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Quality Improvement in the Modern Business Environment |
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1 | (32) |
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The Meaning of Quality and Quality Improvement |
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2 | (6) |
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2 | (4) |
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Quality Engineering Terminology |
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6 | (2) |
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A Brief History of Quality Methodology |
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8 | (4) |
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Statistical Methods for Quality Improvement |
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12 | (5) |
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17 | (16) |
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17 | (4) |
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The Link Between Quality and Productivity |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (6) |
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28 | (2) |
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Implementing Quality Improvement |
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30 | (3) |
| PART I STATISTICAL METHODS USEFUL IN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT |
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33 | (94) |
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34 | (43) |
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35 | (16) |
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35 | (3) |
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The Frequency Distribution and Histogram |
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38 | (2) |
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Numerical Summary of Data |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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Probability Distributions |
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46 | (5) |
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Important Discrete Distributions |
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51 | (6) |
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The Hypergeometric Distribution |
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51 | (1) |
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The Binomial Distribution |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (1) |
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The Pascal and Related Distributions |
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56 | (1) |
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Important Continuous Distributions |
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57 | (12) |
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57 | (5) |
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The Exponential Distribution |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (2) |
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Some Useful Approximations |
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69 | (2) |
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The Binomial Approximation to the Hypergeometric |
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69 | (1) |
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The Poisson Approximation to the Binomial |
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69 | (1) |
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The Normal Approximation to the Binomial |
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70 | (1) |
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Comments on Approximations |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (6) |
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Inferences About Process Quality |
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77 | (50) |
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Statistics and Sampling Distributions |
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78 | (7) |
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Sampling from a Normal Distribution |
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79 | (4) |
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Sampling from a Bernoulli Distribution |
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83 | (1) |
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Sampling from a Poisson Distribution |
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84 | (1) |
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Estimation of Process Parameters |
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85 | (11) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (10) |
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Hypothesis Testing on Process Parameters |
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96 | (23) |
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Tests on Means, Variance Known |
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97 | (3) |
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The Use of P-Values in Hypothesis Testing |
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100 | (1) |
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Tests on Means of Normal Distributions, Variance Unknown |
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101 | (6) |
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Tests on Variances of Normal Distributions |
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107 | (2) |
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Tests on Binomial Parameters |
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109 | (1) |
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Tests on Poisson Parameters |
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110 | (3) |
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113 | (3) |
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The Probability of Type II Error |
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116 | (3) |
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119 | (8) |
| PART II STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL |
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127 | (348) |
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Methods and Philosophy of Statistical Process Control |
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129 | (50) |
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130 | (1) |
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Chance and Assignable Causes of Quality Variation |
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130 | (2) |
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Statistical Basis of the Control Chart |
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132 | (18) |
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132 | (6) |
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138 | (2) |
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Sample Size and Sampling Frequency |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (3) |
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Analysis of Patterns on Control Charts |
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146 | (3) |
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Discussion of Sensitizing Rules for Control Charts |
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149 | (1) |
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The Rest of the ``Magnificent Seven'' |
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150 | (8) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (8) |
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Nonmanufacturing Applications of Statistical Process Control |
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167 | (7) |
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174 | (5) |
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Control Charts for Variables |
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179 | (71) |
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180 | (1) |
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Control Charts for x and R |
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181 | (30) |
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Statistical Basis of the Charts |
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181 | (5) |
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Development and Use of x and R Charts |
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186 | (15) |
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Charts Based on Standard Values |
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201 | (1) |
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Interpretation of x and R Charts |
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202 | (3) |
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The Effect of Nonnormality on x and R Charts |
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205 | (1) |
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The Operating-Characteristic Function |
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206 | (3) |
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The Average Run Length for the x Chart |
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209 | (2) |
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Control Charts for x and S |
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211 | (10) |
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Construction and Operation of x and S Charts |
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212 | (5) |
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The x and S Control Charts with Variable Sample Size |
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217 | (4) |
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221 | (1) |
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Control Charts for Individual Measurements |
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221 | (8) |
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Summary of Procedures for x, R, and S Charts |
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229 | (1) |
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Applications of Variables Control Charts |
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230 | (5) |
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235 | (15) |
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Control Charts for Attributes |
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250 | (63) |
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251 | (1) |
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The Control Chart for Fraction Nonconforming |
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251 | (24) |
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Development and Operation of the Control Chart |
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253 | (12) |
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265 | (5) |
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Nonmanufacturing Applications |
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270 | (1) |
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The Operating-Characteristic Function and Average Run Length Calculations |
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271 | (4) |
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Control Charts for Nonconformities (Defects) |
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275 | (19) |
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Procedures with Constant Sample Size |
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275 | (10) |
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Procedures with Variable Sample Size |
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285 | (2) |
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287 | (2) |
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The Operating-Characteristic Function |
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289 | (1) |
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Dealing with Low Defect Levels |
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290 | (4) |
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Nonmanufacturing Applications |
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294 | (1) |
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Choice Between Attributes and Variables Control Charts |
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294 | (5) |
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Guidelines for Implementing Control Charts |
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299 | (5) |
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304 | (9) |
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Cumulative Sum and Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts |
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313 | (35) |
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The Cumulative-Sum Control Chart |
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314 | (18) |
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Basic Principles: The Cusum Control Chart for Monitoring the Process Mean |
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314 | (3) |
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The Tabular or Algorithmic Cusum for Monitoring the Process Mean |
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317 | (5) |
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Recommendations for Cusum Design |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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Improving Cusum Responsiveness for Large Shifts |
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325 | (1) |
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The Fast Initial Response or Headstart Feature |
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325 | (2) |
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327 | (1) |
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A Cusum for Monitoring Process Variability |
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328 | (1) |
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Cusums for Other Sample Statistics |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (3) |
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The Exponentially Weighted Moving-Average Control Chart |
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332 | (9) |
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The Exponentially Weighted Moving-Average Control Chart for Monitoring the Process Mean |
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333 | (4) |
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Design of an EWMA Control Chart |
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337 | (2) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
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The Moving Average Control Chart |
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341 | (3) |
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344 | (4) |
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Other Statistical Process Control Techniques |
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348 | (82) |
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Statistical Process Control for Short Production Runs |
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349 | (5) |
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x and R Charts for Short Production Runs |
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349 | (3) |
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Attribute Control Charts for Short Production Runs |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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Modified and Acceptance Control Charts |
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354 | (4) |
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Modified Control Limits for the x Chart |
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354 | (3) |
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Acceptance Control Charts |
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357 | (1) |
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Group Control Charts for Multiple-Stream Processes |
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358 | (2) |
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Multivariate Quality Control |
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360 | (14) |
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362 | (10) |
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Monitoring Process Variability |
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372 | (2) |
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374 | (12) |
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Interfacing Statistical Process Control and Engineering Process Control |
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386 | (13) |
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Process Monitoring and Process Regulation |
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386 | (9) |
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395 | (4) |
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Economic Design of Control Charts |
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399 | (14) |
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Designing a Control Chart |
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399 | (1) |
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399 | (1) |
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400 | (2) |
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Early Work and Semi-Economic Design |
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402 | (1) |
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An Economic Model of the x Control Chart |
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403 | (9) |
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412 | (1) |
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Overview of Other Procedures |
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413 | (8) |
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413 | (1) |
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Control Charts Based on Other Sample Statistics |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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Selecting the Optimum Target Value for a Process |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (9) |
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Process Capability Analysis |
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430 | (45) |
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431 | (2) |
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Process-Capability Analysis Using a Histogram or a Probability Plot |
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433 | (5) |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (4) |
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Process Capability Ratios |
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438 | (13) |
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Use and Interpretation of PCR |
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438 | (4) |
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Process-Capability Ratio for an Off-Center Process |
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442 | (2) |
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Normality and the Process Capability Ratio |
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444 | (1) |
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More About Process Centering |
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444 | (3) |
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Confidence Intervals and Tests on Process Capability Ratios |
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447 | (4) |
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Process-Capability Analysis Using a Control Chart |
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451 | (2) |
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Process-Capability Analysis Using Designed Experiments |
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453 | (2) |
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Gage and Measurement System Capability Studies |
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455 | (6) |
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Setting Specification Limits on Discrete Components |
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461 | (6) |
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461 | (4) |
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465 | (2) |
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Estimating the Natural Tolerance Limits of a Process |
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467 | (3) |
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Tolerance Limits Based on the Normal Distribution |
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468 | (1) |
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Nonparametric Tolerance Limits |
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469 | (1) |
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470 | (5) |
| PART III PROCESS DESIGN AND IMPROVEMENT WITH DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS |
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475 | (130) |
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The Fundamentals of Experimental Design |
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477 | (35) |
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What is Experimental Design? |
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478 | (1) |
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Examples of Designed Experiments in Quality and Process Improvement |
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479 | (4) |
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Experiments with One Factor |
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483 | (16) |
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483 | (2) |
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485 | (5) |
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490 | (1) |
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Comparison of Individual Means |
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491 | (3) |
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494 | (2) |
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A Components-of-Variance Model |
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496 | (3) |
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Blocking and Nuisance Factors |
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499 | (7) |
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The Randomized Block Design |
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499 | (5) |
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504 | (2) |
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Guidelines for Designing Experiments |
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506 | (2) |
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508 | (4) |
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Factorial and Fractional Factorial Experiments for Process Design and Improvement |
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512 | (60) |
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513 | (12) |
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517 | (1) |
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517 | (6) |
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523 | (2) |
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525 | (30) |
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525 | (7) |
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The 2k Design for k ≥ 3 Factors |
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532 | (13) |
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A Single Replicate of the 2k Design |
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545 | (4) |
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Addition of Center Points to the 2k Design |
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549 | (4) |
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Blocking and Confounding in the 2k Design |
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553 | (2) |
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Fractional Replication of the 2k Design |
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555 | (14) |
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The One-Half Fraction of the 2k |
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555 | (7) |
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Smaller Fractions: The 2k-p Fractional Factorial Design |
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562 | (7) |
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569 | (3) |
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Process Optimization with Designed Experiments |
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572 | (33) |
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Response Surface Methods and Designs |
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573 | (10) |
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The Method of Steepest Ascent |
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575 | (3) |
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Analysis of a Second-Order Response Surface |
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578 | (5) |
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583 | (6) |
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Taguchi's Contributions to Quality Engineering |
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589 | (12) |
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590 | (1) |
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The Taguchi Approach to Parameter Design |
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591 | (9) |
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Improved Robust Parameter Design |
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600 | (1) |
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601 | (4) |
| PART IV ACCEPTANCE SAMPLING |
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605 | (1) |
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Lot-by-Lot Acceptance Sampling for Attributes |
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606 | (46) |
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The Acceptance Sampling Problem |
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607 | (6) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Sampling |
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608 | (1) |
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609 | (1) |
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610 | (1) |
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610 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Using Acceptance Sampling |
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611 | (2) |
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Single-Sampling Plans for Attributes |
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613 | (12) |
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Definition of a Single-Sampling Plan |
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613 | (1) |
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613 | (6) |
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Designing a Single-Sampling Plan with a Specified OC Curve |
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619 | (2) |
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621 | (4) |
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Double, Multiple, and Sequential Sampling |
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625 | (11) |
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625 | (7) |
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632 | (1) |
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Sequential-Sampling Plans |
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632 | (4) |
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Military Standard 105E (ANSI/ASQC Z1.4, ISO 2859) |
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636 | (9) |
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Description of the Standard |
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636 | (2) |
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638 | (5) |
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643 | (2) |
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The Dodge-Romig Sampling Plans |
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645 | (4) |
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646 | (2) |
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648 | (1) |
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Estimation of Process Average |
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649 | (1) |
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649 | (3) |
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Other Acceptance Sampling Techniques |
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652 | (1) |
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Acceptance Sampling by Variables |
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653 | (3) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Variables Sampling |
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653 | (1) |
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Types of Sampling Plans Available |
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654 | (1) |
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Caution in the Use of Variables Sampling |
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655 | (1) |
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Designing a Variables Sampling Plan with a Specified OC Curve |
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656 | (3) |
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MIL STD 414 (ANSI/ASQC Z1.9) |
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659 | (5) |
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General Description of the Standard |
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659 | (1) |
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660 | (3) |
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Discussion of MIL STD 414 and ANSI/ASQC Z1.9 |
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663 | (1) |
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Other Variables Sampling Procedures |
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664 | (1) |
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Sampling by Variables to Give Assurance Regarding the Lot or Process Mean |
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664 | (1) |
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Sequential Sampling by Variables |
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665 | (1) |
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665 | (2) |
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667 | (4) |
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668 | (2) |
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Other Continuous Sampling Plans |
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670 | (1) |
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671 | (4) |
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675 | |
| APPENDIX |
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A-1 | |
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I Cumulative Poisson Distribution |
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A-3 | |
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II Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution |
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A-6 | |
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III Percentage Points of the X2 Distribution |
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A-8 | |
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IV Percentage Points of the t Distribution |
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A-9e: | |
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V Percentage Points of the F Distribution |
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A-10 | |
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VI Factors for Constructing Variables Control Charts |
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A-15 | |
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VII Factors for Two-Sided Normal Tolerance Limits |
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A-16 | |
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VIII Factors for One-Sided Normal Tolerance Limits |
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A-17 | |
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A-18 | |
| Bibliography |
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B-1 | |
| Answers to Selected Exercises |
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ANS-1 | |
| Index |
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I-1 | |
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