Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements, 3rd Edition: Richard S. Figliola; Donald E. Beasley: 9780471350835: Book: Technology: eCampus.com

This textbook provides an in-depth introduction to the theory of engineering measurements, measurement system performance, and instrumentation. It offers an extended discussion of sampling concepts, analog-to-digital interfacing, signal conditioning and data acquisition.

Basic Concepts of Measurement Methods

(34)

Introduction

(1)

General Measurement System

(2)

Experimental Test Plan

(9)

Variables

(1)

Parameters

(1)

Noise and Interference

(2)

Random Tests

(4)

Replication and Repetition

(1)

Concomitant Methods

(1)

Calibration

(8)

Static Calibration

(1)

Dynamic Calibration

(1)

Static Sensitivity

(1)

Range

(1)

Accuracy

(1)

Precision and Bias Errors

(3)

Sequential Test

(1)

Random Test

(3)

Standards

(6)

Basic Dimensions and Their Units

(2)

Derived Units

(1)

Force

(1)

Other Units

(1)

Electrical Dimensions

(1)

Hierarchy of Standards

(1)

Test Standards

(1)

Presenting Data

(1)

Rectangular Coordinate Format

(1)

Semilog Coordinate Format

(1)

Full-Log Coordinate Format

(1)

Summary

(7)

References

(1)

Nomenclature

(1)

Problems

(6)

Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Signals

(35)

Introduction

(1)

Input--Output Signal Concepts

(4)

Classification of Waveforms

(2)

Signal Waveforms

(1)

Signal Analysis

(5)

Effects of Signal-Averaging Period

(1)

DC Offset

(2)

Signal Amplitude and Frequency

(13)

Periodic Signals

(2)

Frequency Analysis

(2)

Fourier Series and Coefficients

(2)

Fourier Coefficients for Functions Having Arbitrary Periods

(6)

Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum

(7)

Discrete Fourier Transform

(5)

Summary

(6)

References

(1)

Nomenclature

(1)

Problems

(5)

Measurement System Behavior

(39)

Introduction

(1)

General Model for a Measurement System

(4)

Dynamic Measurements

(2)

Measurement System Model

(2)

Special Cases of the General System Model

(22)

Zero-Order Systems

(2)

First-Order Systems

(11)

Second-Order Systems

(9)

Transfer Functions

(2)

Phase Linearity

(1)

Multiple-Function Inputs

(2)

Coupled Systems

101

(3)

Summary

104

(5)

References

104

(1)

Nomenclature

104

(1)

Problems

105

(4)

Probability and Statistics

109

(40)

Introduction

109

(1)

Statistical Measurement Theory

110

(6)

Probability Density Functions

110

(6)

Infinite Statistics

116

(5)

Finite Statistics

121

(5)

Standard Deviation of the Means

123

(2)

Pooled Statistics

125

(1)

Chi-Squared Distribution

126

(5)

Precision Interval in a Sample Variance

127

(2)

Goodness-of-Fit Test

129

(2)

Regression Analysis

131

(7)

Least-Squares Regression Analysis

132

(6)

Data Outlier Detection

138

(2)

Number of Measurements Required

140

(3)

Summary

143

(6)

References

143

(1)

Nomenclature

143

(1)

Problems

144

(5)

Uncertainty Analysis

149

(43)

Introduction

149

(1)

Measurement Errors

149

(2)

Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis

151

(4)

Combining Elemental Errors: RSS method

152

(1)

Design-Stage Uncertainty

152

(3)

Error Sources

155

(2)

Calibration Errors

156

(1)

Data-Acquisition Errors

156

(1)

Data-Reduction Errors

157

(1)

Bias and Precision Errors

157

(2)

Bias Error

157

(1)

Precision Error

158

(1)

Uncertainty Analysis: Error Propagation

159

(4)

Propagation of Error

159

(4)

Advanced-Stage and Single-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis

163

(7)

Zero-Order Uncertainty

164

(1)

Higher-Order Uncertainty

164

(1)

Nth-Order Uncertainty

165

(5)

Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis

170

(13)

Propagation of Elemental Errors

170

(6)

Propagation of Uncertainty to a Result

176

(7)

Summary

183

(9)

References

183

(1)

Nomenclature

184

(1)

Problems

184

(8)

Analog Electrical Devices and Measurements

192

(43)

Introduction

192

(1)

Analog Devices: Current Measurements

192

(4)

Direct Current

192

(3)

Alternating Current

195

(1)

Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements

196

(5)

Analog Meters

197

(1)

Oscilloscope

197

(2)

Potentiometer

199

(2)

Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements

201

(7)

Ohmmeter Circuits

201

(2)

Bridge Circuits

203

(5)

Loading Errors and Impedance Matching

208

(5)

Loading Errors for A Voltage Dividing Circuit

209

(1)

Interstage Loading Errors

210

(3)

Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers

213

(3)

Analog Signal Conditioning: Special Purpose Circuits

216

(5)

Analog Voltage Comparator

216

(1)

Sample and Hold Circuit

217

(1)

Charge Amplifier

217

(2)

Current Loop: 4--20 mA

219

(1)

Multivibrator and Flip-Flop Circuits

219

(2)

Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters

221

(5)

Butterworth Filter Design

222

(3)

Bessel Filter Design

225

(1)

Active Filters

226

(1)

Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires

226

(3)

Ground and Ground Loops

227

(1)

Shields

228

(1)

Connecting Wires

229

(1)

Summary

229

(6)

References

230

(1)

Nomenclature

230

(1)

Problems

230

(5)

Sampling, Digital Devices, and Data Acquisition

235

(48)

Introduction

235

(1)

Sampling Concepts

235

(9)

Sample Rate

236

(2)

Alias Frequencies

238

(3)

Amplitude Ambiguity

241

(2)

Selecting Sample Rate and Data Number

243

(1)

Digital Devices: Bits and Words

244

(2)

Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals

246

(1)

Voltage Measurements

246

(12)

Digital-to-Analog Converter

247

(1)

Analog-to-Digital Converter

248

(9)

Digital Voltmeters

257

(1)

Data-Acquisition Systems

258

(1)

Data-Acquisition System Components

259

(6)

Signal Conditioning: Filters and Amplification

259

(3)

Analog Multiplexers

262

(1)

A/D Converters

262

(1)

D/A Converters

262

(1)

Digital Input-Output

262

(1)

Central Processing Unit: Microprocessor

263

(1)

Memory

263

(1)

Central Bus

264

(1)

Buffers

265

(1)

Analog Input-Output Communication

265

(5)

Data-Acquisition Boards

265

(2)

Single- and Differential-Ended Connections

267

(2)

Special Signal Conditioning Modules

269

(1)

Data-Acquisition Triggering

269

(1)

Data Transfer

270

(1)

Digital Input-Output Communication

270

(8)

Serial Communications

271

(2)

Universal Serial Bus

273

(1)

Parallel Communications

274

(4)

Summary

278

(5)

References

278

(1)

Nomenclature

279

(1)

Problems

279

(4)

Temperature Measurements

283

(62)

Introduction

283

(1)

Historical Background

283

(1)

Temperature Standards and Definition

284

(3)

Fixed-Point Temperatures and Interpolation

284

(1)

Temperature Scales and Standards

285

(2)

Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion

287

(2)

Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers

287

(1)

Bimetallic Thermometers

288

(1)

Electrical Resistance Thermometry

289

(13)

Resistance Temperature Detectors

289

(8)

Thermistors

297

(5)

Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement

302

(20)

Seebeck Effect

303

(1)

Peltier Effect

304

(1)

Thomson Effect

304

(1)

Fundamental Thermocouple Laws

305

(1)

Basic Temperature Measurement with Thermocouples

306

(1)

Thermocouple Standards

307

(3)

Thermocouple Voltage Measurement

310

(6)

Multiple-Junction Thermocouple Circuits

316

(2)

Data Acquisition Considerations

318

(4)

Radiative Temperature Measurements

322

(5)

Radiation Fundamentals

322

(1)

Radiation Detectors

323

(2)

Radiative Temperature Measurements

325

(1)

Optical Fiber Thermometers

326

(1)

Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement

327

(10)

Insertion Errors

327

(8)

Recovery Errors in Temperature Measurement

335

(2)

Summary

337

(8)

References

337

(1)

Nomenclature

338

(1)

Problems

339

(6)

Pressure and Velocity Measurements

345

(44)

Introduction

345

(1)

Pressure Concepts

345

(3)

Pressure Reference Instruments

348

(8)

McLeod Gauge

348

(1)

Barometer

349

(1)

Manometers

350

(4)

Deadweight Testers

354

(2)

Pressure Transducers

356

(8)

Bourdon Tube

357

(1)

Bellows and Capsule

358

(2)

Diaphragms

360

(4)

Pressure Transducer Calibration

364

(2)

Static Calibration

364

(1)

Dynamic Calibration

364

(2)

Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids

366

(3)

Total Pressure Measurement

367

(1)

Static Pressure Measurement

368

(1)

Design and Installation: Transmission Effects

369

(5)

Gases

370

(2)

Liquids

372

(1)

Heavily Damped Systems

373

(1)

Fluid Velocity Measuring Systems

374

(9)

Pitot--Static Pressure Probe

375

(2)

Thermal Anemometry

377

(2)

Doppler Anemometry

379

(3)

Selection of Velocity Measuring Methods

382

(1)

Laser Doppler Anemometers

383

(1)

Summary

383

(6)

References

383

(1)

Nomenclature

384

(1)

Problems

384

(5)

Flow Measurements

389

(40)

Introduction

389

(1)

Historical Comments

389

(1)

Flow Rate Concepts

390

(2)

Volume Flow Rate Through Velocity Determination

392

(2)

Pressure Differential Meters

394

(18)

Obstruction Meters

394

(3)

Orifice Meter

397

(2)

Venturi Meter

399

(2)

Flow Nozzles

401

(4)

Sonic Nozzles

405

(2)

Obstruction Meter Selection

407

(4)

Laminar Flow Elements

411

(1)

Insertion Volume Flow Meters

412

(7)

Electromagnetic Flow Meters

413

(1)

Vortex Shedding Meters

414

(2)

Rotameters

416

(2)

Turbine Meters

418

(1)

Positive-Displacement Meters

418

(1)

Mass Flow Meters

419

(4)

Thermal Flow Meter

419

(1)

Coriolis Flow Meter

420

(3)

Flow Meter Calibration and Standards

423

(2)

Summary

425

(4)

References

425

(1)

Nomenclature

425

(1)

Problems

426

(3)

Strain Measurement

429

(37)

Introduction

429

(1)

Stress and Strain

429

(3)

Resistance Strain Gauges

432

(6)

Metallic Gauges

432

(4)

Semiconductor Strain Gauges

436

(2)

Strain Gauge Electrical Circuits

438

(4)

Practical Considerations for Strain Measurement

442

(12)

The Multiple Gauge Bridge

442

(1)

Bridge Constant

443

(2)

Apparent Strain and Temperature Compensation

445

(5)

Construction and Installation

450

(1)

Analysis of Strain Gauge Data

450

(1)

Signal Conditioning

451

(2)

Uncertainties in Multichannel Measurements

453

(1)

Optical Strain Measuring Techniques

454

(6)

Basic Characteristics of Light

455

(1)

Photoelastic Measurement

456

(1)

Moire Methods

457

(3)

Summary

460

(6)

References

460

(1)

Nomenclature

461

(1)

Problems

461

(5)

Metrology, Motion, Force, and Power Measurements

466

(43)

Introduction

466

(1)

Dimensional Measurements: Metrology

466

(8)

Historical Perspective

466

(1)

Principles of Linear Measurement

467

(6)

Optical Methods

473

(1)

Displacement Measurements

474

(3)

Potentiometers

474

(1)

Linear Variable Differential Transformers

474

(3)

Measurement of Mass

477

(5)

Measurement of Acceleration and Vibration

482

(7)

Seismic Transducer

482

(6)

Transducers for Shock and Vibration Measurement

488

(1)

Velocity Measurements

489

(7)

Linear Velocity Measurements

489

(1)

Velocity from Displacement or Acceleration

489

(3)

Moving Coil Transducers

492

(1)

Angular Velocity Measurements

492

(4)

Force Measurement

496

(4)

Load Cells

496

(4)

Torque Measurements

500

(2)

Measurement of Torque on Rotating Shafts

501

(1)

Mechanical Power Measurements

502

(2)

Rotational Speed, Torque, and Shaft Power

502

(1)

Cradled Dynamometers

503

(1)

Summary

504

(5)

References

506

(1)

Nomenclature

506

(1)

Problems

506

(3)

Appendix A: A Guide for Technical Writing

509

(7)

Appendix B: Property Data and Conversion Factors

516

(7)

Glossary

523

(8)

Index

531


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