| Preface |
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xiii | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xiv | |
| Authors |
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xv | |
| CHAPTER 1 Introduction: An Overview of AIDS |
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1 | (3) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
| CHAPTER 2 Concepts of Infectious Disease and a History of Epidemics |
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4 | (11) |
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Factors That Affect the Spread of Epidemics |
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5 | (4) |
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Host and Virus Populations |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Population Densities and Infections |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Controlling Infectious Diseases |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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Modem Concepts of Infectious Disease and Koch's Postulates |
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11 | (1) |
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Epidemics in Modern Times |
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12 | (3) |
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Syphilis: The Social Problems with a Sexually Transmitted Disease |
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13 | (2) |
| CHAPTER 3 The Immune System |
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15 | (25) |
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15 | (8) |
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17 | (6) |
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The Lymphatic Circulation |
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23 | (10) |
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B-Cells and Humoral Immunity: The Generation of Antibodies |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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How Does the Immune System Respond to New Antigens? |
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26 | (6) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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A Summary of the Humoral Immune System |
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33 | (1) |
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T-Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity |
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33 | (7) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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T-Lymphocyte Recognition of Antigen-Containing Cells |
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36 | (4) |
| CHAPTER 4 Virology and HIV |
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40 | (25) |
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A General Introduction to Viruses |
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40 | (7) |
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41 | (1) |
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How Does a Virus Infect a Host? |
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42 | (2) |
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A Typical Virus Infection Cycle |
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44 | (2) |
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How Do We Treat Viral Infections? |
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46 | (1) |
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The Life Cycle of a Retrovirus |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (10) |
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51 | (2) |
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The Effects of HIV Infection in Individuals |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (2) |
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Potential Problems with the HIV Antibody Test |
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57 | (1) |
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Testing for the Level of Circulating HIV |
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58 | (1) |
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How Does HIV Evade the Immune System |
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59 | (1) |
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Azidothymidine (AZT), An Effective Therapeutic Agent in AIDS |
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60 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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Protease Inhibitors, Another Class of Therapeutic Agents Against HIV |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
| CHAPTER 5 Clinical Manifestations of AIDS |
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65 | (24) |
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Exposure, Infection, and Disease |
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66 | (1) |
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Exposure Versus Infection |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Primary Infection and the Asymptomatic Period |
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67 | (2) |
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Mononucleosis-like Illness |
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67 | (1) |
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Brain Infection (Encephalopathy) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Damage to the Immune System and Full-Blown AIDS |
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71 | (10) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (8) |
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High Turnover of T-helper Cells in AIDS Patients |
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81 | (1) |
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Antiviral Drug Treatments in AIDS |
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81 | (8) |
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AZT and Other Nucleoside Analogs |
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81 | (2) |
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Development of Drug-Resistant HIV |
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83 | (1) |
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AZT Treatment of Pregnant Women |
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84 | (1) |
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Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors of Reverse Transcriptase |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Limitations and Uncertainties in the Triple Combination (HAART) Therapies |
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86 | (3) |
| CHAPTER 6 Epidemiology and AIDS |
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89 | (22) |
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An Overview of Epidemiology and AIDS |
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90 | (1) |
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Basic Concepts in Epidemiology |
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91 | (6) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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Criteria for a Causal Relationship |
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96 | (1) |
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Epidemiology and AIDS in the United States |
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97 | (7) |
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The Current Picture of AIDS in the United States |
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97 | (2) |
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Epidemiology and Modes of HIV Transmission |
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99 | (3) |
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Likelihood of Progression to AIDS |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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The Changing Face of AIDS |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (7) |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
| CHAPTER 7 Modes of HIV Transmission and Personal Risk Factors |
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111 | (13) |
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Biological Bases of HIV Transmission |
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113 | (2) |
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Sources of Infectious HIV |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Targets for HIV Infection |
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115 | (1) |
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Modes of HIV Transmission |
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115 | (9) |
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No Association with HIV Transmission: Casual Contact |
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116 | (1) |
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Activities Associated with HIV Transmission |
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116 | (8) |
| CHAPTER 8 Individual Assessments of HIV Risk |
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124 | (16) |
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Introduction to Individual Decision Making and Action |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (10) |
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126 | (1) |
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Subjective Probability Model |
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127 | (8) |
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HIV Testing and Risk Assessment |
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135 | (5) |
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Nature and Accuracy of the HIV Test |
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135 | (1) |
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HIV Pretest and Posttest Counseling Sessions |
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136 | (2) |
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Confidentiality Versus Anonymity of Test Results |
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138 | (2) |
| CHAPTER 9 Prevention of AIDS |
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140 | (17) |
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Disease Prevention and Health Promotion |
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141 | (1) |
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Models of Health Behavior Change |
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141 | (3) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (1) |
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Precaution-Adoption Process Model |
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143 | (1) |
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Principles of Health Behavior Change |
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144 | (6) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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The Interpersonal Principle |
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146 | (1) |
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The Social Ecological Principle |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Examples of HIV and AIDS Prevention Programs |
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150 | (7) |
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AIDS Prevention in Gay and Bisexual Men |
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150 | (2) |
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AIDS Prevention Among Mexican Migrant Farm Workers |
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152 | (5) |
| CHAPTER 10 Living with AIDS: Human Dimensions |
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157 | (16) |
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Theoretical Perspectives from Social Psychology |
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158 | (4) |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (2) |
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Human Dimensions of HIV and AIDS |
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162 | (11) |
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Confronting the News of Infection |
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162 | (4) |
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Accepting the Reality of Infection |
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166 | (5) |
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Opportunities and Challenges of Drug Therapies |
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171 | (2) |
| CHAPTER 11 Living with AIDS: Societal Dimensions |
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173 | (10) |
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174 | (3) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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Societal Dimensions of HIV and AIDS |
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177 | (6) |
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Needle Exchange for Injection Drug Users |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
| CHAPTER 12 Future Directions in Combating AIDS |
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183 | (17) |
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Future Directions for Biomedical Efforts |
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183 | (9) |
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183 | (3) |
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Treatment of Infected Individuals |
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186 | (6) |
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Future Directions for Social Efforts |
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192 | (4) |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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A Final Note of Optimism: Time Is on Our Side |
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196 | (4) |
| Glossary |
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200 | (9) |
| Appendix A: Reference Resources |
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209 | (2) |
| Appendix B: Idea Exchange Groups: A Way to Catalyze Discussion of AIDS-Related Topics |
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211 | (7) |
| Index |
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218 | |
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