Pharmacology in Rehabilitation: Ciccone, Charles D.: 9780803600300: Book: Medical: eCampus.com

Pharmacology is perhaps the most dynamic of all the basic and applied sciences. New drugs are being developed on a regular basis, and existing drugs are constantly being re-examined to help provide the most effective management of various diseases. This edition has been expanded to provide physical therapists and occupational therapists with a current and comprehensive treatise on pharmotherapeutics.

Drug and Agent Index

xxxv

SECTION I General Principles of Pharmacology

(58)

Chapter 1. Basic Principles of Pharmacology

(12)

Drug Nomenclature

(1)

What Constitutes a Drug: Development and Approval of Therapeutic Agents

(4)

Drug Approval Process

(1)

Prescription Versus Over-the-Counter Medications

(1)

Controlled Substances

(1)

Basic Concepts in Drug Therapy

(2)

Dose-Response Curves and Maximal Efficacy

(1)

Potency

(1)

Elements of Drug-Safety

(4)

Quantal Dose-Response Curves and the Median Effective Dose

(1)

Median Toxic Dose

(1)

Therapeutic Index

(3)

Chapter 2. Pharmacokinetics I: Drug Administration, Absorption, and Distribution

(17)

Routes of Administration

(5)

Enteral

(2)

Parenteral

(3)

Drug Absorption and Distribution: Bioavailability

(5)

Membrane Structure and Function

(1)

Movement Across Membrance Barriers

(4)

Distribution of Drugs Within the Body

(1)

Factors Affecting Distribution

(1)

Volume of Distribution

(1)

Drug Storage

(1)

Storage Sites

(2)

Adverse Consequences of Drug Storage

(1)

Newer Techniques for Drug Delivery

(4)

Controlled-Release Preparations

(1)

Implanted Drug Delivery Systems

(1)

Targeting Drug Delivery to Specific Cells and Tissues

(3)

Chapter 3. Pharmacokinetics II: Drug Elimination

(12)

Biotransformation

(3)

Cellular Mechanisms of Drug Biotransformation

(1)

Organs Responsible for Drug Biotransformation

(1)

Enzyme Induction

(1)

Drug Excretion

(2)

Drug Elimination Rates

(1)

Clearance

(1)

Half-Life

(1)

Dosing Schedules and Plasma-Concentration

(1)

Variations in Drug Response and Metabolism

(5)

Chapter 4. Drug Receptors

(15)

Receptors Located on the Cell's Surface

(4)

Surface Receptors Linked Directly to Ion Channels

(1)

Surface Receptors Linked Directly to Enzymes

(1)

Surface Receptors Linked Regulatory (G) Proteins: Role of the Second Messenger

(2)

Intracellular Receptors

(1)

Drug-Receptor Interactions

(1)

Functional Aspects of Drug-Receptor Interactions

(4)

Drug Selectivity

(1)

Dose-Response

(1)

Classification of Drugs: Agonist Versus Antagonist

(1)

Competitive Versus Noncompetitive Antagonists

(1)

Partial Agonists

(1)

Receptor Regulation

(1)

Receptor Desensitization and Down-Regulation

(1)

Receptor Supersensivity

(1)

Nonreceptor Drug Mechanisms

(5)

SECTION II Pharmacology of the Central Nervous System

(100)

Chapter 5. Central Nervous System Pharmacology: General Principles

(10)

CNS Organization

(3)

Cerebrum

(1)

Basal Ganglia

(1)

Diencephalon

(1)

Mesencephalom and Brainstem

(1)

Cerebellum

(1)

Limbic System

(1)

Spinal Cord

(1)

The Blood-Brain Barrier

(1)

CNS Neurotransmitters

(2)

Acetylcholine

(1)

Monoamines

(1)

Amino Acids

(1)

Peptides

(1)

Other Transmitters

(1)

CNS Drugs: General Mechanisms

(4)

Chapter 6. Sedative-Hypnotic and Antianxiety Agents

(12)

Sedative-Hypnotic Agents

(3)

Pharmacokinetics

(1)

Mechanism of Action

(2)

Benzodiazepines

(1)

Barbiturates

(1)

Other Mecanisms

(1)

Problems and Adverse Effects

(1)

Tolerance and Physical Dependence

(1)

Residual Effects

(1)

Other Side Effects

(1)

Antianxiety Drugs

(2)

Benzodiazepines

(1)

Nonbenzodiazepine Antianxiety Drugs

(1)

Problems and Adverse Effects

(1)

Special Consideration of Sedative-Hypnotic and Antianxiety Agents in Rehabilitation

(1)

Case Study

(3)

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

(3)

Chapter 7. Drugs Used to Treat Affective Disorders: Depression and Manic-Depression

(13)

Depression

(8)

Clinical Picture

(1)

Pathophysiology of Depression

(2)

Antidepressant Drugs

(3)

Pharmacokinetics

(1)

Problems and Adverse Effects

(1)

Use of Antidepressants in Chronic Pain

(1)

Treatment of Manic-Depression: Antimanic Drugs

(1)

Bipolar Syndrome

(1)

Lithium

(1)

Absorption and Distribution

(1)

Problems and Adverse Effects of Lithium

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

(2)

Case Study

(2)

Antidepressant Drugs

(2)

Chapter 8. Antipsychotic Drugs

(11)

Schizophrenia

(1)

Neurotransmitter Changes in Schizophrenia

(1)

Antipsychotic Classes and Mechanisms of Action

(3)

Pharmacokinetics

100

(1)

Other Uses of Antipsychotics

100

(1)

Problems and Adverse Effects

100

(3)

Extrapyramidal Symptoms

100

(3)

Nonmotor Effects

103

(1)

Sedation

103

(1)

Anticholinegric Effects

103

(1)

Other Side Effects

103

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

104

(1)

Case Study

104

(3)

Antipsychotic Drugs

104

(3)

Chapter 9. Antiepileptic Drugs

107

(12)

Classification of Epileptic Seizures

108

(1)

Rationale for Drug Treatment

109

(1)

Drugs Used to Treat Epilepsy

109

(4)

Barbiturates

109

(1)

Benzodiazepines

110

(1)

Carboxylic Acids

111

(1)

Dicarbamates

111

(1)

Hydantoins

111

(1)

Iminostilbenes

112

(1)

Oxazolidinediones

112

(1)

Succinimides

112

(1)

Selection of Specific Antiepileptic Agent

113

(1)

Single-Drug Therapy in Epilepsy

113

(1)

Pharmacokinetics

114

(1)

Special Precautions During Pregnancy

114

(1)

Treatment of Status Epilepticus

115

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

115

(1)

Case Study

116

(3)

Antieplieptic Drugs

116

(3)

Chapter 10. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinson's Disease

119

(16)

Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease

120

(1)

Etiology of Parkinson's Disease: Potential Role of Toxic Substances

120

(2)

Therapeutic Agents in Parkinsonism

122

(8)

Levodopa

122

(6)

Other Drugs Used to Treat Parkinson's Disease

128

(2)

Clinical Course of Parkinson's Disease: When to Use Specific Drugs

130

(1)

Tissue Transplants in Parkinson's Disease

130

(1)

Special Considerations for Rehabilitation

131

(1)

Case Study

132

(3)

Antiparkinson Drugs

132

(3)

Chapter 11. General Anesthetics

135

(12)

General Anesthesia: Requirements

135

(1)

Stages of General Anesthesia

136

(1)

General Anesthetic Agents: Classification and Use According to Routes of Administration

136

(1)

General Anesthetics: Specific Agents

137

(2)

Inhalation Anesthetics

137

(2)

Intravenous Anesthetics

139

(1)

Pharmacokinetics

139

(1)

Mechanisms of Action

140

(2)

Actions of Inhaled Anesthetics

140

(2)

Actions of Intravenous Anesthetics

142

(1)

Adjuvants in General Anesthesia

142

(2)

Properative Medications

142

(1)

Neuromuscular Blockers

142

(2)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation

144

(1)

Case Study

145

(2)

General Anesthetics

145

(2)

Chapter 12. Local Anesthetics

147

(12)

Types of Local Anesthetics

148

(1)

Pharmacokinetics

149

(1)

Clinical Use of Local Anesthetics

150

(2)

Mechanism of Action

152

(1)

Differential Nerve Block

153

(1)

Systemic Effects of Local Anesthetics

154

(1)

Significance in Rehabilitation

155

(1)

Case Study

156

(3)

Local Anesthetics

156

(3)

SECTION III Drugs Affecting Skeletal Muscle

159

(16)

Chapter 13. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

161

(14)

Increased Muscle Tone: Spasticity Versus Muscle Spasms

161

(2)

Specific Agents Used to Produce Skeletal Muscle Relaxation

163

(1)

Centrally Acting Agents

163

(4)

Baclofen

163

(1)

Intrathecal Baclofen

164

(1)

Diazepam

165

(1)

Other Central Relaxants

166

(1)

Direct-Acting Relaxants

167

(1)

Dantrolene Sodium

167

(1)

Other Muscle Relaxants

168

(1)

Botulinum Toxin

168

(1)

Transdermal Clonidine

168

(1)

Pharmacokinetics

168

(1)

Treatment of Spasticity

169

(1)

Treatment of Muscle Spasms

169

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

170

(1)

Case Study

171

(4)

Muscle Relaxants

171

(4)

SECTION IV Drugs Used to Treat Pain and Inflammation

175

(70)

Chapter 14. Opioid Analgesics

177

(17)

Source of Opioid Analgesics

177

(1)

Endogenous Opioid Peptides and Opioid Receptors

178

(2)

Endogenous Opioids

178

(1)

Opioid Receptors

179

(1)

Classification of Specific Agents

180

(2)

Pharmacokinetics

182

(1)

Mechanism of Action

183

(3)

Effect of Narcotic Analgesics on the Spinal Cord

183

(1)

Effect of Narcotic Analgesics on the Brain

184

(1)

Peripheral Effects of Opioids

184

(2)

Clinical Applications

186

(1)

Treatment of Pain

186

(1)

Use of Opioids in Patient-Controlled Analgesia

187

(1)

Other Opioid Uses

187

(1)

Problems and Adverse Effects

187

(1)

Concepts of Addiction, Tolerance, and Physical Dependence

188

(2)

Tolerance

188

(1)

Physical Dependence

188

(1)

Tolerance and Dependence During Therapeutic Opioid Use

189

(1)

Use of Methadone to Treat Opioid Addiction

190

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

190

(1)

Case Study

190

(4)

Opioid Analgesics

190

(4)

Chapter 15. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

194

(19)

Aspirin and Other NSAIDs: General Aspects

194

(1)

Prostaglanding, Thormboxanes, and Leukotrienes

195

(4)

Eicosanoid Biosynthesis

195

(2)

Role of Eicosanoids in Health and Disease

197

(2)

Mechanism of NSAID Action: Inhibition of Prostaglandin and Thromboxane Synthesis

199

(1)

Aspirin: Prototypical NSAID

199

(1)

Clinical Applications of Aspirin-Like Drugs

200

(1)

Treatment of Pain and Inflammation

200

(1)

Treatment of Fever

200

(1)

Treatment of Vascular Disorders

200

(1)

Prevention of Cancer

201

(1)

Problems and Adverse Effects of Aspirin-Like Drugs

201

(2)

Gastrointestinal Problems

201

(1)

Other Side Effects

202

(1)

Comparision of Aspirin to Other NSAIDs

203

(4)

Acetaminophen

207

(1)

Pharmacokinetics of NSAIDs and Acetaminophen

207

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

208

(1)

Case Study

208

(5)

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

208

(5)

Chapter 16. Pharmacologic Management of Pheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis

213

(19)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

213

(11)

Immune Basis for Rheumatoid Arthritis

214

(1)

Overview of Drug Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis

215

(1)

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

216

(1)

Corticosteroids

217

(1)

Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs

218

(5)

DMARD Combinations Used in Rheumatoid Arthritis

223

(1)

Newer and Nontraditional Therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis

224

(1)

Osteoarthritis

224

(3)

NSAIDs and Acetaminophen

225

(1)

Viscosupplementation

225

(1)

Special Concerns for Antiarthritic Drug Therapy in Rehabilitation Patients

226

(1)

Case Study

227

(5)

Rheumatoid Arthritis

227

(5)

Chapter 17. Patient-Controlled Analgesia

232

(13)

Pharmacokinetic Basis for PCA

232

(2)

PCA Dosing Strategies and Parameters

234

(1)

Types of Analgesics Used for PCA

235

(1)

Administration Routes During PCA

235

(5)

Intravenous PCA

235

(1)

Epidural and Intrathecal PCA

236

(2)

PCA Pumps

238

(2)

Comparision of PCA to Traditional Methods of Analgesic Administration

240

(2)

Problems and Side Effects of PCA

241

(1)

Pharmacologic Side Effects

241

(1)

Problems with PCA Delivery

242

(1)

Special Concerns for PCA in Rehabilitation Patients

242

(1)

Case Study

243

(2)

Patient-Controlled Analgesia

243

(2)

SECTION V Autonomic and Cardiovascular Pharmacology

245

(122)

Chapter 18. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology

247

(12)

Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

247

(2)

Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons

248

(1)

Sympathetic Organization

248

(1)

Parasympathetic Organization

248

(1)

Functional Aspects of the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions

249

(1)

Function of the Adrenal Medulla

250

(1)

Autonomic Integration and Control

251

(1)

Autonomic Neurotransmitters

252

(1)

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine

252

(1)

Other Autonomic Neurotransmitters

253

(1)

Autonomic Receptors

253

(3)

Cholinergic Receptors

253

(1)

Adrenergic Receptors

254

(2)

Pharmacologic Significance of Autonomic Receptors

256

(3)

Chapter 19. Cholinergic Drugs

259

(12)

Cholinergic Receptors

259

(1)

Cholinergic Stimulants

260

(5)

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Stimulants

260

(2)

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Stimulants

262

(1)

Clinical Applications of Cholinergic Stimulants

263

(1)

Adverse Effects of Cholinergic Stimulants

264

(1)

Anticholinergic Drugs

265

(6)

Source and Mechanism of Action of Antimuscarinic Anticholinergic Drugs

265

(1)

Clinical Applications of Antimuscarinic Drugs

266

(3)

Side Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs

269

(2)

Chapter 20. Adrenergic Drugs

271

(17)

Adrenergic Receptors Subclassification

272

(1)

Adrenergic Agonists

273

(6)

Alpha Agonists

273

(2)

Beta Agonists

275

(2)

Drugs with Mixed Alpha and Beta Agonist Activity

277

(2)

Adrenergic Antagonists

279

(9)

Alpha Antagonists

279

(2)

Beta Antagonists

281

(3)

Other Drugs That Inhibit Adrenergic Neurons

284

(4)

Chapter 21. Antihypertensive Drugs

288

(21)

Normal Control of Blood Pressure

289

(1)

Pathogenesis of Hypertension

290

(1)

Essential Versus Secondary Hypertension

290

(1)

Possible Mechanisms in Essential Hypertension

290

(1)

Drug Therapy

291

(1)

Diuretics

291

(3)

Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use

291

(2)

Classification of Diuretics

293

(1)

Adverse Effects of Diuretics

294

(1)

Sympatholytic Drugs

294

(5)

Beta Blockers

295

(1)

Alpha Blockers

296

(1)

Presynaptic Adrenergic Inhibitors

297

(1)

Centrally Acting Agents

298

(1)

Ganglionic Blockers

298

(1)

Vasodilators

299

(1)

Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use

299

(1)

Specific Agents

299

(1)

Adverse Effects

300

(1)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

300

(2)

Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use

300

(1)

Specific Agents

301

(1)

Adverse Effects

301

(1)

Calcium Channel Blockers

302

(1)

Specific Agents

302

(1)

Adverse Effects

302

(1)

Stepped-Care Approach to Hypertension

302

(1)

Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension

303

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

303

(1)

Case Study

304

(5)

Hypertension

304

(5)

Chapter 22. Treatment of Angina Pectoris

309

(14)

Drugs Used to Treat Angina Pectoris

310

(1)

Organic Nitrates

310

(2)

Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use

310

(1)

Specific Agents

311

(2)

Adverse Side Effects of Nitrates

313

(1)

Beta-Adrenergic Blockers

313

(1)

Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use

313

(1)

Specific Agents

313

(1)

Adverse Side Effects

314

(1)

Calcium Channel Blockers

314

(2)

Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use

314

(1)

Specific Agents

315

(1)

Adverse Side Effects

315

(1)

Treatment of Specific Types of Angina Pectoris

316

(2)

Stable Angina

316

(1)

Variant Angina (Prinzmetal's Ischemia)

317

(1)

Unstable Angina

317

(1)

Nonpharmacological Management of Angina Pectoris

318

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

318

(1)

Case Study

319

(4)

Antianginal Drugs

319

(4)

Chapter 23. Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias

323

(12)

Cardiac Electrophysiology

323

(2)

Cardiac Action Potentials

323

(2)

Normal Cardiac Rhythm

325

(1)

Normal Conduction of the Cardiac Action Potential

325

(1)

Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias

325

(1)

Types of Arrhythmias

326

(1)

Classification of Antiarrhythmic Drugs

327

(1)

Class I: Sodium Channel Blockers

327

(2)

Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use

327

(2)

Specific Agents

329

(1)

Adverse Side Effects

329

(1)

Class II: Beta Blockers

329

(1)

Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use

329

(1)

Specific Agents

330

(1)

Adverse Side Effects

330

(1)

Class III: Drugs That Prolong Repolarization

330

(1)

Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use

330

(1)

Specific Agents

330

(1)

Adverse Side Effects

330

(1)

Class IV: Calcium Channel Blockers

331

(1)

Mechanism of Action and Rational for Use

331

(1)

Specific Agents

331

(1)

Adverse Side Effects

331

(1)

Speical Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

331

(1)

Case Study

332

(3)

Antiarrhythmic Drugs

332

(3)

Chapter 24. Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure

335

(13)

Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure

336

(2)

Vicious Cycle of Heart Failure

336

(1)

Congestion in Left and Right Heart Failure

337

(1)

Pharmacotherapy

338

(1)

Digitalis

339

(2)

Effects and Mechanism of Action

340

(1)

Adverse Side Effects

341

(1)

Diuretics

341

(1)

Effects of Mechanism of Action

341

(1)

Adverse Side Effects

342

(1)

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

342

(1)

Effects and Mechanism of Action

342

(1)

Adverse Side Effects

343

(1)

Other Drugs in Congestive Heart Failure

343

(1)

Amrinone and Milrinone

343

(1)

Dopamine and Dobutamine

343

(1)

Vasolidators

344

(1)

Summary of Drug Therapy

344

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

344

(1)

Case Study

344

(4)

Congestive Heart Failure

344

(4)

Chapter 25. Treatment of Coagulation Disorders and Hyperlipidemia

348

(19)

Normal Mechanism of Blood Coagulation

349

(1)

Clot Formation

349

(1)

Clot Breakdown

349

(1)

Drugs Used to Treat Overactive Clotting

350

(7)

Anticoagulants

351

(2)

Antithrombotic Drugs

353

(1)

Thrombolytic Drugs

354

(2)

Adverse Side Effects of Anticoagulant, Antithrombotic, and Thrombolytic Agents

356

(1)

Treatment of Clotting Deficiencies

357

(1)

Hemophilia

357

(1)

Deficiencies of Vitamin K-Dependent Clotting Factors

357

(1)

Antifibrinolytics

358

(1)

Agents Used to Treat Hyperlipidemia

358

(3)

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

359

(1)

Fibric Acids

359

(1)

Other Lipid-Lowering Agents

359

(1)

Adverse Effects of Antihyperlipidemia Agents

359

(2)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

361

(1)

Case Study

362

(5)

Clothing Disorders

362

(5)

SECTION VI Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Pharmacology

367

(36)

Chapter 26. Respiratory Drugs

369

(20)

Drugs Used to Treat Minor Respiratory Tract Irritation and Control Respiratory Secretions

369

(4)

Antitussives

370

(1)

Decongestants

370

(1)

Antihistamines

371

(1)

Mucolytics and Expectorants

372

(1)

Drugs Used to Maintain Airway Patency in Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

373

(8)

Beta-Adrenergic Agonists

373

(3)

Xanthine Derivatives

376

(3)

Anticholinergic Drugs

379

(1)

Corticosteroids

379

(1)

Cromolyn Sodium

380

(1)

Treatment of Bronchial Asthma

381

(2)

Pathophysiology of Bronchial Asthma

381

(1)

Long-Term Management of Asthma

381

(1)

Treatment of Reversible Bronchospasm in COPD

383

(1)

Treatment of Respiratory Problems in Cystic Fibrosis

383

(1)

Respiratory Drugs: Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

384

(1)

Case Study

385

(4)

Respiratory Drugs

385

(4)

Chapter 27. Gastrointestinal Drugs

389

(14)

Drugs Used to Control Gastric Acidity and Secretion

389

(3)

Antacids

390

(1)

H(2) Receptor Blockers

391

(1)

Other Agents Used to Control and Treat Gastric Ulcers

392

(1)

Antidiarrheal Agents

393

(2)

Opioid Derivatives

393

(1)

Adsorbents

394

(1)

Bismuth Salicylate

395

(1)

Laxatives and Cathartics

395

(2)

Rationale for Use

395

(1)

Specific Agents and Mechanism of Action

396

(1)

Adverse Effects

397

(1)

Miscellaneous Gastrointestinal Drugs

397

(1)

Digestants

397

(1)

Emetics

398

(1)

Antiemetics

398

(1)

Cholelitholytic Agents

398

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

398

(1)

Case Study

399

(4)

Gastrointestinal Drugs

399

(4)

SECTION VII Endocrine Pharmacology

403

(96)

Chapter 28. Introduction to Endocrine Pharmacology

405

(14)

Primary Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones

406

(4)

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

406

(2)

Thyroid Gland

408

(1)

Parathyroid Gland

408

(1)

Pancreas

409

(1)

Adrenal Gland

409

(1)

Gonads

410

(1)

Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology

410

(6)

Harmone Chemistry

410

(1)

Synthesis and Release of Hormones

411

(1)

Feedback Control Mechanisms in Endocrine Function

411

(2)

Harmone Transport

413

(1)

Hormone Effects on the Target Cell

413

(3)

Clinical Use of Endocrine Drugs

416

(3)

Chapter 29. Adrenocorticosteroids

419

(20)

Steroid Synthesis

420

(1)

Glucocorticoids

421

(5)

Role of Glucocorticoids in Normal Function

421

(2)

Mechanism of Action of Glucocorticoids

423

(1)

Physiologic Effects of Glucocorticoids

423

(3)

Therapeutic Glucocorticoid Agents

426

(2)

Clinical Uses of Glucocorticoids

428

(2)

Glucocorticoid Use in Endocrine Conditions

428

(1)

Use in Nonendocrine Conditions

429

(1)

Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids

430

(1)

Adrenocortial Suppression

430

(1)

Drug-Induced Cushing's Syndrome

430

(1)

Breakdown of Supporting Tissues

431

(1)

Other Adverse Effects

431

(1)

Drugs That Inhibit Adrenocortical Hormone Biosynthesis

431

(1)

Mineralocorticoids

432

(1)

Regulation of Mineralocorticoid Secretion

432

(1)

Mechanism of Action and Physiologic Effects of Mineralocorticoids

433

(1)

Therapeutic Use of Mineralocorticoid Drugs

434

(1)

Mineralocorticoid Antagonists

434

(1)

Special Concerns of Adrenal Steroid Use in Rehabilitation Patients

434

(1)

Case Study

435

(4)

Adrenocorticosteroids

435

(4)

Chapter 30. Male and Female Hormones

439

(22)

Androgens

440

(2)

Source and Regulation of Androgen Synthesis

440

(1)

Physiologic Effects of Androgens

440

(2)

Pharmacologic Use of Androgens

442

(3)

Clinical Use of Androgens

442

(1)

Specific Agents

443

(1)

Adverse Effects of Clinical Androgen Use

444

(1)

Antiandrogens

444

(1)

Androgen Abuse

445

(3)

Nature of Androgen Abuse

445

(1)

Effects of Androgens on Athletic Performance

446

(1)

Adverse Effects of Androgen Abuse

447

(1)

Estrogen and Progesterone

448

(3)

Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone on Sexual Maturation

448

(1)

Regulation and Effects of Hormonal Synthesis During the Menstrual Cycle

449

(2)

Female Hormones in Pregnancy and Parturition

451

(1)

Pharmacologic Use of Estrogen and Progesterone

451

(3)

Conditions Treated with Estrogen and Progesterone

452

(1)

Specific Agents

452

(1)

Adverse Effects of Estrogen and Progesterone

453

(1)

Antiestrogens

454

(1)

Oral Contraceptives

454

(3)

Types of Contraceptive Preparations

454

(1)

Mechanism of Contraceptive Action

455

(1)

Adverse Effects of Oral Contraceptives

456

(1)

Special Concerns of Sex Hormone Pharmacology in Rehabilitation Patients

457

(1)

Case Study

457

(4)

Male and Female Hormones

457

(4)

Chapter 31. Thyroid and Parathyroid Drugs: Agents Affecting Bone Mineralization

461

(17)

Function of the Thyroid Gland

461

(3)

Synthesis of Thyroid Hormones

462

(1)

Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Release

463

(1)

Physiologic Effects of Thyroid Hormones

464

(1)

Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones

464

(1)

Treatment of Thyroid Disorders

464

(4)

Hyperthyroidism

465

(2)

Hypothyroidism

467

(1)

Function of the Parathyroid Glands

468

(1)

Parathyroid Hormone

468

(1)

Regulation of Bone Mineral Homeostasis

469

(1)

Pharmacologic Control of the Bone Mineral Homeostasis

470

(4)

Calcuium Supplements

471

(1)

Vitamin D

472

(1)

Diphosphonates

473

(1)

Calcitonin

473

(1)

Estrogen

474

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

474

(1)

Case Study

475

(3)

Agents Affecting Bone Mineral Metabolism

475

(3)

Chapter 32. Pancreatic Hormones and the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

478

(21)

Structure and Function of the Endocrine Pancreas

478

(1)

Insulin

479

(1)

Cellular Mechanism of Insulin Action

480

(1)

Glucagon

480

(2)

Control of Insulin and Glucagon Release

482

(1)

Diabetes Mellitus

483

(3)

Type I Diabetes

484

(1)

Type II Diabetes

484

(1)

Effects and Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

485

(1)

Use of Insulin in Diabetes Mellitus

486

(3)

Therapeutic Effects and Rationale for Use

486

(1)

Insulin Preparations

486

(1)

Administration of Insulin

487

(1)

Intensive Insulin Therapy

488

(1)

Adverse Effects of Insulin Therapy

489

(1)

Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs

489

(2)

Mechanism of Action and Rationale for Use

489

(1)

Specific Agents

490

(1)

Adverse Effects

490

(1)

Other Drugs Used in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

491

(1)

Glucagon

491

(1)

Cyclosporine

491

(1)

Aldose Reductase Inhibitors

491

(1)

Nonpharmacologic Intervention in Diabetes Mellitus

492

(1)

Dietary Management and Weight Reduction

492

(1)

Exercise

492

(1)

Islet Cell Transplants and Gene Therapy

492

(1)

Significance of Diabetes Mellitus in Rehabilitation

492

(1)

Case Study

493

(6)

Diabetes Mellitus

493

(6)

SECTION VIII Chemotherapy of Infectious and Neoplastic Diseases

499

(98)

Chapter 33. Treatment of Infections I: Antibacterial Drugs

501

(27)

Bacteria: Basic Concepts

502

(2)

Bacterial Structure and Function

502

(1)

Pathogenic Effects of Bacteria

502

(1)

Bacterial Nomenclature and Classification

503

(1)

Treatment of Bacterial Infections: Basic Principles

504

(1)

Spectrum of Antibacterial Activity

504

(1)

Bactericidal Versus Bacteriostatic Activity

504

(1)

Basic Mechanisme of Antibacterial Drugs

504

(4)

Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis and Function

504

(2)

Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

506

(1)

Inhibition of Bacterial DNA/RNA Synthesis and Function

506

(2)

Specific Antibacterial Agents

508

(1)

Antibacterial Drugs That Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis and Function

508

(7)

Penicillins

508

(2)

Cephalosporins

510

(1)

Other Agents That Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis

511

(4)

Drugs That Inhibit Bacterial Protein Synthesis

515

(4)

Aminoglycosides

515

(2)

Erythromtycins

517

(1)

Tetracyclines

517

(1)

Other Agents That Inhibit Bacterial Protein Synthesis

518

(1)

Drugs That Inhibit Bacterial DNA/RNA Synthesis and Function

519

(3)

Aminosalicyclic Acid

519

(1)

Clofazimine

520

(1)

Depsone

520

(1)

Ethambutol

520

(1)

Fluroquinolones

520

(1)

Metronidazole

521

(1)

Rifampin

521

(1)

Sulfonamides

521

(1)

Trimethoprim

522

(1)

Other Antibacterial Drugs

522

(2)

Capreomycin

522

(1)

Isoniazid

523

(1)

Methenamine

523

(1)

Pyrazinamide

523

(1)

Nitrofurantion

523

(1)

Clinical Use of Antibacterial Drugs: Relationship to Specific Bacterial Infections

524

(1)

Resistance to Antibacterial Drugs

524

(1)

Special Concerns in Rehabilitation Patients

525

(1)

Case Study

526

(2)

Antibacterial Drugs

526

(2)

Chapter 34. Treatment of Infections II: Antiviral Drugs

528

(19)

Viral Structure and Function

528

(3)

Classification of Viruses

528

(1)

Characteristics of Viruses

529

(1)

Viral Replication

530

(1)

Specific Antiviral Drugs

531

(6)

Acyclovir

531

(2)

Amantadine

533

(1)

Didanosine

533

(1)

Foscarnet

534

(1)

Genaciclovir

534

(1)

Ribavirin

535

(1)

Vidarabine

535

(1)

Zalcitabine

535

(1)

Zidovudine

536

(1)

Controlling Viral Infection with Vaccines

537

(1)

Interferons

537

(2)

Synthesis and Cellular Effects of Interferons

538

(1)

Pharmacologic Applications of Interferons

539

(1)

HIV and the Treatment of AIDS

539

(4)

Inhibiting HIV Proliferation in Infected Individuals

540

(2)

Management of Opportunistic Infections

542

(1)

Relevence of Antiviral Chemotherapy in Rehabilitation Patients

543

(1)

Case Study

543

(4)

Antiviral Drugs

543

(4)

Chapter 35. Treatment of Infections III: Antifungal and Antiparasitic Drugs

547

(17)

Antifungal Agents

547

(5)

Amphotericin B

548

(1)

Clotrimazole

549

(1)

Fluconazole

549

(1)

Flucytosine

550

(1)

Griseofulvin

550

(1)

Itraconazole

550

(1)

Ketoconazole

551

(1)

Miconazole

551

(1)

Nystatin

551

(1)


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