Ecological Climatology: Concepts and Applications: Gordon B. Bonan: 9780521800327: Book: Science: eCampus.com

Climate change and land-use are typically seen as independent environmental research problems. The causes of climate change are the venue of atmospheric scientists who describe climate change in light of various forcings: greenhouse gases, volcanic eruptions, and oceanic circulation. Land-use is the venue of ecologists, who are concerned with how, for example, deforestation affects biodiversity and biogeochemical cycles. This book integrates these two lines of study to present the idea that how people use land and alter the natural vegetation cover is also a significant feedback within the climate system.

Integrates aspects of ecology and climatology to examine the effect of land-use on climate change.

Introduction

(24)

Ecological climatology: concepts

(11)

Shared origins; disciplinary development

(4)

Interdisciplinary framework

(4)

Climate-vegetation dynamics

(3)

Ecological climatology: applications

(10)

Land use and land cover change

(6)

Land use planning

(1)

Ecosystem functions

(1)

Bioclimatic ecoregions

(2)

Overview of the book

(3)

Global climatology

(37)

Introduction

(1)

Annual global mean energy budget

(3)

Atmospheric general circulation

(11)

Continents and oceans

(3)

Seasons

(11)

Climate zones

(7)

Climate and vegetation

(2)

Climate variability

(27)

Introduction

(1)

Floods, droughts, and heatwaves

(5)

Air masses

(3)

Mechanisms of seasonal-to-interannual variability

(12)

Climatic extremes

(6)

Land surface processes

(1)

Climate change

(40)

Introduction

(1)

Climate history of the last 250 000 years

(5)

Mechanisms of climate change

(25)

Plate tectonics

(3)

Orbital changes

(5)

Greenhouse effect

103

(10)

Freshwater runoff and thermohaline circulation

113

(1)

Solar variability

114

(1)

Aerosols

115

(4)

Anthropogenic climate change

119

(5)

Climate feedbacks

124

(5)

Hydrologic cycle

129

(38)

Introduction

129

(1)

Global water balance

129

(2)

Phase change

131

(3)

Cycling of water on land

134

(18)

Interception and throughfall

136

(1)

Soil water

137

(4)

Evapotranspiration

141

(5)

Infiltration and runoff

146

(3)

A simple water balance model

149

(3)

Watersheds

152

(11)

Global drainage basins

163

(4)

Soils

167

(42)

Introduction

167

(1)

Soil texture and structure

167

(5)

Soil formation

172

(8)

Erosion

180

(5)

Water erosion

181

(3)

Wind erosion

184

(1)

Soil temperature

185

(7)

Soil water

192

(8)

Soil nutrients

200

(9)

Rock weathering

201

(1)

Decomposition and mineralization

202

(5)

Soil solution

207

(2)

Surface energy fluxes

209

(39)

Introduction

209

(1)

Surface energy budget

209

(8)

Leaf temperature and fluxes

217

(10)

Surface temperature and fluxes

227

(7)

Vegetated canopies

234

(5)

Surface climate

239

(9)

Surface climates

248

(45)

Introduction

248

(1)

Hillslopes and mountains

248

(17)

Lakes and oceans

265

(4)

Land cover

269

(18)

Forests and clearings

276

(3)

Land surface processes in climate models

279

(5)

Landscape heterogeneity and mesoscale circulations

284

(3)

Hydrology

287

(4)

Snow

287

(2)

Soil water

289

(2)

Microclimates and land use planning

291

(2)

Leaves and plants

293

(54)

Introduction

293

(1)

Carbon assimilation

294

(17)

Light reactions

294

(3)

Dark reactions

297

(2)

Stomata

299

(3)

Net photosynthesis

302

(1)

Environmental and physiological controls of photosynthesis

303

(3)

Photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

306

(5)

Leaf traits

311

(6)

Leaf size and shape

311

(1)

Coordinated leaf traits

312

(5)

Carbon balance of plants

317

(11)

Canopy photosynthesis

317

(6)

Whole plant carbon balance

323

(1)

Phenology

324

(4)

Allocation

328

(4)

Reproduction

329

(2)

Aboveground and belowground growth

331

(1)

Life history patterns

332

(15)

Annuals and perennials

334

(1)

Trees

335

(4)

Disturbance and competition

339

(3)

Plant functional types

342

(5)

Populations, communities, and ecosystems

347

(68)

Introduction

347

(2)

Niche and species abundance

349

(6)

Environmental gradients and communities

355

(4)

Ecosystems

359

(28)

What is an ecosystem?

359

(2)

Ecosystem structure and function

361

(5)

Environmental controls of net primary production

366

(5)

Biogeochemical cycles

371

(4)

Forest production and nutrient cycling

375

(6)

Net ecosystem production

381

(6)

Landscapes

387

(3)

Global vegetation

390

(25)

Biogeography

390

(11)

Net primary production

401

(6)

Litterfall and soil carbon

407

(3)

Global carbon cycle

410

(4)

Global terrestrial ecosystem models

414

(1)

Vegetation dynamics

415

(45)

Introduction

415

(1)

Population dynamics

416

(5)

Succession

421

(30)

Lake Michigan sand dunes

423

(2)

Glacier Bay, Alaska

425

(2)

Old-field succession in the North Carolina Piedmont

427

(1)

Northern hardwood forests

428

(5)

Boreal forests of interior Alaska

433

(2)

Mechanisms of succession

435

(8)

Pattern and process in plant communities

443

(8)

Biogeography and climate change

451

(5)

Vegetation dynamics models

456

(4)

Climate-ecosystem dynamics

460

(46)

Introduction

460

(2)

Biogeophysics

462

(15)

Phenology

463

(3)

Stomatal physiology

466

(2)

Biogeography

468

(9)

Carbon cycle

477

(12)

Ecosystem metabolism

478

(2)

Terrestrial carbon storage

480

(5)

Biogeography

485

(4)

Mineral dust

489

(3)

Coupled climate-ecosystem models

492

(14)

Daisyworld

492

(2)

Asynchronous equilibrium coupling

494

(4)

Integrated synchronous coupling

498

(8)

Agroecosystems

506

(41)

Introduction

506

(2)

Drylands

508

(13)

Tropical deforestation

521

(4)

European deforestation

525

(4)

U.S. deforestation

529

(13)

U.S. Central Plains

542

(5)

Urban ecosystems

547

(40)

Introduction

547

(1)

Urban climate

548

(22)

Urban hydrology

570

(4)

Biogeochemical cycles

574

(4)

Biodiversity

578

(4)

The ecological city

582

(5)

References

587

(78)

Index

665




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