From Cell to Brain: Zaccai; Massoulié; David: 9780444500861: Book: : eCampus.com

The first section of this volume corresponds to courses on the cytoskeleton, its various structures and its dynamics, especially during the cell cycle. The reductionist approach is favoured in this field and considerable effort is spent on finding out how these structures are built up from their component molecules, how they grow or decrease in size, how they interact with each other and with other cell components. The second section describes the endo membrane system of a eukaryotic cell and the regulated protein traffic that flows through it. Part III deals with the onset of higher levels of organization. Topics covered include the development of the central nervous system, the role of time in biology and theoretical models to describe biochemical and cellular oscillations. The volume concludes with a reflection on physics and biology and the author shares some of his thoughts on the different ways in which physicists and biologists tackle problems in their respective fields.

Univ. of Oxford, UK. Addresses the structure and dynamics of the cytoskeleton, especially during the cell cycle; describes the endo-membrane system of a eukarytic cell; and reflects on 'Physics and Biology' by Bernard Jacrot, a lecture at Les Houches, Session LXV, held July 8-26, 1996. For researchers.

Lecturers

Seminar Speakers

Participants

xiii

Preface (French)

xvii

Preface (English)

xxiii

SECTION I. CYTOSKELETON AND CELL CYCLE

Microtubule Dynamics in vitro and their Relationship with Cellular Function

(16)

D. Job

Introduction

(1)

Basic microtubule dynamics

(2)

Tubulin and microtubules

(1)

Steady state microtubules

(1)

Microtubules and the generation of movement: the polymer biased diffusion model

(2)

Anaphase chromosome movement

(2)

Biased diffusion in the real world

(1)

Microtubules and self organization

(5)

Self organization of rapidly growing microtubules: a diffusion based model

(2)

Microtubule oscillations

(1)

Pattern formation in microtubular solutions

(2)

Conclusion

(2)

References

(1)

Structure and Function of Two Molecular Motors and their Pathways

(28)

R.H. Wade

Introduction

(1)

General properties of muscle and its proteins

(3)

Actin

(1)

Myosin

(2)

Microtubule structure and organisation

(3)

Tubulin

(1)

Microtubule structure

(2)

The kinesin family of motor proteins

(1)

Structure of actin

(2)

The structure of myosin and kinesin

(4)

Low resolution structures

(1)

Structure of myosin

(1)

Structure of kinesin

(3)

Structure of microtubule-kinesin and actin-myosin complexes

(1)

Assaying molecular movement and forces

(4)

How do motor molecules move?

(6)

References

(4)

The Cellular Machinery for Chromosome Movement

(24)

J.R. McIntosh

Background ideas and facts

(2)

The events of mitosis

(10)

Chromosomes become attached to cytoplasmic microtubules

(5)

Chromosomes become arranged so that each chromatid is attached to one centrosome

(2)

Chromosomes become arranged at the equator of the spindle

(1)

Each chromosome separates into two identical parts and these move apart

(2)

The mechanisms for chromosome movement

(5)

Motor enzymes, as well as microtubules, are important for chromosome movement

(4)

Spindle motor enzymes can transduce the energy in assembled MTs into mechanical work to move chromosomes

(1)

Summary and conclusion

(3)

References

(2)

The Role of Microtubules in the Creation of Order in the Cell

(24)

R.L. Margolis

The cytoskeleton and its dynamics

(3)

Origins of microtubule cytoskeletal organization

(17)

Centrosomes/centrioles/basal bodies

(1)

The centrosome and microtubule dynamics

(2)

The centriole-basal body

(1)

The centrosome constituents and their function in microtubule organization

(2)

Centromeres

(1)

Microtubule dynamics and the centromere

(1)

Composition of the centromere

(2)

Independent and highly ordered microtubule arrays

(1)

Microtubule based communication and ordering of cell space

(2)

References

(6)

SECTION II. INTRACELLULAR COMMUNICATION Membranes -- Synapses -- Time

Intracellular Membrane Traffic

(10)

M. McCaffrey

B. Goud

Introduction

(1)

Coated vesicles

(3)

Clathrin coated vesicles

100

(1)

COP vesicles

101

(1)

The SNARE hypothesis

102

(1)

The Rab family of GTPases

103

(1)

Conclusion

103

(2)

References

104

(1)

I: Signaling in Sensory Cells II: Molecular Structure and Function of Ion Channels

105

(12)

U.B. Kaupp

Signaling in sensory cells

109

(4)

References

113

(1)

Molecular structure and function of ion channels

113

(4)

References

115

(2)

Theoretical Models for Oscillations in Biochemical and Cellular Systems

117

(18)

A. Goldbeter

Introduction

121

(1)

Rhythmic phenomena in biological systems

121

(2)

Cellular regulation and oscillatory behavior

123

(6)

Enzymatic regulation: glycolytic oscillations

123

(2)

Receptor regulation: oscillations of cyclic AMP in Dictyostelium amoebae

125

(2)

Transport regulation: oscillations of intracellular calcium

127

(1)

Genetic regulation: circadian rhythms in Drosophila

128

(1)

Conclusions

129

(6)

References

130

(5)

SECTION III. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

An Overview of Nervous System Development

135

(24)

O. Pourquie

F. Bourrat

Neurogenesis and neural differentiation

139

(8)

Cell production and cell differentiation in the nervous system

139

(1)

The proliferative zones: the ventricular neuroepithelia

139

(1)

The tritiated thymidine method

139

(2)

Pattern of neuron production

141

(1)

Neuronal birthdates

141

(1)

Cell lineage in the CNS

141

(1)

The general problem of cell lineage

141

(1)

Cell lineage of Caenorhabditis elegans

142

(1)

Cell lineage studied by injection of intracellular tracers

143

(1)

Cell lineage studied with engineered retroviruses

144

(1)

Other techniques for the study of cell lineage in the CNS

145

(1)

Neuronal differentiation

145

(1)

Neuronal phenotype

145

(1)

Factors determining neuronal phenotypes

145

(2)

Conclusion

147

(1)

Neuronal migration and axon growth

147

(12)

Neuronal migration

148

(1)

The two main types of neuronal organisation in the vertebrate CNS

148

(1)

Radial migration and morphogenesis of cortical structures

148

(3)

Other patterns of neuronal migration

151

(1)

Axonal migration

152

(1)

The growth cone, motor of axonal elongation

152

(2)

Mechanisms of neuritic elongation

154

(2)

Conclusion

156

(1)

References

156

(3)

G-protein Coupled Receptors: Themes and Variations on Membrane Transmission of Extracellular Signals

159

(36)

P. Vernier

Receptors are essential cell components

163

(2)

The mechanisms of signal transduction by G-protein coupled receptors

165

(10)

The activated receptors catalyze the G protein cycle

167

(2)

Structure--activity relationships in receptor--G protein coupling

169

(6)

How cells modulate signal transmission by G-protein coupled receptors: from biosynthesis to regulation at the plasma membrane

175

(7)

Desensitization and down-regulation of G-protein coupled receptors and G proteins

175

(4)

The biosynthesis and intracellular transport of G-protein coupled receptors

179

(3)

The molecular diversity of transmission modules at the plasma membrane

182

(3)

The generation of receptor multiplicity in vertebrates: an evolutionary approach

185

(10)

Generalities about molecular evolution

186

(1)

The evolution of bioamine receptors in vertebrates

187

(3)

References

190

(5)

SECTION IV. Lectures and Seminars Presented at the Summer School but not Published in the Proceedings

The Endomembrane System

195

(6)

D.D. Sabatini

Annotated bibliography of the course

199

(2)

The History of the Two-stage Model for Membrane Protein Folding

201

(10)

D.M. Engelman

Annotated bibliography relating to the course

205

(3)

Conclusion

208

(3)

Post Synaptic Receptors and the Organisation of the Synapse

211

(8)

R. Kelly

Bibliography relating to the course

215

(4)

Quantal release

215

(1)

The SNARE hypothesis

215

(1)

Calcium regulation

216

(1)

Synaptic regulation

216

(1)

Synaptic vesicle biogenesis

217

(1)

Secretory granule biogenesis

217

(1)

Synapse adhesion

218

(1)

Inhibition as Binding Controller at the Level of a Single Neuron (Information Processing in a Pyramidal-type Neuron)

219

(8)

A.K. Vidybida

Introduction

223

(1)

Methods

223

(1)

Results

223

(1)

Conclusions and discussion

224

(3)

References

225

(2)

Isolated Nerve Cell Response to Laser Irradiation and Photodynamic Effect

227

(16)

A.B. Uzdensky

Introduction

231

(1)

Object and methods

231

(1)

Single neuron response to blue laser microirradiation

232

(6)

Neurophysiological conclusion

238

(1)

Possible application of stretch receptor neuron for PDT photosensitizers testing

239

(4)

References

240

(3)

Short Reports on Ph.D. Student Seminars

243

(10)

Structure and hydration of bacteriorhodopsin in its M-state studied by neutron diffraction

247

(1)

Membranes, vesicles and micelles -- a density functional approach

247

(1)

Elastic properties of the Listeria Moncytogenes tail

248

(1)

Introduction to indirect detected 13C NMR imaging and spectroscopy

248

(1)

Crystallographic studies of the small ribosomal 30S subunit from Thermus thermophilus and bovine pancreatic trypsin -- contrast variation and phasing with anomalous dispersion of phosphorus and sulfur

249

(4)

SECTION V. CONCLUSION

Relations between Physics and Biology

253

(4)

B. Jacrot

Relations between physics and biology

257

(7)

References

264


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