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Chapter I. -- Surveys and Their Purposes -- Sources of Surveying Information |
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3. Duties of the Surveyor |
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4. Sources of Surveying Information -- Local Sources |
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Chapter II. -- Measurement of Distances |
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Instruments for Measuring Distances. |
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10. Metallic or Woven Tapes |
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15. Measuring Horizontal Distances |
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17. Suggestions on Taping |
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21. Common Mistakes in Reading and Recording Measurements of Distances |
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22. Precision Required in Linear Measurements |
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23. Testing Length of Tape |
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24. Sources of Error in the Measurement of Lines |
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25. Tape Not Stretched Straight |
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29. Incorrect Length of Tape |
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30. Temperature -- Effect, Variation, and Application |
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33. Marking Survey Points |
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35. Accuracy and Precision |
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36. Errors of Measurement -- Cumulative and Compensating |
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38A. Electronic Distance-Measurement |
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Chapter III. -- Measurement of Direction -- The Magnetic Compass |
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39. The Surveyor's Compass |
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40. Setting up the Compass |
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42. Declination of the Magnetic Needle |
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43. Relation Between Angles and Bearings |
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44. Computing the Magnetic Bearing of a Line from an Observed Magnetic Bearing of the Line Taken at Some Other Date |
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46. Local Attraction of the Needle |
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47. Common Sources of Error in Compass Work |
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Chapter IV. -- Measurement of Angles -- Use of the Transit |
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52. Principle of the Vernier |
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53. Circle Graduations and Verniers of Transits |
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53a. Optical Transits and Theodolites |
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54. Setting up the Transit Over a Point |
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56. Measuring a Horizontal Angle |
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57. Measuring a Deflection Angle |
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58. Different Methods of Measuring a Horizontal Angle |
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59. Measuring an Angle by Repetition |
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60. Laying off an Angle by Repetition |
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61. Relation between Offsets and Small Angles |
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62. Precision in Angle Measurements -- Their Relation to Measurements of Distances |
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64. Setting Points on and Extending a Straight Line |
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65. Working on to Line between Two Points not Intervisible |
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66. Working on to Line that is the Extension of a Line Defined by Two Points |
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67. Intersecting Two Straight Lines |
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68. Methods of Showing Sights |
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70. Measuring Vertical Angles with a Transit |
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71. Vernier Control Bubble |
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72. Using the Transit as a Level |
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73. Common Sources of Error in Transit Work |
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74. Common Mistakes in Transit Work |
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76. Tests and Adjustments of the Transit |
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77. Adjustment of the Plate Bubbles |
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78. Adjustment of the Line of Sight |
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79. To Make Vertical Hair Truly Vertical |
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80. To Make the Line of Sight Perpendicular to the Horizontal Axis |
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81. Adjustment of the Standards |
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82. Adjustment of the Telescope Bubble |
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83. Eliminating from Measured Angles the Effect of Lack of Adjustment of Transit |
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Chapter V. -- The Engineer's Level and Its Use |
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88. Testing the Sensitiveness of the Spirit Level |
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88b. Levels with Optical Reading Systems |
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90. The Clinometer (Abney Hand Level) |
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99. Differential Leveling |
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100. Curvature and Refraction |
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103. Precautions in Bench-Mark Leveling |
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104. Distributing the Error in a Level Circuit |
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106. Plotting the Profile |
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107. Common Sources of Error in Leveling |
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109. Adjustments of the Level |
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110. Eliminating the Effect of Errors of Adjustment |
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Testing and Adjusting the Wye Level. |
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111. Adjustment of Cross-Hairs |
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(a) To Make the Horizontal Hair Truly Horizontal When the Instrument is Leveled |
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112. (b) To Make the Line of Sight Pass through the Centers of the Y-Rings, or Parallel to Axis of Rings |
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113. Adjustment of the Bubble Tube |
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(a) To Make the Axis of the Bubble Tube and Line of Sight Lie in the Same Vertical Plane |
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114. (b) To Make the Axis of the Bubble Tube Parallel to the Line of Sight |
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115. Adjustment of Ys -- To Make the Axis of the Bubble Tube Perpendicular to the Vertical Axis |
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Testing And Adjusting the Dumpy Level. |
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Adjustment of the Cross-Hairs |
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116. Adjustment of Bubble Tube -- To Make the Axis of the Bubble Tube Perpendicular to the Vertical Axis |
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117. Peg Adjustment -- To Make the Line of Sight Parallel to the Axis of the Bubble |
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Chapter VI. -- Traverses and Land Surveys |
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119. Referencing, or ""Tying in,"" a Point or Station |
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121. Identifying the Property Corners |
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122. Laws Relating to Boundaries |
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123. How to Look up a Recorded Deed |
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125. Organization of Transit Party |
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127. Triangulation Stations of U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey |
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128. Plane Coordinate State Systems |
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129. Determining the True Meridian by Observing Polaris |
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130. Computing True Bearing from Observation on Polaris at Elongation |
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131. Determining the True Bearing or Azimuth of a Line by an Observation on the Sun |
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132. Computing True Bearing from Observation on Sun |
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Chapter VII. -- Calculation of Closed Traverses and Land Areas |
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133. Checking Angles of a Traverse |
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136. Latitudes and Departures |
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138. Balancing the Latitudes and Departures |
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142. Computing the Double Meridian Distances |
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143. Computing the Area by the Double Meridian Distance Method |
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144. Rectangular Coordinates |
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145. Joining a Survey to a Coordinate System |
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146. Computation of Coordinates of the Survey |
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147. Area by the Method of Coordinates |
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149. Area of Triangle CDF |
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150. Area of Quadrilateral DEGF |
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151. Area of Triangle GEH |
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152. Areas between a Line and a Curved Boundary -- Trapezoidal Rule -- Simpson's One-Third Rule |
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154. Total Area of Property |
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155. Calculating Machines |
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156. Area of Rounded Corner Lot |
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157. Missing Sides or Bearings of a Closed Traverse and Random Traverses |
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Chapter VIII. -- The United States System of Surveying the Public Lands |
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160. Outline of the System |
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161. Methods of Designating Lines and Areas |
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164. Base-Line -- Establishing a Parallel of Latitude |
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166. Running the Base-Line |
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171. Subdivision of Townships |
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172. Convergence of Meridians |
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177. Index of Corner Markings |
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178. Marking Lines Through Timber |
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183. Computation of Areas |
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184. Descriptions And Records |
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185. Retracement of Surveys |
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186. Restoration of Lost or Obliterated Corners |
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187. Subdivision of Sections |
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191. Characteristics of Contours |
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192. Relation between Contour Map and Profile |
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193. Determination of Ground Slopes from Contour Maps |
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194. Laying Out a Grade Line on a Contour Map |
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195. Scale of Contour Map |
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196. Locating and Plotting Contours |
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197. Locating Points on a Contour |
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198. Locating Control Points in Topography |
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199. Locating Contours by Cross-Section Method |
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199A. Use of Topographic Maps |
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Chapter X. -- Stadia Surveying with Transit and Plane Table |
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202. Principles of Stadia -- Horizontal Sights |
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203. Principles of Stadia -- Inclined Sights |
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210. Orienting the Transit at the Stadia Stations |
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213. Organization of Stadia Party |
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214. Stadia Surveys of Shore-Line |
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215. Stadia Survey Requiring Elevations |
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216. Alternate Method of Stadia Survey |
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221. The Telescope Alidade |
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222. Organization of a Plane-Table Party |
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223. Setting Up and Orienting the Plane Table |
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224. Locating Points by Radiation |
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225. Traversing with the Plane Table |
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226. Locating Points by Intersection |
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227. Locating Points by Resection |
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228. The Three-Point Problem |
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229. Control of Plane-Table Surveys -- Horizontal Control |
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231. Locating Detail with the Plane Table |
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Chapter XI. -- Aerial Surveying |
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232. Aerial Surveying and Photogrammetry |
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236. Relation between the Scale of Print and Altitude of Camera |
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237. Altitude of Airplane |
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238. Number of Negatives Required to Cover a Given Area |
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239. Displacement and Errors in Aerial Photographs |
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240. Errors and Distortions in Cameras, Film and Printing Paper |
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242. Displacement Caused by Relief |
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244. Effect of Ddisplacement on Plotting Caused by Relief and Tilt |
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246. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs |
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247. Photogrammetric Mosaics and Maps |
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248. Orienting Prints and Compiling Maps by Graphical Methods |
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249. Graphical Radial Triangulation |
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250. Transferring Detail to the Tracing |
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252. Stereophotogrammetry |
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254. Stereoscopic Plotting Instruments |
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254b. Testing Topographical Maps Made from Aerial Surveys |
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Chapter XII. -- Lines and Grades |
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258. Setting Grade Stakes |
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259. Staking Out a Column Footing |
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260. Staking Out Curb Lines and Grades |
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262. Staking Out an Engine Bed |
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263. Setting Batter-Boards for a Dwelling |
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264. Giving Lines and Grades for a Large City Building |
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265. Staking Out a Culvert |
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266. Staking Out Bridge Abutments |
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267. Street Lines and Grades |
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270. Elements of a Circular Curve |
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271. Methods of Designating Curves |
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272. Relation Between Elements of Curves |
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274. Layout of Circular Curves |
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275. Deflection Angle Method of Laying Out Curves |
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276. Laying Out Curve by Arc-Stationing Method |
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277. When the Entire Curve Cannot Be Run Out from the P. C. |
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280. Laying Out Curve -- Rdius Given |
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281. Setting Points on a Curve by Offsets from the Tangent |
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282. Setting Points on a Curve by Middle Ordinates |
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283. Compound and Reversed Curves |
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286. Highest and Lowest Points on a Vertical Curve |
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287. Length of Vertical Curve for Required Sight Distance |
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288. Staking Out Property Lines of a City Lot |
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290. Staking Out the Lot Subdivision of a Block |
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291. Lines and Grades in Tunnels |
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292. Transferring Lines and Grades from Surface to the Tunnel |
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293. Plumbing Down the Shaft |
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296. Extending Lines and Grades Within the Tunnel |
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Chapter XIII. -- Cross-Sections -- Volumes |
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299. Cross-Sections Defined |
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300. Ground Cross-Sections for a Highway, Dam, or Canal |
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301. Earthwork Cross-Sections |
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302. Setting Slope Stakes |
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303. Cross-Sections for Borrow-Pit |
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307. Earthwork Computations |
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308. Computing Earthwork from Cross-Section Notes |
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309. Computing Borrow-Pit Excavation |
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310. Computing Earthwork from Contours |
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311. Computing Earthwork Required for a Tennis Court |
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Chapter XIV. -- Miscellaneous Surveying Problems |
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314. Triangulation for Bridge Location |
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315. Leveling Across a River |
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316. Measuring Horizontal Angles with a Tape |
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320. Inaccessible Distances |
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321. Measuring the Height of an Inaccessible Object |
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323. Locating Objects from a Traverse |
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327. Methods of Locating a Point and a Line |
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330. Methods of Locating Soundings |
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331. Locating Soundings by Range and Angle from Shore |
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332. Locating Soundings by Two Angles from Shore |
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333. Locating Soundings by Two Angles from Boat |
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335. Sounding-Poles and Lead-Lines |
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338. Organization of Sounding Party |
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Chapter XV. -- Plotting and Finishing Maps |
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342. Profile and Cross-Section Papers |
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343. Reproducing Drawings |
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344. What Should Appear on Drawings |
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346. Plotting Traverses by Scale and Protractor |
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347. Plotting a Traverse by Tangent Method |
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348. Plotting a Traverse by Coordinate Method |
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352. Topographic Conventional Signs |
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IV. Natural Sines and Cosines |
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V. Natural Tangents and Cotangents |
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VII. Lengths of Circular Arcs: Radius = 1 |
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VIIa. Radii for Degrees of Circular Curve |
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IX. Trigonometric Formulas |
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XIII. Linear Measure -- Metric System |
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XIV. Square Measure -- Metric System |
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