| To the Professor |
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xv | (6) |
| To the Student |
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xxi | (2) |
| About the Author |
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xxiii | |
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Chapter 1 Chemical Foundations |
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1 | (38) |
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1.1 Chemistry: An Overview |
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2 | (2) |
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1.2 The Scientific Method |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact Observations, Theories, and the Planets |
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7 | (3) |
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1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement |
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10 | (3) |
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1.5 Significant Figures and Calculations |
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13 | (4) |
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17 | (4) |
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21 | (4) |
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25 | (1) |
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1.9 Classification of Matter |
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26 | (4) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (7) |
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Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions |
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39 | (40) |
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2.1 The Early History of Chemistry |
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40 | (1) |
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2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws |
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41 | (4) |
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2.3 Dalton's Atomic Theory |
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45 | (2) |
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2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom |
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47 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Berzelius, Selenium, and Silicon |
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48 | (4) |
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2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (3) |
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2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table |
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57 | (2) |
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2.8 Naming Simple Compounds |
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59 | (11) |
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Chemical Impact Buckminsterfullerene: A New Form of Carbon |
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63 | (7) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (6) |
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79 | (54) |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact Elemental Analysis Catches Elephant Poachers |
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85 | (2) |
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87 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact Measuring the Masses of Large Molecules or Making Elephants Fly |
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88 | (3) |
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3.4 Percent Composition of Compounds |
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91 | (2) |
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3.5 Determining the Formula of a Compound |
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93 | (7) |
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100 | (2) |
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3.7 Balancing Chemical Equations |
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102 | (5) |
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3.8 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products |
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107 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Sulfuric Acid: The Most Important Chemical |
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109 | (3) |
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3.9 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant |
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112 | (10) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (9) |
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Chapter 4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry |
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133 | (54) |
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4.1 Water, the Common Solvent |
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134 | (2) |
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4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions. Strong and Weak Electrolytes |
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136 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Arrhenius, a Man with Solutions |
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140 | (1) |
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4.3 The Composition of Solutions |
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141 | (7) |
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4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions |
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148 | (1) |
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4.5 Precipitation Reactions |
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148 | (5) |
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4.6 Describing Reactions in Solution |
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153 | (2) |
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4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (7) |
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4.9 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions |
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164 | (7) |
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Chemical Impact Iron Zeroes in on Pollution |
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166 | (5) |
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4.10 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations |
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171 | (7) |
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Chemical Impact Aging: Does It Involve Oxidation? |
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172 | (6) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (7) |
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187 | (52) |
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188 | (2) |
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5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro |
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190 | (6) |
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196 | (5) |
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201 | (4) |
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5.5 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures |
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205 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Air Bags |
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207 | (3) |
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Chemical Impact Scuba Diving |
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210 | (1) |
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5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases |
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210 | (8) |
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5.7 Effusion and Diffusion |
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218 | (2) |
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220 | (4) |
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5.9 Chemistry in the Atmosphere |
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224 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact Acid Rain: A Growing Problem |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (9) |
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Chapter 6 Thermochemistry |
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239 | (48) |
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240 | (6) |
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6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry |
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246 | (8) |
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Chemical Impact Firewalking: Magic or Science? |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (3) |
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6.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation |
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257 | (8) |
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6.5 Present Sources of Energy |
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265 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Sulfur-Eating Bacteria Clean Up Coal |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (7) |
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Chemical Impact Heat Packs |
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275 | (1) |
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Chemical Impact Nature Has Hot Plants |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (8) |
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Chapter 7 Atomic Structure and Periodicity |
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287 | (56) |
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7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation |
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288 | (2) |
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Chemical Impact Flies that Dye |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Solar Polar Bears |
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291 | (4) |
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7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Fireworks |
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300 | (2) |
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7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom |
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302 | (3) |
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305 | (2) |
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7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies |
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307 | (1) |
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7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (2) |
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7.10 The History of the Periodic Table |
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312 | (2) |
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7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table |
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314 | (8) |
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7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties |
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322 | (6) |
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7.13 The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals |
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328 | (5) |
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Chemical Impact Lithium: Behavior Medicine |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (8) |
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Chapter 8 Bonding: General Concepts |
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343 | (64) |
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8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds |
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344 | (3) |
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347 | (2) |
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8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments |
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349 | (4) |
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8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes |
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353 | (4) |
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8.5 Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds |
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357 | (5) |
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8.6 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds |
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362 | (1) |
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8.7 The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model |
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363 | (3) |
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8.8 Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions |
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366 | (4) |
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8.9 The Localized Electron Bonding Model |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (4) |
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8.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule |
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374 | (4) |
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378 | (6) |
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8.13 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model |
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384 | (12) |
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Chemical Impact Chemical Structure and Communication: Semiochemicals |
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394 | (2) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (9) |
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Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals |
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407 | (36) |
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9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model |
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407 | (13) |
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9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model |
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420 | (4) |
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9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules |
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424 | (6) |
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9.4 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules |
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430 | (2) |
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9.5 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models |
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432 | (2) |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (7) |
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Chapter 10 Liquids and Solids |
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443 | (62) |
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10.1 Intermolecular Forces |
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444 | (4) |
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448 | (2) |
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10.3 An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids |
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450 | (5) |
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10.4 Structure and Bonding in Metals |
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455 | (7) |
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Chemical Impact Superconductivity |
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460 | (2) |
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10.5 Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids |
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462 | (6) |
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468 | (2) |
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Chemical Impact Gallium Arsenide Lasers |
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470 | (1) |
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470 | (4) |
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10.8 Vapor Pressure and Changes of State |
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474 | (8) |
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482 | (10) |
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Chemical Impact Making Diamonds at Low Pressures: Fooling Mother Nature |
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488 | (1) |
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Chemical Impact Transistors and Printed Circuits |
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489 | (1) |
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Chemical Impact Diamonds--A Computer's Best Friend? |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (2) |
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494 | (1) |
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494 | (11) |
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Chapter 11 Properties of Solutions |
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|
505 | (44) |
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11.1 Solution Composition |
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506 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact An Energy Solution |
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508 | (2) |
|
11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation |
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|
510 | (5) |
|
Chemical Impact Miracle Solvents |
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|
514 | (1) |
|
11.3 Factors Affecting Solubility |
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|
515 | (5) |
|
Chemical Impact Hydrogen Beer |
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
Chemical Impact The Lake Nyos Tragedy |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions |
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|
520 | (7) |
|
11.5 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression |
|
|
527 | (4) |
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|
531 | (5) |
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11.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions |
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536 | (1) |
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537 | (3) |
|
Chemical Impact Organisms and Ice Formation |
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|
538 | (2) |
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540 | (1) |
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541 | (1) |
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542 | (7) |
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Chapter 12 Chemical Kinetics |
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|
549 | (55) |
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551 | (3) |
|
12.2 Rate Laws: An Introduction |
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|
554 | (3) |
|
12.3 Determining the Form of the Rate Law |
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|
557 | (4) |
|
12.4 The Integrated Rate Law |
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|
561 | (11) |
|
12.5 Rate Laws: A Summary |
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|
572 | (1) |
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573 | (3) |
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12.7 A Model for Chemical Kinetics |
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576 | (6) |
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582 | (7) |
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Chemical Impact Automobiles: Air Purifiers? |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Chemical Impact Enzymes: Nature's Catalysts |
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586 | (3) |
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589 | (2) |
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591 | (1) |
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591 | (10) |
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Chapter 13 Chemical Equilibrium |
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|
601 | (46) |
|
13.1 The Equilibrium Condition |
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|
602 | (3) |
|
13.2 The Equilibrium Constant |
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|
605 | (5) |
|
13.3 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures |
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|
610 | (3) |
|
13.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria |
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|
613 | (2) |
|
13.5 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant |
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|
615 | (10) |
|
13.6 Solving Equilibrium Problems |
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|
625 | (5) |
|
13.7 Le Chatelier's Principle |
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630 | (7) |
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637 | (1) |
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638 | (1) |
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639 | (8) |
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Chapter 14 Acids and Bases |
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|
647 | (60) |
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14.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases |
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|
648 | (2) |
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650 | (6) |
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656 | (2) |
|
14.4 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions |
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658 | (2) |
|
14.5 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions |
|
|
660 | (10) |
|
Chemical Impact Household Chemistry |
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|
667 | (3) |
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670 | (6) |
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673 | (3) |
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676 | (7) |
|
14.8 Acid-Base Properties of Salts |
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|
683 | (6) |
|
14.9 The Effect of Structure on Acid-Base Properties |
|
|
689 | (2) |
|
14.10 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
14.11 The Lewis Acid-Base Model |
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|
692 | (3) |
|
Chemical Impact Self-Destructing Paper |
|
|
693 | (2) |
|
14.12 Strategy for Solving Acid-Base Problems: A Summary |
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|
695 | (1) |
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696 | (2) |
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698 | (1) |
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699 | (8) |
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Chapter 15 Applications of Aqueous Equilibria |
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|
707 | (70) |
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708 | (36) |
|
15.1 Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion |
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|
708 | (2) |
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710 | (10) |
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|
720 | (4) |
|
15.4 Titrations and pH Curves |
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|
724 | (15) |
|
15.5 Acid-Base Indicators |
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|
739 | (5) |
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744 | (16) |
|
15.6 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product |
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|
744 | (10) |
|
15.7 Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis |
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754 | (6) |
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760 | (7) |
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15.8 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions |
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|
760 | (7) |
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Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Teeth |
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|
766 | (1) |
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767 | (1) |
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768 | (1) |
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769 | (8) |
|
Chapter 16 Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy |
|
|
777 | (44) |
|
16.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy |
|
|
779 | (5) |
|
16.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
16.3 The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity |
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|
785 | (3) |
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|
788 | (3) |
|
16.5 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions |
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|
791 | (4) |
|
16.6 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions |
|
|
795 | (5) |
|
16.7 The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure |
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|
800 | (4) |
|
16.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium |
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|
804 | (4) |
|
16.9 Free Energy and Work |
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|
808 | (3) |
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811 | (1) |
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812 | (1) |
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813 | (8) |
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Chapter 17 Electrochemistry |
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821 | (50) |
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|
822 | (2) |
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17.2 Standard Reduction Potentials |
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|
824 | (7) |
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17.3 Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy |
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|
831 | (4) |
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17.4 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration |
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835 | (6) |
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841 | (2) |
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843 | (4) |
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Chemical Impact Refurbishing the Lady |
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846 | (1) |
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Chemical Impact Paint that Stops Rust--Completely |
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847 | (1) |
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847 | (6) |
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Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Sunken Treasure |
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|
852 | (1) |
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17.8 Commercial Electrolytic Processes |
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|
853 | (7) |
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Chemical Impact Batteries of the Future |
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|
856 | (4) |
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860 | (2) |
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862 | (1) |
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863 | (8) |
|
Chapter 18 The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A |
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|
871 | (26) |
|
18.1 A Survey of the Representative Elements |
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|
872 | (5) |
|
18.2 The Group 1A Elements |
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|
877 | (3) |
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880 | (2) |
|
18.4 The Group 2A Elements |
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|
882 | (3) |
|
18.5 The Group 3A Elements |
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|
885 | (2) |
|
18.6 The Group 4A Elements |
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|
887 | (4) |
|
Chemical Impact Concrete Learning |
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|
889 | (2) |
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891 | (1) |
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892 | (1) |
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|
892 | (5) |
|
Chapter 19 The Representative Elements: Groups 5A Through 8A |
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|
897 | (44) |
|
19.1 The Group 5A Elements |
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|
898 | (1) |
|
19.2 The Chemistry of Nitrogen |
|
|
899 | (13) |
|
Chemical Impact A Blanket of Nitrogen |
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|
905 | (5) |
|
Chemical Impact Nitrous Oxide: Laughing Gas that Propels Whipped Cream and Cars |
|
|
910 | (2) |
|
19.3 The Chemistry of Phosphorus |
|
|
912 | (3) |
|
19.4 The Group 6A Elements |
|
|
915 | (1) |
|
19.5 The Chemistry of Oxygen |
|
|
916 | (2) |
|
19.6 The Chemistry of Sulfur |
|
|
918 | (5) |
|
19.7 The Group 7A Elements |
|
|
923 | (8) |
|
Chemical Impact Photography |
|
|
924 | (6) |
|
Chemical Impact Automatic Sunglasses |
|
|
930 | (1) |
|
19.8 The Group 8A Elements |
|
|
931 | (2) |
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|
|
933 | (1) |
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|
934 | (1) |
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|
|
935 | (6) |
|
Chapter 20 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry |
|
|
941 | (54) |
|
20.1 The Transition Metals: A Survey |
|
|
942 | (6) |
|
20.2 The First-Row Transition Metals |
|
|
948 | (6) |
|
Chemical Impact Titanium Makes Great Bicycles |
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|
950 | (4) |
|
20.3 Coordination Compounds |
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|
954 | (5) |
|
Chemical Impact Alfred Werner: Coordination Chemist |
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|
958 | (1) |
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959 | (6) |
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Chemical Impact The Importance of Being cis |
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|
962 | (3) |
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20.5 Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model |
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|
965 | (2) |
|
20.6 The Crystal Field Model |
|
|
967 | (7) |
|
Chemical Impact Transition Metal Ions Lend Color to Gems |
|
|
972 | (2) |
|
20.7 The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes |
|
|
974 | (4) |
|
20.8 Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production |
|
|
978 | (8) |
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|
986 | (2) |
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|
|
988 | (1) |
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|
|
989 | (6) |
|
Chapter 21 The Nucleus: A Chemist's View |
|
|
995 | (38) |
|
21.1 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay |
|
|
996 | (5) |
|
21.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay |
|
|
1001 | (4) |
|
Chemical Impact Stellar Nucleosynthesis |
|
|
1005 | (1) |
|
21.3 Nuclear Transformations |
|
|
1005 | (2) |
|
21.4 Detection and Uses of Radioactivity |
|
|
1007 | (4) |
|
21.5 Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus |
|
|
1011 | (4) |
|
21.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion |
|
|
1015 | (7) |
|
Chemical Impact Nuclear Power: Could It Stage a Comeback? |
|
|
1019 | (1) |
|
Chemical Impact Nuclear Waste Disposal |
|
|
1020 | (2) |
|
21.7 Effects of Radiation |
|
|
1022 | (4) |
|
Chemical Impact Nuclear Physics: An Introduction |
|
|
1024 | (2) |
|
|
|
1026 | (1) |
|
|
|
1027 | (1) |
|
|
|
1027 | (6) |
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Chapter 22 Organic Chemistry |
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|
1033 | (52) |
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22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons |
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|
1034 | (8) |
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1042 | (4) |
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22.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
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1046 | (2) |
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22.4 The Petrochemical Industry |
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1048 | (4) |
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22.5 Hydrocarbon Derivatives |
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1052 | (6) |
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1058 | (4) |
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22.7 The Polymer Industry |
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|
1062 | (11) |
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Chemical Impact Wallace Hume Carothers |
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|
1065 | (7) |
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Chemical Impact The Mechanism of Methane Combustion |
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|
1072 | (1) |
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Chemical Impact Plastic that Talks and Listens |
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|
1073 | (1) |
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1073 | (2) |
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|
1075 | (1) |
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|
1075 | (10) |
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1085 | |
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|
1087 | (10) |
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1097 | (5) |
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1102 | (5) |
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1107 | (6) |
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Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Vision |
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|
1112 | (1) |
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1113 | (1) |
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1114 | (1) |
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|
1115 | |
| Appendix 1 Mathematical Procedures |
|
A1 | (12) |
| A1.1 Exponential Notation |
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A1 | (3) |
| A1.2 Logarithms |
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A4 | (2) |
| A1.3 Graphing Functions |
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A6 | (2) |
| A1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations |
|
A8 | (2) |
| A1.5 Uncertainties in Measurements |
|
A10 | (3) |
| Appendix 2 The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model |
|
A13 | (4) |
| Appendix 3 Spectral Analysis |
|
A17 | (4) |
| Appendix 4 Selected Thermodynamic Data |
|
A21 | (3) |
| Appendix 5 Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials |
|
A24 | (3) |
| A5.1 Values of K(a) for Some Common Monoprotic Acids |
|
A24 | (1) |
| A5.2 Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids |
|
A24 | (1) |
| A5.3 Values of K(b) for Some Common Weak Bases |
|
A25 | (1) |
| A5.4 K(sp) Values at 25(Degree)C for Common Ionic Solids |
|
A25 | (1) |
| A5.5 Standard Reduction Potentials at 25(Degree)C (298 K) for Many Common Half-Reactions |
|
A26 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
A27 | (14) |
| Answers to Selected Exercises |
|
A41 | (26) |
| Photo Credits |
|
A67 | (2) |
| Index |
|
A69 | |
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