| To the Professor |
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xii | |
| To the Student |
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xviii | |
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1 | (40) |
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2 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Art |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (3) |
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Chemical Impact Critical Units! |
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10 | (1) |
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Uncertainty in Measurement |
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11 | (3) |
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Significant Figures and Calculations |
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14 | (4) |
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18 | (4) |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (15) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (10) |
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Atoms, Molecules, and Ions |
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41 | (39) |
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The Early History of Chemistry |
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42 | (1) |
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Chemical Impact There's Gold in Them There Plants! |
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43 | (1) |
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Fundamental Chemical Laws |
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43 | (3) |
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46 | (3) |
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Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom |
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49 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact Berzelius, Selenium, and Silicon |
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50 | (3) |
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The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction |
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53 | (3) |
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Chemical Impact Reading the History of Bogs |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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An Introduction to the Periodic Table |
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58 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact Hassium Fits Right in |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (18) |
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Chemical Impact Buckminsterfullerene: A New Form of Carbon |
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66 | (6) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (2) |
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74 | (6) |
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80 | (53) |
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81 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Buckyballs Teach Some History |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact Elemental Analysis Catches Elephant Poachers |
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88 | (2) |
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90 | (3) |
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Chemical Impact Measuring the Masses of Large Molecules, or Making Elephants Fly |
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91 | (2) |
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Percent Composition of Compounds |
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93 | (3) |
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Determining the Formula of a Compound |
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96 | (6) |
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102 | (2) |
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Balancing Chemical Equations |
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104 | (4) |
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Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products |
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108 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact High Mountains---Low Octane |
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109 | (4) |
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Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant |
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113 | (20) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (1) |
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121 | (12) |
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Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry |
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133 | (56) |
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Water, the Common Solvent |
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134 | (2) |
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The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes |
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136 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact Arrhenius: A Man with Solutions |
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140 | (1) |
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The Composition of Solutions |
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140 | (8) |
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Chemical Impact Tiny Laboratories |
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147 | (1) |
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Types of Chemical Reactions |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (6) |
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Describing Reactions in Solution |
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154 | (2) |
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Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (6) |
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Oxidation--Reduction Reactions |
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164 | (8) |
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Chemical Impact Iron Zeroes in on Pollution |
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166 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Aging: Does It Involve Oxidation? |
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171 | (1) |
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Balancing Oxidation--Reduction Equations |
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172 | (17) |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (9) |
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189 | (52) |
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190 | (2) |
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The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro |
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192 | (6) |
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198 | (5) |
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203 | (3) |
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
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206 | (6) |
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Chemical Impact Separating Gases |
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208 | (2) |
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Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Air Bags |
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210 | (2) |
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The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases |
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212 | (7) |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (3) |
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Chemistry in the Atmosphere |
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225 | (16) |
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Chemical Impact Acid Rain: A Growing Problem |
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226 | (3) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (11) |
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241 | (48) |
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242 | (6) |
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248 | (8) |
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Chemical Impact Nature Has Hot Plants |
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252 | (3) |
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Chemical Impact Firewalking: Magic or Science? |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (4) |
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Standard Enthalpies of Formation |
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260 | (7) |
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Present Sources of Energy |
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267 | (4) |
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271 | (18) |
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Chemical Impact Farming the Wind |
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274 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact Veggie Gasoline? |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (9) |
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Atomic Structure and Periodicity |
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289 | (58) |
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Electromagnetic Radiation |
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290 | (2) |
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Chemical Impact Flies That Dye |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Chemistry That Doesn't Leave You in the Dark |
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293 | (4) |
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The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Fireworks |
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302 | (2) |
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The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (2) |
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Orbital Shapes and Energies |
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309 | (1) |
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Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (2) |
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The History of the Periodic Table |
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314 | (3) |
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Chemical Impact The Growing Periodic Table |
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316 | (1) |
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The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table |
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317 | (7) |
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Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties |
|
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324 | (6) |
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The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals |
|
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330 | (17) |
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Chemical Impact Potassium: Too Much of a Good Thing Can Kill You |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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336 | (11) |
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Bonding: General Concepts |
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347 | (66) |
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348 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact No Lead Pencils |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (2) |
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Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments |
|
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354 | (3) |
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Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes |
|
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357 | (5) |
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Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds |
|
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362 | (4) |
|
Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds |
|
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366 | (1) |
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The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model |
|
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367 | (4) |
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Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions |
|
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371 | (3) |
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The Localized Electron Bonding Model |
|
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Nitrogen Under Pressure |
|
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379 | (1) |
|
Exceptions to the Octet Rule |
|
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380 | (3) |
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383 | (6) |
|
Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model |
|
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389 | (24) |
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Chemical Impact Chemical Structure and Communication: Semiochemicals |
|
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398 | (3) |
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401 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (11) |
|
Covalent Bonding: Orbitals |
|
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413 | (36) |
|
Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model |
|
|
413 | (13) |
|
The Molecular Orbital Model |
|
|
426 | (4) |
|
Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules |
|
|
430 | (6) |
|
Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models |
|
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437 | (12) |
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440 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (8) |
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449 | (62) |
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450 | (4) |
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454 | (2) |
|
An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids |
|
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456 | (5) |
|
Structure and Bonding in Metals |
|
|
461 | (7) |
|
Chemical Impact Seething Surfaces |
|
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462 | (5) |
|
Chemical Impact What Sank the Titanic? |
|
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467 | (1) |
|
Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids |
|
|
468 | (10) |
|
Chemical Impact Golfing with Glass |
|
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473 | (3) |
|
Chemical Impact Transistors and Printed Circuits |
|
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476 | (2) |
|
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478 | (1) |
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479 | (4) |
|
Chemical Impact Gallium Arsenide Lasers |
|
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481 | (2) |
|
Vapor Pressure and Changes of State |
|
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483 | (9) |
|
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492 | (19) |
|
Chemical Impact Making Diamonds at Low Pressures: Fooling Mother Nature |
|
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496 | (2) |
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498 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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499 | (12) |
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511 | (44) |
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512 | (3) |
|
Chemical Impact Electronic Ink |
|
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514 | (1) |
|
The Energies of Solution Formation |
|
|
515 | (4) |
|
Factors Affecting Solubility |
|
|
519 | (5) |
|
Chemical Impact Ionic Liquids? |
|
|
520 | (3) |
|
Chemical Impact The Lake Nyos Tragedy |
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
The Vapor Pressures of Solutions |
|
|
524 | (7) |
|
Chemical Impact Spray Power |
|
|
527 | (4) |
|
Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression |
|
|
531 | (4) |
|
|
|
535 | (5) |
|
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions |
|
|
540 | (3) |
|
Chemical Impact The Drink of Champions---Water |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
|
|
543 | (12) |
|
Chemical Impact Organisms and Ice Formation |
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
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545 | (1) |
|
|
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545 | (1) |
|
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546 | (9) |
|
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555 | (54) |
|
|
|
557 | (4) |
|
Rate Laws: An Introduction |
|
|
561 | (2) |
|
Determining the Form of the Rate Law |
|
|
563 | (5) |
|
|
|
568 | (10) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
579 | (3) |
|
A Model for Chemical Kinetics |
|
|
582 | (6) |
|
|
|
588 | (21) |
|
Chemical Impact Automobiles: Air Purifiers? |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Chemical Impact Enzymes: Nature's Catalysts |
|
|
592 | (3) |
|
|
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595 | (1) |
|
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
|
|
597 | (12) |
|
|
|
609 | (44) |
|
The Equilibrium Condition |
|
|
610 | (3) |
|
|
|
613 | (4) |
|
Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures |
|
|
617 | (3) |
|
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
Applications of the Equilibrium Constant |
|
|
622 | (9) |
|
Solving Equilibrium Problems |
|
|
631 | (5) |
|
|
|
636 | (17) |
|
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
643 | (10) |
|
|
|
653 | (60) |
|
The Nature of Acids and Bases |
|
|
654 | (3) |
|
|
|
657 | (5) |
|
|
|
662 | (3) |
|
Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions |
|
|
666 | (10) |
|
Chemical Impact Household Chemistry |
|
|
674 | (2) |
|
|
|
676 | (6) |
|
|
|
679 | (3) |
|
|
|
682 | (5) |
|
Acid--Base Properties of Salts |
|
|
687 | (6) |
|
The Effect of Structure on Acid--Base Properties |
|
|
693 | (2) |
|
Acid--Base Properties of Oxides |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
The Lewis Acid--Base Model |
|
|
696 | (3) |
|
Chemical Impact Self-Destructing Paper |
|
|
697 | (2) |
|
Strategy for Solving Acid--Base Problems: A Summary |
|
|
699 | (14) |
|
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
|
701 | (2) |
|
|
|
703 | (10) |
|
Applications of Aqueous Equilibria |
|
|
713 | (70) |
|
|
|
|
Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion |
|
|
714 | (2) |
|
|
|
716 | (10) |
|
|
|
726 | (3) |
|
|
|
729 | (15) |
|
|
|
744 | (7) |
|
|
|
|
Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product |
|
|
751 | (9) |
|
Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Teeth |
|
|
755 | (5) |
|
Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis |
|
|
760 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
Equilibria Involving Complex Ions |
|
|
766 | (17) |
|
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
|
773 | (10) |
|
Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy |
|
|
783 | (44) |
|
Spontaneous Processes and Entropy |
|
|
784 | (6) |
|
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Chemical Impact Entropy: An Organizing Force? |
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity |
|
|
791 | (4) |
|
|
|
795 | (3) |
|
Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions |
|
|
798 | (4) |
|
Free Energy and Chemical Reactions |
|
|
802 | (4) |
|
The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure |
|
|
806 | (4) |
|
Free Energy and Equilibrium |
|
|
810 | (4) |
|
|
|
814 | (13) |
|
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
|
|
816 | (2) |
|
|
|
818 | (9) |
|
|
|
827 | (50) |
|
|
|
828 | (2) |
|
Standard Reduction Potentials |
|
|
830 | (7) |
|
Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy |
|
|
837 | (4) |
|
Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration |
|
|
841 | (5) |
|
|
|
846 | (5) |
|
Chemical Impact Printed Batteries |
|
|
847 | (2) |
|
Chemical Impact Thermophotovoltaics: Electricity from Heat |
|
|
849 | (2) |
|
Chemical Impact Fuel Cells for Cars |
|
|
851 | (1) |
|
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|
851 | (4) |
|
Chemical Impact Paint that Stops Rust---Completely |
|
|
853 | (2) |
|
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|
855 | (5) |
|
Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Sunken Treasure |
|
|
858 | (2) |
|
Commercial Electrolytic Processes |
|
|
860 | (17) |
|
|
|
865 | (1) |
|
|
|
865 | (2) |
|
|
|
867 | (10) |
|
The Nucleus: A Chemist's View |
|
|
877 | (36) |
|
Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay |
|
|
878 | (5) |
|
The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay |
|
|
883 | (3) |
|
|
|
886 | (3) |
|
Chemical Impact Stellar Nudeosynthesis |
|
|
887 | (2) |
|
Detection and Uses of Radioactivity |
|
|
889 | (5) |
|
Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus |
|
|
894 | (3) |
|
Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion |
|
|
897 | (5) |
|
|
|
902 | (11) |
|
Chemical Impact Nuclear Physics: An Introduction |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
|
|
906 | (7) |
|
The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A |
|
|
913 | (28) |
|
A Survey of the Representative Elements |
|
|
914 | (5) |
|
|
|
919 | (3) |
|
|
|
922 | (2) |
|
|
|
924 | (3) |
|
|
|
927 | (2) |
|
Chemical Impact Boost Your Boron |
|
|
928 | (1) |
|
|
|
929 | (12) |
|
Chemical Impact Concrete Learning |
|
|
932 | (1) |
|
Chemical Impact Beethoven: Hair is the Story |
|
|
933 | (1) |
|
|
|
933 | (1) |
|
|
|
933 | (1) |
|
|
|
934 | (7) |
|
The Representative Elements: Groups 5A Through 8A |
|
|
941 | (44) |
|
|
|
942 | (2) |
|
The Chemistry of Nitrogen |
|
|
944 | (11) |
|
Chemical Impact Nitrous Oxide: Laughing Gas That Propels Whipped Cream and Cars |
|
|
953 | (2) |
|
The Chemistry of Phosphorus |
|
|
955 | (4) |
|
Chemical Impact Phosphorus: An Illuminating Element |
|
|
956 | (3) |
|
|
|
959 | (1) |
|
|
|
960 | (1) |
|
|
|
961 | (6) |
|
|
|
967 | (6) |
|
Chemical Impact Photography |
|
|
968 | (5) |
|
|
|
973 | (12) |
|
Chemical Impact Automatic Sunglasses |
|
|
974 | (2) |
|
|
|
976 | (1) |
|
|
|
976 | (1) |
|
|
|
977 | (8) |
|
Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry |
|
|
985 | (58) |
|
The Transition Metals: A Survey |
|
|
986 | (6) |
|
The First-Row Transition Metals |
|
|
992 | (6) |
|
Chemical Impact Titanium Dioxide---Miracle Coating |
|
|
994 | (2) |
|
Chemical Impact Titanium Makes Great Bicycles |
|
|
996 | (2) |
|
|
|
998 | (5) |
|
Chemical Impact Alfred Werner: Coordination Chemist |
|
|
1003 | (1) |
|
|
|
1003 | (6) |
|
Chemical Impact The Importance of Being cis |
|
|
1007 | (2) |
|
Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model |
|
|
1009 | (2) |
|
|
|
1011 | (7) |
|
Chemical Impact Transition Metal Ions Lend Color to Gems |
|
|
1016 | (2) |
|
The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes |
|
|
1018 | (6) |
|
Chemical Impact The Danger of Mercury |
|
|
1020 | (3) |
|
Chemical Impact Supercharged Blood |
|
|
1023 | (1) |
|
Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production |
|
|
1024 | (19) |
|
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
|
|
1032 | (2) |
|
|
|
1034 | (9) |
|
Organic and Biological Molecules |
|
|
1043 | |
|
Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons |
|
|
1044 | (8) |
|
|
|
1052 | (3) |
|
|
|
1055 | (2) |
|
|
|
1057 | (7) |
|
|
|
1064 | (10) |
|
Chemical Impact Heal Thyself |
|
|
1065 | (5) |
|
Chemical Impact Wallace Hume Carothers |
|
|
1070 | (2) |
|
Chemical Impact Plastic That Talks and Listens |
|
|
1072 | (2) |
|
|
|
1074 | |
|
Chemical Impact Tanning in the Shade |
|
|
1080 | (9) |
|
|
|
1089 | (1) |
|
|
|
1089 | (2) |
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1091 | |
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Appendix 1 Mathematical Procedures |
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1 | (13) |
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A1.1 Exponential Notation |
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1 | (3) |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (2) |
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A1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations |
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8 | (3) |
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A1.5 Uncertainties in Measurements |
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11 | (3) |
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Appendix 2 The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model |
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14 | (4) |
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Appendix 3 Spectral Analysis |
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18 | (3) |
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Appendix 4 Selected Thermodynamic Data |
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21 | (3) |
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Appendix 5 Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials |
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24 | (3) |
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A5.1 Values of Ka for Some Common Monoprotic Acids |
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24 | (1) |
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A5.2 Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids |
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24 | (1) |
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A5.3 Values of Kb for Some Common Weak Bases |
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25 | (1) |
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A5.4 Ksp Values at 25°C for Common Ionic Solids |
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25 | (1) |
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A5.5 Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C (298K) for Many Common Half-Reactions |
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26 | (1) |
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Appendix 6 SI Units and Conversion Factors |
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27 | (2) |
| Glossary |
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29 | (14) |
| Answers to Selected Exercises |
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43 | (24) |
| Photo Credits |
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67 | (2) |
| Index |
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69 | |
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