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1 | (15) |
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Essay A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Life's levels of organization define the scope of biology |
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2 | (1) |
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Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs |
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3 | (1) |
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Cells are the structural and functional units of life |
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4 | (1) |
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Evolution, Unity, and Diversity |
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4 | (1) |
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The unity of life: All forms of life have common features |
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4 | (2) |
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The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains |
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6 | (2) |
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Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature |
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9 | (1) |
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With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses |
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10 | (2) |
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Biology and Everyday Life |
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12 | (1) |
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Connection Biology is connected to our lives in many ways |
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12 | (4) |
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13 | (3) |
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UNIT I The Life of the Cell |
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The Chemical Basis of Life |
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16 | (16) |
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Essay Nature's Chemical Language |
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16 | (2) |
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Elements, Atoms, and Molecules |
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18 | (1) |
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Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements |
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18 | (1) |
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Connection Trace elements are common additives to food and water |
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18 | (1) |
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Elements can combine to form compounds |
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19 | (1) |
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Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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20 | (1) |
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Connection Radioactive isotopes can help or harm us |
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21 | (1) |
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Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom |
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22 | (1) |
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Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge |
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22 | (1) |
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Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing |
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23 | (1) |
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Unequal electron sharing creates polar molecules |
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24 | (1) |
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Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life |
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24 | (1) |
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Water's Life-Supporting Properties |
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25 | (1) |
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Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive |
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25 | (1) |
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Water's hydrogen bonds moderate temperature |
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25 | (1) |
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Ice is less dense than liquid water |
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26 | (1) |
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Water is the solvent of life |
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26 | (1) |
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The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions |
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27 | (1) |
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Connection Acid precipitation threatens the environment |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Chemical reactions change the composition of matter |
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29 | (3) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (18) |
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32 | (2) |
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Introduction to Organic Compounds |
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34 | (1) |
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Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon |
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34 | (1) |
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Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds |
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35 | (1) |
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Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates |
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37 | (1) |
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Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides |
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38 | (1) |
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Connection How sweet is sweet? |
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38 | (1) |
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Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules |
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40 | (1) |
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Phospholipids, waxes, and steroids are lipids with a variety of functions |
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41 | (1) |
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Connection Anabolic steroids pose health risks |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of life |
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42 | (1) |
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Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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42 | (1) |
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A protein's specific shape determines its function |
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43 | (1) |
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A protein's shape depends on four levels of structure |
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44 | (2) |
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Talking About Science Linus Pauling contributed to our understanding of the chemistry of life |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides |
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47 | (3) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (20) |
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Essay The Art of Looking at Cells |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell |
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52 | (2) |
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Most cells are microscopic |
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54 | (1) |
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Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells |
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55 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments |
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56 | (2) |
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Organelles of the Endomembrane System |
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58 | (1) |
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The nucleus is the cell's genetic control center |
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58 | (1) |
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Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system |
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58 | (1) |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a variety of functions |
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58 | (1) |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum makes membrane and proteins |
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59 | (1) |
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The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products |
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60 | (1) |
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Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell |
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60 | (1) |
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Connection Abnormal lysosomes can cause fatal diseases |
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61 | (1) |
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Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell |
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62 | (1) |
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A review of the endomembrane system |
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62 | (1) |
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Energy-Converting Organelles |
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63 | (1) |
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Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy |
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63 | (1) |
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Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food |
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63 | (1) |
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The Cytoskeleton and Related Structures |
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64 | (1) |
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The cell's internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities |
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64 | (1) |
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Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend |
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65 | (1) |
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Cell Surfaces and Junctions |
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66 | (1) |
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Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells |
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66 | (1) |
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Functional Categories of Organelles |
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67 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories |
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67 | (3) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (18) |
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Essay Cool ``Fires'' Attract Mates and Meals |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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Energy is the capacity to perform work |
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72 | (1) |
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Two laws govern energy transformations |
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73 | (2) |
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Chemical reactions either store or release energy |
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75 | (1) |
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ATP shuttles chemical energy and drives cellular work |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Enzymes speed up the cell's chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers |
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76 | (1) |
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A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction |
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77 | (1) |
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The cellular environment affects enzyme activity |
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77 | (1) |
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Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action |
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78 | (1) |
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Connection Many poisons, pesticides, and drugs are enzyme inhibitors |
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78 | (1) |
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Membrane Structure and Function |
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79 | (1) |
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Membranes organize the chemical activities of cells |
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79 | (1) |
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Membrane phospholipids form a bilayer |
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79 | (1) |
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The membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins |
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80 | (1) |
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Proteins make the membrane a mosaic of function |
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80 | (1) |
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Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane |
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81 | (1) |
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Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes |
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82 | (1) |
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Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane |
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82 | (1) |
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Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms |
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83 | (1) |
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Cells expend energy for active transport |
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84 | (1) |
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Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
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84 | (1) |
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Connection Faulty membranes can overload the blood with cholesterol |
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85 | (1) |
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Chloroplasts and mitochondria make energy available for cellular work |
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86 | (2) |
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86 | (2) |
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How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy |
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88 | (18) |
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Essay How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? |
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88 | (2) |
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Introduction to Cellular Respiration |
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90 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life |
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90 | (1) |
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Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells and removes carbon dioxide |
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90 | (1) |
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Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules |
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91 | (1) |
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Connection The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities |
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91 | (1) |
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Cells tap energy from electrons ``falling'' from organic fuels to oxygen |
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92 | (1) |
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Stages of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation |
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93 | (1) |
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Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages |
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93 | (1) |
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Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate |
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94 | (2) |
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Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle |
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96 | (1) |
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The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules |
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96 | (2) |
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Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
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98 | (1) |
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Connection Certain poisons interrupt critical events in cellular respiration |
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99 | (1) |
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Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP |
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100 | (1) |
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Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration |
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101 | (1) |
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Interconnections Between Molecular Breakdown and Synthesis |
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102 | (1) |
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Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration |
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102 | (1) |
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Food molecules provide raw materials for biosynthesis |
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103 | (1) |
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The fuel for respiration ultimately comes from photosynthesis |
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103 | (3) |
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104 | (2) |
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Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food |
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106 | (18) |
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106 | (2) |
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An Overview of Photosynthesis |
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108 | (1) |
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Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere |
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108 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts |
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109 | (1) |
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Plants produce O2 gas by splitting water |
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110 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular respiration |
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110 | (1) |
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Overview: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages linked by ATP and NADPH |
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111 | (1) |
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The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy |
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112 | (1) |
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Visible radiation drives the light reactions |
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112 | (1) |
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Photosystems capture solar power |
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113 | (1) |
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In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH |
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114 | (1) |
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Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light reactions |
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115 | (1) |
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The Calvin Cycle: Converting CO2 to Sugars |
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116 | (1) |
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ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle |
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116 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis Reviewed and Extended |
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117 | (1) |
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Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food molecules |
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117 | (1) |
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C4 and CAM plants have special adaptations that save water |
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118 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis, Solar Radiation, and Earth's Atmosphere |
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119 | (1) |
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Connection Photosynthesis moderates global warming |
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119 | (1) |
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Talking About Science Mario Molina talks about Earth's protective ozone layer |
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120 | (4) |
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121 | (3) |
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UNIT II Cellular Reproduction and Genetics |
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The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance |
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124 | (28) |
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124 | (2) |
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Connections Between Cell Division and Reproduction |
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126 | (1) |
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Like begets like, more or less |
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126 | (1) |
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Cells arise only from preexisting cells |
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127 | (1) |
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Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission |
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127 | (1) |
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The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis |
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128 | (1) |
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The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division |
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128 | (1) |
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The cell cycle multiplies cells |
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129 | (1) |
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Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes |
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130 | (2) |
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Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells |
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132 | (1) |
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Anchorage, cell density, and chemical growth factors affect cell division |
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133 | (1) |
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Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system |
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134 | (1) |
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Connection Growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors |
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135 | (1) |
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Review of the functions of mitosis: Growth, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction |
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136 | (1) |
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Meiosis and Crossing Over |
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136 | (1) |
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Chromosomes are matched in homologous pairs |
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136 | (1) |
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Gametes have a single set of chromosomes |
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137 | (1) |
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Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
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138 | (2) |
|
Review: A comparison of mitosis and meiosis |
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140 | (1) |
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Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring |
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141 | (1) |
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Homologous chromosomes carry different versions of genes |
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142 | (1) |
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Crossing over further increases genetic variability |
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142 | (2) |
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Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure |
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144 | (1) |
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A karyotype is a photographic inventory of an individual's chromosomes |
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144 | (1) |
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Connection An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome |
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145 | (1) |
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Accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome number |
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146 | (1) |
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Connection Abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes do not usually affect survival |
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147 | (1) |
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Connection Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer |
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148 | (4) |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (28) |
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Essay Purebreds and Mutts---A Difference of Heredity |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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The science of genetics has ancient roots |
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154 | (1) |
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Experimental genetics began in an abbey garden |
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154 | (2) |
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Mendel's law of segregation describes the inheritance of a single characteristic |
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156 | (1) |
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Homologous chromosomes bear the two alleles for each characteristic |
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157 | (1) |
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The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characteristics at once |
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158 | (1) |
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Geneticists use the testcross to determine unknown genotypes |
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159 | (1) |
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Mendel's laws reflect the rules of probability |
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160 | (1) |
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Connection Genetic traits in humans can be tracked through family pedigrees |
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161 | (1) |
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Connection Many inherited disorders in humans are controlled by a single gene |
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162 | (2) |
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Connection New technologies can provide insight into one's genetic legacy |
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164 | (2) |
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Variations on Mendel's Laws |
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166 | (1) |
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The relationship of genotype to phenotype is rarely simple |
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166 | (1) |
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Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes |
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166 | (1) |
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Many genes have more than two alleles in the population |
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167 | (1) |
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A single gene may affect many phenotypic characteristics |
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168 | (1) |
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A single characteristic may be influenced by many genes |
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169 | (1) |
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The environment affects many characteristics |
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170 | (1) |
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Connection Genetic testing can detect disease-causing alleles |
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170 | (1) |
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The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance |
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171 | (1) |
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Chromosome behavior accounts for Mendel's laws |
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171 | (1) |
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Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together |
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172 | (1) |
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Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles |
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172 | (2) |
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Geneticists use crossover data to map genes |
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174 | (1) |
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Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes |
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175 | (1) |
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Chromosomes determine sex in many species |
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175 | (1) |
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Sex-linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of inheritance |
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176 | (1) |
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Connection Sex-linked disorders affect mostly males |
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177 | (3) |
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178 | (2) |
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Molecular Biology of the Gene |
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180 | (28) |
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Essay Sabotage Inside Our Cells |
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180 | (2) |
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The Structure of the Genetic Material |
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182 | (1) |
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Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material |
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182 | (2) |
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DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides |
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184 | (2) |
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DNA is a double-stranded helix |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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DNA replication depends on specific base pairing |
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188 | (1) |
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DNA replication: A closer look |
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189 | (1) |
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The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein |
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190 | (1) |
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The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits |
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190 | (1) |
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Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences |
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191 | (1) |
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The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life |
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192 | (1) |
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Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA |
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193 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus |
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194 | (1) |
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Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation |
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194 | (2) |
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Ribosomes build polypeptides |
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196 | (1) |
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An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message |
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196 | (1) |
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Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation |
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197 | (1) |
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Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein |
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198 | (1) |
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Mutations can change the meaning of genes |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
|
Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
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200 | (1) |
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Connection Many viruses cause disease in animals |
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201 | (1) |
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Connection Plant viruses are serious agricultural pests |
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202 | (1) |
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Connection Emerging viruses threaten human health |
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202 | (1) |
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The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template |
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203 | (1) |
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Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways |
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204 | (1) |
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Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer |
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205 | (3) |
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206 | (2) |
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The Control of Gene Expression |
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208 | (22) |
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Essay to Clone or Not to Clone? |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes |
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210 | (2) |
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Differentiation yields a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes |
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212 | (1) |
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Differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential |
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212 | (1) |
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DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression |
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213 | (1) |
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In female mammals, one X chromosome is inactive in each cell |
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214 | (1) |
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Complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic transcription |
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214 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way |
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215 | (1) |
|
Translation and later stages of gene expression are also subject to regulation |
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216 | (1) |
|
Review: Multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression in eukaryotes |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
|
Nuclear transplantation can be used to clone animals |
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218 | (1) |
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Connection Reproductive cloning has valuable applications, but human reproductive cloning raises ethical issues |
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218 | (1) |
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Connection Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential |
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219 | (1) |
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The Genetic Control of Embryonic Development |
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220 | (1) |
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Cascades of gene expression and cell-to-cell signaling direct the development of an animal |
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220 | (1) |
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Signal transduction pathways convert messages received at the cell surface to responses within the cell |
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221 | (1) |
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Key developmental genes are very ancient |
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222 | (1) |
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The Genetic Basis of Cancer |
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222 | (1) |
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Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division |
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222 | (2) |
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Oncogene proteins and faulty tumor-suppressor proteins can interfere with normal signal transduction pathways |
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224 | (1) |
|
Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of cancer |
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225 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science Mary-Claire King discusses mutations that cause breast cancer |
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226 | (1) |
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Connection Avoiding carcinogens can reduce the risk of cancer |
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227 | (3) |
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228 | (2) |
|
DNA Technology and Genomics |
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230 | (24) |
|
Essay DNA and Crime Scene Investigations |
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230 | (2) |
|
Bacterial Plasmids and Gene Cloning |
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232 | (1) |
|
Plasmids are used to customize bacteria: An overview |
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232 | (1) |
|
Enzymes are used to ``cut and paste'' DNA |
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233 | (1) |
|
Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids: A closer look |
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234 | (1) |
|
Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries |
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235 | (1) |
|
Reverse transcriptase helps make genes for cloning |
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235 | (1) |
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Connection Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products |
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236 | (1) |
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Connection DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry and medicine |
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237 | (1) |
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Restriction Fragment Analysis and DNA Fingerprinting |
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238 | (1) |
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Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes |
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238 | (1) |
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Connection DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once |
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238 | (1) |
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Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size |
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239 | (1) |
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Restriction fragment length polymorphisms can be used to detect differences in DNA sequences |
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240 | (2) |
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Connection DNA technology is used in courts of law |
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242 | (1) |
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Connection Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases |
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243 | (1) |
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The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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Connection The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology |
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244 | (1) |
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Most of the human genome does not consist of genes |
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245 | (1) |
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Connection The science of genomics compares whole genomes |
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246 | (1) |
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Genetically Modified Organisms |
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247 | (1) |
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Connection Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture |
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247 | (1) |
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Connection Could GM organisms harm human health or the environment? |
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248 | (1) |
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Talking About Science Genomics researcher Eric Lander discusses the Human Genome Project |
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249 | (5) |
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249 | (5) |
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UNIT III Concepts of Evolution |
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254 | (24) |
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Essay Clown, Fool, or Simply Well Adapted? |
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254 | (2) |
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Darwin's Theory of Evolution |
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256 | (1) |
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A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution |
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256 | (2) |
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Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution |
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258 | (2) |
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The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution |
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260 | (2) |
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A mass of other evidence reinforces the evolutionary view of life |
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262 | (2) |
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Connection Scientists can observe natural selection in action |
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264 | (1) |
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Population Genetics and The Modern Synthesis |
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265 | (1) |
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Populations are the units of evolution |
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265 | (1) |
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The gene pool of a nonevolving population remains constant over the generations |
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266 | (1) |
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Connection The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science |
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267 | (1) |
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In addition to natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow can contribute to evolution |
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268 | (1) |
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Connection Endangered species often have reduced variation |
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269 | (1) |
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Variation and Natural Selection |
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270 | (1) |
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Variation is extensive in most populations |
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270 | (1) |
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Mutation and sexual recombination generate variation |
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270 | (2) |
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Connection The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a serious public health concern |
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272 | (1) |
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Diploidy and balancing selection preserve variation |
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272 | (1) |
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The perpetuation of genes defines evolutionary fitness |
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273 | (1) |
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Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways |
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274 | (1) |
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Sexual selection may produce sexual dimorphism |
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275 | (1) |
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Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms |
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275 | (3) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (18) |
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278 | (2) |
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The origin of species is the source of biological diversity |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
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Reproductive barriers keep species separate |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (1) |
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Geographic isolation can lead to speciation |
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284 | (1) |
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Reproductive barriers may evolve as populations diverge |
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285 | (1) |
|
New species can arise within the same geographic area as the parent species |
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286 | (1) |
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Connection Polyploid plants clothe and feed us |
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287 | (1) |
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Adaptive radiation may occur in new or newly vacated habitats |
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288 | (1) |
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Talking About Science Peter and Rosemary Grant study the evolution of Darwin's finches |
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289 | (1) |
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The tempo of speciation can appear steady or jumpy |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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Evolutionary novelties may arise in several ways |
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291 | (1) |
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Genes that control development are important in evolution |
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292 | (1) |
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Evolutionary trends do not mean that evolution is goal directed |
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293 | (3) |
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294 | (2) |
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Tracing Evolutionary History |
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296 | (18) |
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Essay Are Birds Really Dinosaurs with Feathers? |
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296 | (2) |
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Macroevolution and Earth's History |
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298 | (1) |
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The fossil record chronicles macroevolution |
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298 | (1) |
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The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time |
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299 | (1) |
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Continental drift has played a major role in macro-evolution |
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300 | (2) |
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Connection Tectonic trauma imperils local life |
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302 | (1) |
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Mass extinctions were followed by diversification of life-forms |
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302 | (2) |
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Phylogeny and Systematics |
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304 | (1) |
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Phylogenies are based on homologies in fossils and living organisms |
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304 | (1) |
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Systematics connects classification with evolutionary history |
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304 | (2) |
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Cladograms are diagrams based on shared characters among species |
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306 | (2) |
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Molecular biology is a powerful tool in systematics |
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308 | (2) |
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Arranging life into kingdoms is a work in progress |
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310 | (4) |
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311 | (3) |
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UNIT IV The Evolution of Biological Diversity |
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The Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists |
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314 | (28) |
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Essay How Ancient Bacteria Changed the World |
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314 | (2) |
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Early Earth and the Origin of Life |
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316 | (1) |
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Life began on a young Earth |
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316 | (2) |
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318 | (1) |
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Talking About Science Stanley Miller's experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth |
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318 | (2) |
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The first polymers may have formed on hot rocks or clay |
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320 | (1) |
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The first genetic material and enzymes may both have been RNA |
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320 | (1) |
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Membrane-enclosed molecular cooperatives may have preceded the first cells |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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Prokaryotes have inhabited Earth for billions of years |
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322 | (1) |
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Bacteria and archaea are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution |
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322 | (1) |
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Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes |
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323 | (1) |
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Various structural features contribute to the success of prokaryotes |
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324 | (2) |
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Prokaryotes obtain nourishment in a variety of ways |
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326 | (1) |
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Archaea thrive in extreme environments-and in other habitats |
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327 | (1) |
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Bacteria include a diverse assemblage of prokaryotes |
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328 | (1) |
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Connection Some bacteria cause disease |
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329 | (1) |
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Connection Bacteria can be used as biological weapons |
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330 | (1) |
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Connection Prokaryotes help recycle chemicals and clean up the environment |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (1) |
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The eukaryotic cell probably originated as a community of prokaryotes |
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332 | (1) |
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Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of eukaryotes |
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333 | (1) |
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A tentative phylogeny of eukaryotes includes multiple clades of protists |
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334 | (1) |
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Diplomonads and euglenozoans include some flagellated parasites |
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334 | (1) |
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Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma membrane and include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates |
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335 | (1) |
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Stramenopiles are named for their ``hairy'' flagella and include the water molds, diatoms, and brown algae |
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336 | (1) |
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Amoebozoans have pseudopodia and include amoebas and slime molds |
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337 | (1) |
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Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants |
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338 | (1) |
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Multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes |
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339 | (3) |
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340 | (2) |
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Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land |
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342 | (24) |
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Essay Plants and Fungi-A Beneficial Partnership |
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342 | (2) |
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Plant Evolution and Diversity |
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344 | (1) |
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Plants evolved from green algae |
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344 | (1) |
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Plants have adaptations for life on land |
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344 | (2) |
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Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom |
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346 | (2) |
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Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles |
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348 | (1) |
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Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles |
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348 | (1) |
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Mosses have a dominant gametophyte |
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348 | (1) |
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Ferns, like most plants, have a dominant sporophyte |
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349 | (1) |
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Seedless plants dominated vast ``coal forests'' |
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350 | (1) |
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A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones |
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350 | (2) |
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The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction |
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352 | (1) |
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The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers |
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352 | (2) |
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The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal |
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354 | (1) |
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Connection Agriculture is based almost entirely on angiosperms |
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354 | (1) |
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Interactions with animals have profoundly influenced angiosperm evolution |
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355 | (1) |
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Connection Plant diversity is a nonrenewable resource |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies |
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357 | (1) |
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Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles |
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358 | (1) |
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Fungi can be classified into five groups |
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358 | (2) |
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Fungal groups differ in their life cycles and reproductive structures |
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360 | (1) |
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Connection Parasitic fungi harm plants and animals |
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361 | (1) |
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Lichens consist of fungi living mutualistically with photosynthetic organisms |
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362 | (1) |
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Fungi also form mutualistic relationships with animals |
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362 | (1) |
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Connection Fungi have enormous ecological benefits and practical uses |
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363 | (3) |
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364 | (2) |
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The Evolution of Animal Diversity |
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366 | (32) |
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366 | (2) |
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Animal Evolution and Diversity |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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The ancestor of animals was probably a colonial, flagellated protist |
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369 | (1) |
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Animals can be characterized by basic features of their ``body plan'' |
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370 | (1) |
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The body plans of animals can be used to build phylogenetic trees |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
|
Sponges have a relatively simple, porous body |
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