry
78(4)
Plane Strain/Plane Stress
82(4)
Reciprocal Theorem, Superposition, and Green's Function
86(1)
Reciprocal Theorem
87(1)
Superposition
87(1)
Green's Function
88(3)
References
91(2)
Elastic Solids With Traction-Free Defects
93(10)
Statement of Problem and Notation
93(2)
Average Strain for Prescribed Macrostress
95(2)
Overall Compliance Tensor for Porous Elastic Solids
97(1)
Average Stress for Prescribed Macrostrain
98(2)
Overall Elasticity Tensor for Porous Elastic Solids
100(2)
References
102(1)
Elastic Solids with Microcavities
103(18)
Effective Moduli of an Elastic Plate Containing Circular Holes
103(1)
Estimates of Three-Dimensional Moduli from Two-Dimensional Results
104(2)
Effective Moduli: Dilute Distribution of Cavities
106(5)
Effective Moduli: Self-Consistent Estimates
111(2)
Effective Moduli in x+-Direction
113(2)
Effective Bulk Modulus of an Elastic Body Containing Spherical Cavities
115(2)
Energy Consideration and Symmetry Properties of Tensor H
117(1)
Cavity Strain
118(1)
References
119(2)
Elastic Solids with Microcracks
121(86)
Overall Strain Due to Microcracks
121(2)
Overall Compliance and Modulus Tensors of Homogeneous Linearly Elastic Solids with Microcracks
123(1)
Effective Moduli of an Elastic Solid Containing Aligned Slit Microcracks
124(1)
Crack Opening Displacements
125(1)
Effective Moduli: Dilute Distribution of Aligned Microcracks
125(4)
Effective Moduli: Dilute Distribution of Aligned Frictional Microcracks
129(2)
Effective Moduli of an Elastic Solid Containing Randomly Distributed Slit Microcracks
131(1)
Effective Moduli: Random Dilute Distribution of Open Microcracks
131(4)
Effective Moduli: Self-Consistent Estimate
135(2)
Effective Moduli in Antiplane Shear: Random Dilute Distribution of Frictionless Microcracks
137(3)
Plane Stress, Plane Strain, and Three-Dimensional Overall Moduli
140(1)
Effect of Friction and Load-Induced Anisotropy
141(6)
Effective Moduli of an Elastic Body Containing Aligned Penny-Shaped Microcracks
147(1)
Crack-Opening-Displacements
147(1)
Effective Moduli: Dilute Distribution of Aligned Microcracks
147(4)
Effective Moduli of an Elastic Body Containing Randomly Distributed Penny-Shaped Microcracks
151(1)
Dilute Open Microcracks with Prescribed Distribution
151(3)
Effective Moduli: Random Dilute Distribution of Microcracks
154(4)
Effective Moduli: Self-Consistent Estimates
158(4)
Effective Moduli of an Elastic Body Containing Penny-Shaped Microcracks Parallel to an Axis
162(5)
Interaction Effects
167(1)
Crack-Opening-Displacements and Associated Strains
168(2)
Dilute Distribution of Parallel Crack Arrays
170(2)
Randomly Oriented Open Slit Crack Arrays Parallel to an Axis
172(2)
Brittle Failure in Compression
174(1)
Introductory Comments
174(2)
Bridgman Paradoxes
176(4)
A New Look at Microcracking in Compression
180(4)
Model Calculations: Axial Splitting
184(3)
Model Calculations: Faulting
187(1)
Model Calculations: Brittle-Ductile Transition
188(5)
Dynamic Brittle Failure In Compression
193(2)
Strain-rate Effect on Brittle Failure in Compression
195(2)
Illustriative Examples of Dynamic Brittle Failure in Compression
197(3)
References
200(7)
Elastic Solids With Micro-Inclusions
207(212)
Overall Elastic Modulus and Compliance Tensors
209(36)
Macrostress Prescribed
209(3)
Macrostrain Prescribed
212(1)
Eigenstrain and Eigenstress Tensors
213(2)
Eigenstrain
215(1)
Eigenstress
216(1)
Uniform Eigenstrain and Eigenstress
216(2)
Consistency Conditions
218(2)
H- and J- Tensors
220(1)
Eshelby's Tensor for Special Cases
221(2)
Transformation Strain
223(2)
Estimates of Overall Modulus and Compliance Tensors: Dilute Distribution
225(1)
Macrostress Prescribed
226(1)
Macrostrain Prescribed
227(1)
Equivalence between Overall Compliance and Elasticity Tensors
228(1)
Estimates of Overall Modules and Compliance Tensors: Self-Consistent Method
229(1)
Macrostress Prescribed
230(1)
Macrostrain Prescribed
231(1)
Equivalence of Overall Compliance and Elasticity Tensors Obtained by Self-Consistent Method
231(2)
Overall Elasticity and Compliance Tensors for Polycrystals
233(2)
Energy Consideration and Symmetry of Overall Elasticity and Compliance Tensors
235(1)
Macrostrain Prescribed
236(1)
Macrostress Prescribed
237(1)
Equivalence of Overall Compliance and Elasticity Tensors Obtained on the Basis of Elastic Energy
238(2)
Certain Exact Identities Involving Overall Elastic Energy
240(2)
References
242(3)
Examples of Elastic Solids with Elastic Micro-Inclusions
245(20)
Random Distribution of Spherical Micro-Inclusions
245(1)
Effective Moduli: Dilute Distribution of Spherical Inclusions
246(2)
Effective Moduli: Self-Consistent Estimates
248(2)
Effective Moduli of an Elastic Plate Containing Aligned Reinforcing-Fibers
250(4)
Effective Moduli: Dilute Distribution of Fibers
254(1)
Effective Moduli: Self-Consistent Estimates
255(1)
Effective Moduli: in Antiplane Shear: Dilute-Distribution and Self-Consistent Estimates
256(3)
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Plane Strain and Plane Stress States
259(1)
Reduction of Three-Dimensional Moduli to Two-Dimensional Moduli
259(1)
Two-Dimensional Nominal Eshelby Tensor
260(1)
Computation of Nominal Eshelby Tensor for Plane Stress
261(1)
References
262(3)
Upper And Lower Bounds for Overall Elastic Moduli
265(88)
Hashin-Shtrikman Variational Principle
267(1)
Macrostress Prescribed
267(4)
Macrostrain Prescribed
271(4)
Upper and Lower Bounds for Energy Functionals
275(1)
Stiff Micro-Inclusions
276(2)
Compliant Micro-Inclusions
278(1)
Bounds for Elastic Strain and Complementary Elastic Energies
278(2)
Generalized Bounds on Overall Energies
280(1)
Correlation Tensors
281(2)
Upper and Lower Bounds on Overall Energies
283(3)
Subregion Approximation Method
286(1)
Direct Estimates of Overall Moduli
287(1)
Boundary-Value Problems for Equivalent Homogeneous Solid
288(2)
Simplified Integral Operators
290(1)
Approximate Correlation Tensors
291(3)
Optimal Eigenstrains and Eigenstresses
294(2)
Generalized Variational Principles; Exact Bounds
296(1)
Generalization of Energy Functionals and Bounds
296(6)
Inequalities among Generalized Energy Functionals
302(1)
Functionals with Simplified Integral Operators
303(7)
Exact Bounds Based on Simplified Functionals
310(4)
Calculation of Bounds
314(2)
Alternative Formulation of Exact Inequalities: Direct Evaluation of Exact Bounds
316(4)
Universal Bounds for Overall Moduli
320(1)
Equivalence of Two Approximate Functionals
321(1)
Summary of Exact Inequalities
322(1)
Universal Bounds for Overall Moduli of Ellipsoidal RVE (1)
323(4)
Universal Bounds for Overall Moduli of Ellipsoidal RVE (2)
327(1)
Relation between Universal Bounds and Estimated Bounds
328(2)
Bounds for Overall Nonmechanical Moduli
330(1)
Generalized Hashin-Shtrikman Variational Principle
331(2)
Consequence of Universal Theorems
333(2)
Universal Bounds for Overall Conductivity
335(4)
Bounds For Overall Moduli Of Piezoelectric RVE's
339(1)
Generalized Hashin-Shtrikman Variational Principle
339(4)
Consequence of Universal Theorems
343(3)
Comments on Computing Bounds for Overall Moduli
346(3)
References
349(4)
Self-Consistent, Differential, and Related Averaging Methods
353(44)
Summary of Exact Relations Between Average Quantities
353(1)
Assumptions in Dilute-Distribution Model
354(2)
Dilute Distribution: Modeling Approximation
356(1)
Self-Consistent Method
357(4)
Differential Scheme
361(1)
Two-Phase RVE
362(2)
Multi-Phase RVE
364(3)
Equivalence between Overall Elasticity and Compliance Tensors
367(1)
Two-Phase Model and Double-Inclusion Method
368(1)
Basic Formulation: Two-Phase Model
369(4)
Comments on Two-Phase Model
373(1)
Relation with Hashin-Shtrikman Bounds
374(1)
Generalization of Eshelby's Results
375(3)
Double-Inclusion Method
378(3)
Multi-Inclusion Method
381(1)
Multi-Phase Composite Model
382(2)
Bounds on Overall Moduli by Double-Inclusion Method
384(2)
Equivalence among Estimates by Dilute Distribution, Self-Consistent, Differential, and Doubleinclusion Methods
386(2)
Other Averaging Scheme
388(1)
Composite-Spheres Model
389(1)
Three-Phase Model
390(4)
References
394(3)
Eshelby's Tensor and Related Topics
397(22)
Eigenstrain and Eigenstress Problems
397(1)
Green's Function for Infinite Domain
398(1)
The Body-Force Problem
399(1)
The Eigenstrain- or Eigenstress-Problem
400(2)
Eshelby's Tensor
402(1)
Uniform Eigenstrains in an Ellipsoidal Domain
402(1)
Eshelby's Tensor for an Isotropic Solid
403(3)
Eshelby's Tensor for Anisotropic Media
406(1)
Some Basic Properties of Eshelby's Tensor
407(1)
Symmetry of the Eshelby Tensor
407(1)
Conjugate Eshelby Tensor
408(1)
Evaluation of Average Quantities
409(3)
Relations Among Average Quantities
412(1)
General Relations
412(2)
Superposition of Uniform Strain and Stress Fields
414(1)
Prescribed Boundary Conditions
415(2)
References
417(2)
Solids With Periodic Microstructure
419(128)
General Properties and Field Equations
421(46)
Periodic Microstructure and RVE
421(1)
Periodicity and Unit Cell
422(2)
Fourier Series
424(1)
Displacement and Strain Fields
425(2)
Stress Field
427(1)
Homogenization
428(1)
Periodic Eigenstrain and Eigenstress Fields
428(1)
Governing Equations
429(1)
Periodic Integral Operators
430(2)
Isotropic Matrix
432(1)
Consistency Conditions
433(2)
Alternative Formulation
435(4)
Two-Phase Periodic Microstructure
439(1)
Average Eigenstrain Formulation
439(3)
Modification for Multi-Phase Periodic Microstructure
442(1)
Properties of the g-Integral
442(2)
Elastic Inclusions and Cavities
444(1)
Elastic Spherical Inclusions
445(2)
Elastic Ellipsodial Inclusions
447(1)
Cylindrical Voids
448(2)
Periodically Distributed Microcracks
450(1)
Limit of Eshelby's Solution
451(2)
The g-Integral for a Crack
453(1)
Piecewise Constant Distribution of Eigenstrain
454(3)
Stress Intensity Factor of Periodic Cracks
457(2)
Illustrative Examples
459(2)
Application To Nonlinear Composites
461(3)
References
464(3)
Overall Properties of Solids with Periodic Microstructure
467(44)
General Equivalent Homogeneous Solid
468(1)
Notation and Introductory Comments
468(1)
Macrofield Variables and Homogeneous Solutions
469(2)
Periodic Microstructure versus RVE
471(1)
Unit Cell as a Bounded Body
472(1)
Equivalent Homogeneous Solid for Periodic Microstructure
473(3)
Hashin-Shtrikman Variational Principle Applied to Periodic Structures
476(1)
Self-Adjointness
476(2)
Hashin-Shtrikman Variational Principle and Bounds on Overall Moduli
478(1)
Equivalence of Two Energy Functionals
479(3)
Alternative Formulation of Exact Bounds
482(3)
Applications of Fourier Series Expansion to Energy Functionals
485(1)
Fourier Series Representation of Eigenstress
485(2)
Truncated Fourier Series of Eigenstress Field
487(1)
Matrix Representation of Euler Equations
488(3)
Example: One-Dimensional Periodic Microstructure
491(1)
Exact Solution
491(2)
Equivalent Homogeneous Solid with Periodic Eigenstress Field
493(1)
Hashin-Shtrikman Variational Principle
494(3)
Piecewise Constant Approximation and Universal Bounds
497(1)
Piecewise Constant Approximation of Eigenstress Field
497(2)
Computation of Energy Functions and Universal Bounds
499(3)
General Piecewise Constant Approximation of Eigenstress Field
502(3)
Examples
505(1)
Example (1): One-Dimensional Periodic Structure
505(1)
Example (2): Three-Dimensional Periodic Structure
506(4)
References
510(1)
Mirror-Image Decomposition of Periodic Fields
511(36)
Mirror Images of Position Vectors And Vectors
511(5)
Mirror-Image Symmetry/Antisymmetry of Tensor Fields
516(1)
Mirror-Image (MI) Sym/Ant of Tensor Fields
516(1)
MI Sym/Ant Decomposition of Tensor Fields
517(2)
Components of MI Sym/Ant Parts
519(1)
Operations on MI Sym/Ant Parts of Tensor Fields
520(1)
Mirror-Image Symmetry and Antisymmetry of Fourier Series
521(1)
MI Sym/Ant of Complex Kernel
521(1)
MI Sym/Ant of Fourier Series
522(4)
Boundary Conditions For A Unit Cell
526(1)
Symmetry of Unit Cell
526(1)
MI Sym/Ant Fields for a Symmetric Unit Cell
527(2)
Surface Data for MI Sym/Ant Set of Peridic Fields in a Symmetric Unit Cell
529(2)
Homogeneous Fields
531(1)
Fourier Series Expansion of MI Sym/Ant Set of Periodic Fields
532(1)
MI Sym/Ant Decomposition of Governing Field Equations
532(3)
Isotropic Equivalent Homogeneous Solid
535(2)
Application of Hashin-Shtrikman Variational Principle
537(1)
Inner Product of Stress and Strain
537(1)
Application of MI Sym/Ant Decomposition to Energy Functional
538(2)
Application of MI Sym/Ant Decomposition to Quadratic Forms
540(3)
Two-Phase Periodic Structure
543(3)
References
546(1)
APPENDIX A APPLICATION TO INELASTIC HETEROGENEOUS SOLIDS 547(26)
A.1. Sources of Inelasticity
547(1)
A.2. Rate-Independent Phenomenological Plasticity
548(10)
A.2.1. Constitutive Relations: Smooth Yield Surface
549(1)
A.2.2. Flow Potential and Associative Flow Rule
550(1)
A.2.3. The J2-Flow Theory with Isotropic Hardening
551(1)
A.2.4. The J2-Flow Theory with Kinematic Hardening
552(1)
A.2.5. The J2-Flow Theory with Dilatancy and Pressure Sensitivity
553(1)
A.2.6. Constitutive Relations: Yield Vertex
554(2)
A.2.7. Crystal Plasticity
556(1)
A.2.8. Aggregate Properties
557(1)
A.3. Rate-Dependent Theories
558(10)
A.3.1. Rate Dependent J2-Plasticity
559(1)
A.3.2. Empirical Models
559(1)
A.3.3. Physically-based Models
560(3)
A.3.4. Drag-controlled Plastic Flow
563(3)
A.3.5. Viscoplastic J2-Flow Theory
566(1)
A.3.6. Nonlinear Viscoplastic Model
566(1)
A.3.7. Rate-Dependent Crystal Plasticity
567(1)
A.4. References
568(5)
APPENDIX B HOMOGENIZATION THEORY 573(14)
B.1. Summary of Average Field Theory
573(2)
B.2. Summary of Homogenization Theory
575(3)
B.3. Extension of Homogenization Theory
578(2)
B.4. Effect of Strain Gradient
580(4)
B.5. References
584(3)
APPENDIX C UNIFORM FIELD THEORY 587(8)
C.1. Application of Uniform Field Theory to Thermoelasticity of Heterogeneous Solids
587(2)
C.2. Verification of Average Field Theory
589(3)
C.3. Application of Uniform Field Theory to Composites with Aligned Fibers
592(2)
C.4. References
594(1)
APPENDIX D IMPROVABLE BOUNDS ON OVERALL PROPERTIES OF HETEROGENEOUS FINITE SOLIDS 595(1)
D.1. Bounds On Potentials For General Boundary Data
595(1)
D.1.1. Weak Kinematical or Statistical Admissibility
595(2)
D.1.2. Bounds on Potentials
597(2)
D.1.3. Calculation of Bounds on Overall Potentials
599(3)
D.1.4. Bounds by Discretization
602(1)
D.2. Linear Composites
602(2)
Examples of Closed-form Bounds
604(7)
D.3. References
611

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