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1 | (15) |
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Essay A Big-Billed Bird Rebounds |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Life's levels of organization define the scope of biology |
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2 | (1) |
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Living organisms and their environments form interconnecting webs |
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3 | (1) |
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Cells are the structural and functional units of life |
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4 | (1) |
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Evolution, Unity, and Diversity |
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4 | (1) |
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The unity of life: All forms of life have common features |
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4 | (2) |
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The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains |
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6 | (2) |
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Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature |
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9 | (1) |
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With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses |
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10 | (2) |
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Biology and Everyday Life |
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12 | (1) |
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Connection Biology is connected to our lives in many ways |
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12 | (4) |
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13 | (3) |
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UNIT I The Life of the Cell |
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The Chemical Basis of Life |
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16 | (16) |
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Essay Nature's Chemical Language |
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16 | (2) |
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Elements, Atoms, and Molecules |
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18 | (1) |
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Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements |
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18 | (1) |
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Connection Trace elements are common additives to food and water |
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18 | (1) |
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Elements can combine to form compounds |
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19 | (1) |
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Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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20 | (1) |
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Connection Radioactive isotopes can help or harm us |
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21 | (1) |
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Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom |
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22 | (1) |
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Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge |
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22 | (1) |
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Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing |
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23 | (1) |
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Unequal electron sharing creates polar molecules |
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24 | (1) |
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Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life |
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24 | (1) |
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Water's Life-Supporting Properties |
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25 | (1) |
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Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive |
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25 | (1) |
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Water's hydrogen bonds moderate temperature |
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25 | (1) |
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Ice is less dense than liquid water |
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26 | (1) |
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Water is the solvent of life |
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26 | (1) |
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The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions |
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27 | (1) |
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Connection Acid precipitation threatens the environment |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Chemical reactions change the composition of matter |
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29 | (3) |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (18) |
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32 | (2) |
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Introduction to Organic Compounds |
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34 | (1) |
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Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon |
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34 | (1) |
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Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds |
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35 | (1) |
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Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates |
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37 | (1) |
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Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides |
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38 | (1) |
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Connection How sweet is sweet? |
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38 | (1) |
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Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules |
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40 | (1) |
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Phospholipids, waxes, and steroids are lipids with a variety of functions |
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41 | (1) |
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Connection Anabolic steroids pose health risks |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Proteins are essential to the structures and activities of life |
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42 | (1) |
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Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
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42 | (1) |
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A protein's specific shape determines its function |
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43 | (1) |
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A protein's shape depends on four levels of structure |
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44 | (2) |
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Talking About Science Linus Pauling contributed to our understanding of the chemistry of life |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides |
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47 | (3) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (20) |
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Essay The Art of Looking at Cells |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell |
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52 | (2) |
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Most cells are microscopic |
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54 | (1) |
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Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells |
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55 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments |
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56 | (2) |
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Organelles of the Endomembrane System |
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58 | (1) |
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The nucleus is the cell's genetic control center |
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58 | (1) |
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Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system |
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58 | (1) |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has a variety of functions |
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58 | (1) |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum makes membrane and proteins |
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59 | (1) |
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The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products |
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60 | (1) |
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Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell |
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60 | (1) |
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Connection Abnormal lysosomes can cause fatal diseases |
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61 | (1) |
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Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell |
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62 | (1) |
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A review of the endomembrane system |
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62 | (1) |
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Energy-Converting Organelles |
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63 | (1) |
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Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy |
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63 | (1) |
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Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food |
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63 | (1) |
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The Cytoskeleton and Related Structures |
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64 | (1) |
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The cell's internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities |
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64 | (1) |
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Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend |
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65 | (1) |
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Cell Surfaces and Junctions |
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66 | (1) |
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Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells |
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66 | (1) |
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Functional Categories of Organelles |
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67 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic organelles comprise four functional categories |
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67 | (3) |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (18) |
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Essay Cool ``Fires'' Attract Mates and Meals |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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Energy is the capacity to perform work |
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72 | (1) |
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Two laws govern energy transformations |
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73 | (2) |
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Chemical reactions either store or release energy |
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75 | (1) |
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ATP shuttles chemical energy and drives cellular work |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Enzymes speed up the cell's chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers |
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76 | (1) |
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A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction |
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77 | (1) |
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The cellular environment affects enzyme activity |
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77 | (1) |
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Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action |
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78 | (1) |
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Connection Many poisons, pesticides, and drugs are enzyme inhibitors |
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78 | (1) |
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Membrane Structure and Function |
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79 | (1) |
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Membranes organize the chemical activities of cells |
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79 | (1) |
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Membrane phospholipids form a bilayer |
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79 | (1) |
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The membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins |
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80 | (1) |
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Proteins make the membrane a mosaic of function |
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80 | (1) |
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Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane |
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81 | (1) |
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Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes |
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82 | (1) |
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Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane |
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82 | (1) |
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Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms |
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83 | (1) |
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Cells expend energy for active transport |
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84 | (1) |
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Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
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84 | (1) |
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Connection Faulty membranes can overload the blood with cholesterol |
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85 | (1) |
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Chloroplasts and mitochondria make energy available for cellular work |
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86 | (2) |
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86 | (2) |
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How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy |
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88 | (18) |
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Essay How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? |
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88 | (2) |
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Introduction to Cellular Respiration |
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90 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life |
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90 | (1) |
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Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells and removes carbon dioxide |
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90 | (1) |
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Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules |
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91 | (1) |
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Connection The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities |
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91 | (1) |
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Cells tap energy from electrons ``falling'' from organic fuels to oxygen |
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92 | (1) |
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Stages of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation |
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93 | (1) |
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Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages |
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93 | (1) |
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Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate |
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94 | (2) |
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Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle |
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96 | (1) |
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The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules |
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96 | (2) |
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Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
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98 | (1) |
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Connection Certain poisons interrupt critical events in cellular respiration |
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99 | (1) |
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Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP |
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100 | (1) |
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Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration |
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101 | (1) |
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Interconnections Between Molecular Breakdown and Synthesis |
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102 | (1) |
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Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration |
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102 | (1) |
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Food molecules provide raw materials for biosynthesis |
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103 | (1) |
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The fuel for respiration ultimately comes from photosynthesis |
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103 | (3) |
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104 | (2) |
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Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food |
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106 | (18) |
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106 | (2) |
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An Overview of Photosynthesis |
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108 | (1) |
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Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere |
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108 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts |
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109 | (1) |
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Plants produce O2 gas by splitting water |
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110 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular respiration |
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110 | (1) |
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Overview: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages linked by ATP and NADPH |
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111 | (1) |
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The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy |
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112 | (1) |
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Visible radiation drives the light reactions |
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112 | (1) |
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Photosystems capture solar power |
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113 | (1) |
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In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH |
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114 | (1) |
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Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light reactions |
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115 | (1) |
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The Calvin Cycle: Converting CO2 to Sugars |
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116 | (1) |
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ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle |
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116 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis Reviewed and Extended |
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117 | (1) |
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Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food molecules |
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117 | (1) |
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C4 and CAM plants have special adaptations that save water |
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118 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis, Solar Radiation, and Earth's Atmosphere |
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119 | (1) |
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Connection Photosynthesis moderates global warming |
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119 | (1) |
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Talking About Science Mario Molina talks about Earth's protective ozone layer |
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120 | (4) |
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121 | (3) |
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UNIT II Cellular Reproduction and Genetics |
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The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance |
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124 | (28) |
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124 | (2) |
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Connections Between Cell Division and Reproduction |
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126 | (1) |
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Like begets like, more or less |
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126 | (1) |
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Cells arise only from preexisting cells |
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127 | (1) |
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Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission |
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127 | (1) |
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The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis |
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128 | (1) |
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The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division |
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128 | (1) |
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The cell cycle multiplies cells |
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129 | (1) |
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Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes |
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130 | (2) |
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Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells |
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132 | (1) |
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Anchorage, cell density, and chemical growth factors affect cell division |
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133 | (1) |
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Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system |
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134 | (1) |
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Connection Growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors |
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135 | (1) |
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Review of the functions of mitosis: Growth, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction |
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136 | (1) |
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Meiosis and Crossing Over |
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136 | (1) |
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Chromosomes are matched in homologous pairs |
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136 | (1) |
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Gametes have a single set of chromosomes |
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137 | (1) |
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Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
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138 | (2) |
|
Review: A comparison of mitosis and meiosis |
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140 | (1) |
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Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring |
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141 | (1) |
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Homologous chromosomes carry different versions of genes |
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142 | (1) |
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Crossing over further increases genetic variability |
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142 | (2) |
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Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure |
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144 | (1) |
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A karyotype is a photographic inventory of an individual's chromosomes |
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144 | (1) |
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Connection An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome |
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145 | (1) |
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Accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome number |
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146 | (1) |
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Connection Abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes do not usually affect survival |
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147 | (1) |
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Connection Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer |
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148 | (4) |
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149 | (3) |
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152 | (28) |
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Essay Purebreds and Mutts---A Difference of Heredity |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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The science of genetics has ancient roots |
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154 | (1) |
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Experimental genetics began in an abbey garden |
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154 | (2) |
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Mendel's law of segregation describes the inheritance of a single characteristic |
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156 | (1) |
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Homologous chromosomes bear the two alleles for each characteristic |
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157 | (1) |
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The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characteristics at once |
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158 | (1) |
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Geneticists use the testcross to determine unknown genotypes |
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159 | (1) |
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Mendel's laws reflect the rules of probability |
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160 | (1) |
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Connection Genetic traits in humans can be tracked through family pedigrees |
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161 | (1) |
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Connection Many inherited disorders in humans are controlled by a single gene |
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162 | (2) |
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Connection New technologies can provide insight into one's genetic legacy |
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164 | (2) |
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Variations on Mendel's Laws |
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166 | (1) |
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The relationship of genotype to phenotype is rarely simple |
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166 | (1) |
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Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes |
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166 | (1) |
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Many genes have more than two alleles in the population |
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167 | (1) |
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A single gene may affect many phenotypic characteristics |
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168 | (1) |
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A single characteristic may be influenced by many genes |
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169 | (1) |
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The environment affects many characteristics |
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170 | (1) |
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Connection Genetic testing can detect disease-causing alleles |
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170 | (1) |
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The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance |
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171 | (1) |
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Chromosome behavior accounts for Mendel's laws |
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171 | (1) |
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Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together |
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172 | (1) |
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Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles |
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172 | (2) |
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Geneticists use crossover data to map genes |
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174 | (1) |
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Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes |
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175 | (1) |
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Chromosomes determine sex in many species |
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175 | (1) |
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Sex-linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of inheritance |
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176 | (1) |
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Connection Sex-linked disorders affect mostly males |
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177 | (3) |
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178 | (2) |
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Molecular Biology of the Gene |
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180 | (28) |
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Essay Sabotage Inside Our Cells |
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180 | (2) |
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The Structure of the Genetic Material |
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182 | (1) |
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Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material |
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182 | (2) |
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DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides |
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184 | (2) |
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DNA is a double-stranded helix |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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DNA replication depends on specific base pairing |
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188 | (1) |
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DNA replication: A closer look |
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189 | (1) |
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The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein |
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190 | (1) |
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The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits |
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190 | (1) |
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Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences |
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191 | (1) |
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The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life |
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192 | (1) |
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Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA |
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193 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus |
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194 | (1) |
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Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation |
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194 | (2) |
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Ribosomes build polypeptides |
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196 | (1) |
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An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message |
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196 | (1) |
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Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation |
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197 | (1) |
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Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein |
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198 | (1) |
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Mutations can change the meaning of genes |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
|
Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
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200 | (1) |
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Connection Many viruses cause disease in animals |
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201 | (1) |
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Connection Plant viruses are serious agricultural pests |
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202 | (1) |
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Connection Emerging viruses threaten human health |
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202 | (1) |
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The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template |
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203 | (1) |
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Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways |
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204 | (1) |
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Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer |
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205 | (3) |
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206 | (2) |
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The Control of Gene Expression |
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208 | (22) |
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Essay to Clone or Not to Clone? |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes |
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210 | (2) |
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Differentiation yields a variety of cell types, each expressing a different combination of genes |
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212 | (1) |
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Differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential |
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212 | (1) |
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DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression |
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213 | (1) |
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In female mammals, one X chromosome is inactive in each cell |
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214 | (1) |
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Complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic transcription |
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214 | (1) |
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Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way |
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215 | (1) |
|
Translation and later stages of gene expression are also subject to regulation |
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216 | (1) |
|
Review: Multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression in eukaryotes |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
|
Nuclear transplantation can be used to clone animals |
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218 | (1) |
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Connection Reproductive cloning has valuable applications, but human reproductive cloning raises ethical issues |
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218 | (1) |
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Connection Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential |
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219 | (1) |
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The Genetic Control of Embryonic Development |
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220 | (1) |
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Cascades of gene expression and cell-to-cell signaling direct the development of an animal |
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220 | (1) |
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Signal transduction pathways convert messages received at the cell surface to responses within the cell |
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221 | (1) |
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Key developmental genes are very ancient |
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222 | (1) |
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The Genetic Basis of Cancer |
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222 | (1) |
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Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division |
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222 | (2) |
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Oncogene proteins and faulty tumor-suppressor proteins can interfere with normal signal transduction pathways |
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224 | (1) |
|
Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of cancer |
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225 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science Mary-Claire King discusses mutations that cause breast cancer |
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226 | (1) |
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Connection Avoiding carcinogens can reduce the risk of cancer |
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227 | (3) |
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228 | (2) |
|
DNA Technology and Genomics |
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230 | (24) |
|
Essay DNA and Crime Scene Investigations |
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230 | (2) |
|
Bacterial Plasmids and Gene Cloning |
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232 | (1) |
|
Plasmids are used to customize bacteria: An overview |
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232 | (1) |
|
Enzymes are used to ``cut and paste'' DNA |
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233 | (1) |
|
Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids: A closer look |
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234 | (1) |
|
Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries |
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235 | (1) |
|
Reverse transcriptase helps make genes for cloning |
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235 | (1) |
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Connection Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products |
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236 | (1) |
|
Connection DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry and medicine |
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237 | (1) |
|
Restriction Fragment Analysis and DNA Fingerprinting |
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238 | (1) |
|
Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes |
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238 | (1) |
|
Connection DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once |
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238 | (1) |
|
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size |
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239 | (1) |
|
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms can be used to detect differences in DNA sequences |
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240 | (2) |
|
Connection DNA technology is used in courts of law |
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242 | (1) |
|
Connection Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases |
|
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243 | (1) |
|
The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
|
Connection The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology |
|
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244 | (1) |
|
Most of the human genome does not consist of genes |
|
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245 | (1) |
|
Connection The science of genomics compares whole genomes |
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246 | (1) |
|
Genetically Modified Organisms |
|
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247 | (1) |
|
Connection Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture |
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247 | (1) |
|
Connection Could GM organisms harm human health or the environment? |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science Genomics researcher Eric Lander discusses the Human Genome Project |
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249 | (5) |
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249 | (5) |
|
UNIT III Concepts of Evolution |
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254 | (24) |
|
Essay Clown, Fool, or Simply Well Adapted? |
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254 | (2) |
|
Darwin's Theory of Evolution |
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|
256 | (1) |
|
A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution |
|
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256 | (2) |
|
Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution |
|
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258 | (2) |
|
The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution |
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|
260 | (2) |
|
A mass of other evidence reinforces the evolutionary view of life |
|
|
262 | (2) |
|
Connection Scientists can observe natural selection in action |
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264 | (1) |
|
Population Genetics and The Modern Synthesis |
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|
265 | (1) |
|
Populations are the units of evolution |
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265 | (1) |
|
The gene pool of a nonevolving population remains constant over the generations |
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|
266 | (1) |
|
Connection The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science |
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267 | (1) |
|
In addition to natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow can contribute to evolution |
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268 | (1) |
|
Connection Endangered species often have reduced variation |
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269 | (1) |
|
Variation and Natural Selection |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Variation is extensive in most populations |
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270 | (1) |
|
Mutation and sexual recombination generate variation |
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|
270 | (2) |
|
Connection The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a serious public health concern |
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272 | (1) |
|
Diploidy and balancing selection preserve variation |
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272 | (1) |
|
The perpetuation of genes defines evolutionary fitness |
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|
273 | (1) |
|
Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways |
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|
274 | (1) |
|
Sexual selection may produce sexual dimorphism |
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275 | (1) |
|
Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms |
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275 | (3) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (18) |
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278 | (2) |
|
The origin of species is the source of biological diversity |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (2) |
|
Reproductive barriers keep species separate |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (1) |
|
Geographic isolation can lead to speciation |
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284 | (1) |
|
Reproductive barriers may evolve as populations diverge |
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285 | (1) |
|
New species can arise within the same geographic area as the parent species |
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286 | (1) |
|
Connection Polyploid plants clothe and feed us |
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287 | (1) |
|
Adaptive radiation may occur in new or newly vacated habitats |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science Peter and Rosemary Grant study the evolution of Darwin's finches |
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289 | (1) |
|
The tempo of speciation can appear steady or jumpy |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
|
Evolutionary novelties may arise in several ways |
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291 | (1) |
|
Genes that control development are important in evolution |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Evolutionary trends do not mean that evolution is goal directed |
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293 | (3) |
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294 | (2) |
|
Tracing Evolutionary History |
|
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296 | (18) |
|
Essay Are Birds Really Dinosaurs with Feathers? |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
Macroevolution and Earth's History |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
The fossil record chronicles macroevolution |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Continental drift has played a major role in macro-evolution |
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|
300 | (2) |
|
Connection Tectonic trauma imperils local life |
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302 | (1) |
|
Mass extinctions were followed by diversification of life-forms |
|
|
302 | (2) |
|
Phylogeny and Systematics |
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|
304 | (1) |
|
Phylogenies are based on homologies in fossils and living organisms |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Systematics connects classification with evolutionary history |
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304 | (2) |
|
Cladograms are diagrams based on shared characters among species |
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|
306 | (2) |
|
Molecular biology is a powerful tool in systematics |
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
Arranging life into kingdoms is a work in progress |
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310 | (4) |
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311 | (3) |
|
UNIT IV The Evolution of Biological Diversity |
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|
|
The Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists |
|
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314 | (28) |
|
Essay How Ancient Bacteria Changed the World |
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314 | (2) |
|
Early Earth and the Origin of Life |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Life began on a young Earth |
|
|
316 | (2) |
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|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science Stanley Miller's experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
The first polymers may have formed on hot rocks or clay |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
The first genetic material and enzymes may both have been RNA |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Membrane-enclosed molecular cooperatives may have preceded the first cells |
|
|
321 | (1) |
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|
322 | (1) |
|
Prokaryotes have inhabited Earth for billions of years |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Bacteria and archaea are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Various structural features contribute to the success of prokaryotes |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
Prokaryotes obtain nourishment in a variety of ways |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Archaea thrive in extreme environments-and in other habitats |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Bacteria include a diverse assemblage of prokaryotes |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Connection Some bacteria cause disease |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Connection Bacteria can be used as biological weapons |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Connection Prokaryotes help recycle chemicals and clean up the environment |
|
|
330 | (2) |
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|
|
332 | (1) |
|
The eukaryotic cell probably originated as a community of prokaryotes |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of eukaryotes |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
A tentative phylogeny of eukaryotes includes multiple clades of protists |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Diplomonads and euglenozoans include some flagellated parasites |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma membrane and include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Stramenopiles are named for their ``hairy'' flagella and include the water molds, diatoms, and brown algae |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
Amoebozoans have pseudopodia and include amoebas and slime molds |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes |
|
|
339 | (3) |
|
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land |
|
|
342 | (24) |
|
Essay Plants and Fungi-A Beneficial Partnership |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
Plant Evolution and Diversity |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Plants evolved from green algae |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Plants have adaptations for life on land |
|
|
344 | (2) |
|
Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom |
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Mosses have a dominant gametophyte |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Ferns, like most plants, have a dominant sporophyte |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Seedless plants dominated vast ``coal forests'' |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers |
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Connection Agriculture is based almost entirely on angiosperms |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Interactions with animals have profoundly influenced angiosperm evolution |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Connection Plant diversity is a nonrenewable resource |
|
|
356 | (1) |
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|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Fungi can be classified into five groups |
|
|
358 | (2) |
|
Fungal groups differ in their life cycles and reproductive structures |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Connection Parasitic fungi harm plants and animals |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Lichens consist of fungi living mutualistically with photosynthetic organisms |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Fungi also form mutualistic relationships with animals |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Connection Fungi have enormous ecological benefits and practical uses |
|
|
363 | (3) |
|
|
|
364 | (2) |
|
The Evolution of Animal Diversity |
|
|
366 | (32) |
|
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
Animal Evolution and Diversity |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
The ancestor of animals was probably a colonial, flagellated protist |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Animals can be characterized by basic features of their ``body plan'' |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
The body plans of animals can be used to build phylogenetic trees |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Sponges have a relatively simple, porous body |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Flatworms are the simplest bilateral animals |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
Nematodes have a pseudocoelom and a complete digestive tract |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Diverse molluscs are variations on a common body plan |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
Annelids are segmented worms |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
Arthropods are segmented animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
Insects are the most diverse group of organisms |
|
|
382 | (2) |
|
Echinoderms have spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for movement |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Our own phylum, Chordata, is distinguished by four features |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Derived characters define the major clades of chordates |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Lampreys are vertebrates that lack hinged jaws |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-fins |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Amphibians were the first tetrapods-vertebrates with two pairs of limbs |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Reptiles are amniotes-tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
Animal Phylogeny and Diversity Revisited |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
An animal phylogenetic tree is a work in progress |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Connection Humans threaten animal diversity by introducing non-native species |
|
|
394 | (4) |
|
|
|
395 | (3) |
|
|
|
398 | (14) |
|
Essay How Are We Related to the Neanderthals? |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
The human story begins with our primate heritage |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Hominoids include humans and four other groups of apes |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
The human branch of the primate tree is only a few million years old |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Upright posture evolved well before an enlarged brain in hominids |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Larger brains and reduced sexual dimorphism mark the evolution of Homo |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
When and where did Homo sapiens arise? |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Connection Human skin colors reflect adaptations to varying amounts of sunlight |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Connection A genetic difference helped humans start speaking |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Our Cultural History and Its Consequences |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Culture gives humans enormous power to change the environment |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Scavenging, gathering, and hunting were the earliest human endeavors |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Agriculture was a major development in human history |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Development of complex tools affects human culture and the world |
|
|
408 | (4) |
|
|
|
409 | (3) |
|
UNIT V Animals: Form and Function |
|
|
|
Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function |
|
|
412 | (16) |
|
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization in an Animal |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Structure fits function in the animal body |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Animal structure has a hierarchy |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Muscle tissue functions in movement |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Nervous tissue forms a communication network |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Connection Artificial tissues have medical uses |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Organs are made up of tissues |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Organ systems work together to perform life's functions |
|
|
420 | (2) |
|
Connection New imaging technology reveals the inner body |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
Exchanges with the External Environment |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Structural adaptations enhance exchange between animals and their environment |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Animals regulate their internal environment |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Homeostasis depends on negative feedback |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
|
|
428 | (24) |
|
Essay Getting Their Fill of Krill |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
Obtaining and Processing Food |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Animals ingest their food in a variety of ways |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Overview: Food processing occurs in four stages |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Digestion occurs in specialized compartments |
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
The human digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Digestion begins in the oral cavity |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
The food and breathing passages both open into the pharynx |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Connection The Heimlich maneuver can save lives |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
The esophagus squeezes food along to the stomach by peristalsis |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
Connection Bacterial infections can cause ulcers |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
The small intestine is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Diets and Digestive Adaptations |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems reflect diet |
|
|
440 | (2) |
|
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Overview: A healthy diet satisfies three needs |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Chemical energy powers the body |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
An animal's diet must supply essential nutrients |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Connection Vegetarians must be sure to obtain all eight essential amino acids |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Essential minerals are required for many body functions |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Connection Do you need to take vitamin and mineral supplements? |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Connection What do food labels tell us? |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Connection Obesity is a human health problem |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Connection What are the health risks and benefits of fad diets? |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
Connection Diet can influence cardiovascular disease and cancer |
|
|
449 | (3) |
|
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
|
|
452 | (14) |
|
Essay Surviving in Thin Air |
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
Mechanisms of Gas Exchange |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Overview: Gas exchange involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces |
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic environments |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
The tracheal system of insects provides direct exchange between the air and body cells |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Terrestrial vertebrates have lungs |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Connection Smoking is a deadly assault on our respiratory system |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Breathing ventilates the lungs |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
Breathing is automatically controlled |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Transport of Gases in the Body |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Blood transports respiratory gases |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Hemoglobin carries O2 and helps transport CO2 and buffer the blood |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
Connection The human fetus exchanges gases with the mother's bloodstream |
|
|
463 | (3) |
|
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
|
|
466 | (18) |
|
Essay How Does Gravity Affect Blood Circulation? |
|
|
466 | (2) |
|
The circulatory system connects with all body tissues |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Internal Transport |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Several types of internal transport have evolved in animals |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
The Mammalian Cardiovascular System |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
The human heart and cardiovascular system are typical of mammals |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
The structure of blood vessels fits their functions |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Connection What is a heart attack? |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Connection Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problems |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through their walls |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
Structure and Function of Blood |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
Connection Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
Connection Stem cells offer a potential cure for blood cell diseases |
|
|
481 | (3) |
|
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
|
|
484 | (20) |
|
|
|
484 | (2) |
|
Innate Defenses Against Infection |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Innate defenses against infection include the skin and mucous membranes, phagocytic cells, and antimicrobial proteins |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
The inflammatory response mobilizes nonspecific defense forces |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
The immune response counters specific invaders |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Lymphocytes mount a dual defense |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
Clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens |
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
Antibodies are the weapons of humoral immunity |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
Antibodies mark antigens for elimination |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
Connection Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
Helper T cells stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immunity |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Connection HIV destroys helper T cells, compromising the body's defenses |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Cytotoxic T cells may help prevent cancer |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
The immune system depends on our molecular fingerprints |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Disorders of the Immune System |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Connection Malfunction or failure of the immune system causes disease |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Connection Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens |
|
|
501 | (3) |
|
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
Control of the Internal Environment |
|
|
504 | (14) |
|
Essay Let Sleeping Bears Lie |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Heat is gained or lost in four ways |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Reducing metabolic rate and body temperature saves energy |
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
Osmoregulation and Excretion |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Osmoregulation: Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Connection Do we need to drink eight glasses of water each day? |
|
|
509 | (1) |
|
Animals must dispose of nitrogenous wastes |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
The liver performs many functions, including the production of urea |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
Connection Alcohol consumption can damage the liver |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
The excretory system plays several major roles in homeostasis |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
Overview: The key processes of the excretory system are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion |
|
|
513 | (1) |
|
From blood filtrate to urine: A closer look |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Connection Kidney dialysis can be a lifesaver |
|
|
515 | (3) |
|
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
|
|
518 | (16) |
|
Essay Testosterone and Male Aggression: Is There a Link? |
|
|
518 | (2) |
|
The Nature of Chemical Regulation |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
Chemical signals coordinate body functions |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
|
|
521 | (1) |
|
The Vertebrate Endocrine System |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
Overview: The vertebrate endocrine system |
|
|
522 | (2) |
|
The hypothalamus, closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems |
|
|
524 | (2) |
|
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
The thyroid regulates development and metabolism |
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
Hormones from the thyroid and the parathyroids maintain calcium homeostasis |
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
Connection Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder |
|
|
529 | (1) |
|
The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Connection Glucocorticoids offer relief from pain, but not without serious risks |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
The gonads secrete sex hormones |
|
|
532 | (2) |
|
|
|
532 | (2) |
|
Reproduction and Embryonic Development |
|
|
534 | (30) |
|
|
|
534 | (2) |
|
Asexual and Sexual Reproduction |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Sexual and asexual reproduction are both common among animals |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
Reproductive anatomy of the human female |
|
|
538 | (2) |
|
Reproductive anatomy of the human male |
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
The formation of sperm and ova requires meiosis |
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus |
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
The human sexual response occurs in four phases |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Connection Sexual activity can transmit disease |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Connection Contraception can prevent unwanted pregnancy |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Principles of Embryonic Development |
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
Fertilization results in a zygote and triggers embryonic development |
|
|
548 | (2) |
|
Cleavage produces a ball of cells from the zygote |
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Gastrulation produces a three-layered embryo |
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
Organs start to form after gastrulation |
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
Changes in cell shape, cell migration, and programmed cell death give form to the developing animal |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Embryonic induction initiates organ formation |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Pattern formation organizes the animal body |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
The embryo and placenta take shape during the first month of pregnancy |
|
|
556 | (2) |
|
Human development from conception to birth is divided into three trimesters |
|
|
558 | (2) |
|
Childbirth is hormonally induced and occurs in three stages |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
Connection Reproductive technology increases our reproductive options |
|
|
561 | (3) |
|
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
|
|
564 | (24) |
|
Essay Can an Injured Spinal Cord Be Fixed? |
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
Nervous System Structure and Function |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems |
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
Nerve Signals and Their Transmission |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential |
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
The action potential propagates itself along the neuron |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
Neurons communicate at synapses |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Chemical synapses make complex information processing possible |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters |
|
|
572 | (1) |
|
Connection Many drugs act at chemical synapses |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Nervous system organization usually correlates with body symmetry |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
Vertebrate nervous systems are highly centralized and cephalized |
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
The peripheral nervous system of vertebrates is a functional hierarchy |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Opposing actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons regulate the internal environment |
|
|
576 | (2) |
|
The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior bulges of the neural tube |
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
|
|
578 | (1) |
|
The structure of a living supercomputer: The human brain |
|
|
578 | (2) |
|
The cerebral cortex is a mosaic of specialized, interact ive regions |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Connection Injuries and brain operations provide insight into brain function |
|
|
581 | (7) |
|
Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and arousal |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
The limbic system is involved in emotions, memory, and learning |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Connection Changes in brain physiology can produce neurological disorders |
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
|
|
588 | (16) |
|
Essay An Animal's Senses Guide Its Movement |
|
|
588 | (2) |
|
Sensory inputs become sensations and perceptions in the brain |
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli |
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Several types of eyes have evolved among invertebrates |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Vertebrates have single-lens eyes |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
To focus, a lens changes position or shape |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
Connection Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems |
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
Our photoreceptors are rods and cones |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound |
|
|
598 | (2) |
|
The inner ear houses our organs of balance |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
Connection What causes motion sickness? |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Connection Our sense of taste may change as we age |
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Review: The central nervous system couples stimulus with response |
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
|
|
604 | (18) |
|
Essay Elephants Do the ``Groucho Gait'' |
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
Diverse means of animal locomotion have evolved |
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
The human skeleton is a unique variation on an ancient theme |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
Bones are complex living organs |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
Connection Broken bones can heal themselves |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Connection Weak, brittle bones are a serious health problem, even in young people |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Muscle Contraction and Movement |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
The skeleton and muscles interact in movement |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments |
|
|
614 | (2) |
|
Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Connection Athletic training increases strength and endurance |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
The structure-function theme underlies all the parts and activities of an animal |
|
|
618 | (4) |
|
|
|
619 | (3) |
|
UNIT VI Plants: Form and Function |
|
|
|
Plant Structure, Reproduction, and Development |
|
|
622 | (22) |
|
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
Talking About Science Plant scientist Natasha Raikhel studies the Arabidopsis plant as a model biological system |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Plant Structure and Function |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
The two main groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the dicots |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
A typical plant body consists of roots and shoots |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function |
|
|
628 | (2) |
|
Three tissue systems make up the plant body |
|
|
630 | (2) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots |
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants |
|
|
634 | (2) |
|
Reproduction of Flowering Plants |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Overview: The sexual life cycle of a flowering plant |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization |
|
|
636 | (2) |
|
The ovule develops into a seed |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
The ovary develops into a fruit |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
Seed germination continues the life cycle |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Asexual reproduction produces plant clones |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Connection Asexual reproduction is a mainstay of modern agriculture |
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
Plant Nutrition and Transport |
|
|
644 | (18) |
|
Essay Plants That Clean Up Poisons |
|
|
644 | (2) |
|
The Uptake and Transport of Plant Nutrients |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
Plants acquire their nutrients from soil and air |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Guard cells control transpiration |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
650 | (2) |
|
Plant Nutrients and the Soil |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Plant health depends on a complete diet of essential inorganic nutrients |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Connection You can diagnose some nutrient deficiencies in your own plants |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
Fertile soil supports plant growth |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Connection Soil conservation is essential to human life |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Connection Organic farmers must follow ecological principles |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Connection Agricultural research is improving the yields and nutritional values of crops |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Plant Nutrition and Symbiosis |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Fungi help most plants absorb nutrients from the soil |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Most plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
Legumes and certain other plants house nitrogen-fixing bacteria |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
The plant kingdom includes parasites and carnivores |
|
|
659 | (3) |
|
|
|
660 | (2) |
|
Control Systems in Plants |
|
|
662 | (20) |
|
Essay What Are the Health Benefits of Soy? |
|
|
662 | (2) |
|
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
Experiments-on how plants turn toward light led to the discovery of a plant hormone |
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
Five major types of hormones regulate plant growth and development |
|
|
666 | (1) |
|
Auxin stimulates the elongation of cells in young shoots |
|
|
666 | (2) |
|
Cytokinins stimulate cell division |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
Gibberellins affect stem elongation and have numerous other effects |
|
|
668 | (1) |
|
Abscisic acid inhibits many plant processes |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
Ethylene triggers fruit ripening and other aging processes |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
Connection Plant hormones have many agricultural uses |
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Growth Responses and Biological Rhythms in Plants |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
Plants have internal clocks |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
Plants mark the seasons by measuring photoperiod |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
Phytochrome is a light detector that may help set the biological clock |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science Joanne Chory studies the effects of light and hormones in the model plant Arabidopsis |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
Defenses against herbivores and infectious microbes have evolved in plants |
|
|
676 | (2) |
|
Talking About Science Plant biochemist Eloy Rodriguez studies how animals use defensive chemicals made by plants |
|
|
678 | (4) |
|
|
|
678 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth's Diverse Environments |
|
|
682 | (20) |
|
Essay A Mysterious Giant of the Deep |
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
The biosphere is the total of all of Earth's ecosystems |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Connection Environmental problems reveal the limits of the biosphere |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors by natural selection |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Regional climate influences the distribution of biological communities |
|
|
688 | (2) |
|
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Oceans occupy most of Earth's surface |
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
Freshwater biomes include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and wetlands |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
Tropical forests cluster near the equator |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
Deserts are defined by their dryness |
|
|
695 | (1) |
|
Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests |
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the tundra |
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science Ecologist Ariel Lugo studies tropical forests in Puerto Rico |
|
|
699 | (3) |
|
|
|
700 | (2) |
|
Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment |
|
|
702 | (24) |
|
Essay Leaping Herds of Herbivores |
|
|
702 | (2) |
|
The Scientific Study of Behavior |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Behavioral ecologists ask both proximate and ultimate questions |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Early behaviorists used experiments to study fixed action patterns |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Behavior is the result of both genes and environmental factors |
|
|
706 | (1) |
|
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
Learning ranges from simple behavioral changes to complex problem solving |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
Imprinting is learning that involves innate behavior and experience |
|
|
708 | (1) |
|
Connection Imprinting poses problems and opportunities for conservation programs |
|
|
709 | (1) |
|
Animal movement may be a simple response to stimuli or involve spatial learning |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
Movements of animals may depend on internal maps |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
Animals may learn to associate a stimulus or behavior with a response |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Social learning involves observation and imitation of others |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition |
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
Foraging and Mating Behaviors |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit analysis in studying foraging |
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
Mating behaviors enhance reproductive success |
|
|
715 | (1) |
|
Mating behavior often involves elaborate courtship rituals |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
Social Behavior and Sociobiology |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Sociobiology places social behavior in an evolutionary context |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Territorial behavior parcels space and resources |
|
|
717 | (1) |
|
Rituals involving agonistic behavior often resolve confrontations between competitors |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Dominance hierarchies are maintained by agonistic behavior |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science Behavioral biologist Jane Goodall discusses dominance hierarchies and reconciliation behavior in chimpanzees |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Social behavior requires communication between animals |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Altruistic acts can often be explained by the concept of inclusive fitness |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
Connection Both genes and culture contribute to human social behavior |
|
|
722 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science Edward O. Wilson promoted the field of sociobiology and is a leading conservation activist |
|
|
723 | (3) |
|
|
|
724 | (2) |
|
|
|
726 | (16) |
|
Essay The Spread of Shakespeare's Starlings |
|
|
726 | (2) |
|
Population ecology studies how and why populations change |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
Population Structure and Dynamics |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables |
|
|
728 | (1) |
|
Life tables track mortality and survivorship in populations |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
Idealized models help us understand population growth |
|
|
730 | (2) |
|
Multiple factors may limit population growth |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
Some populations have ``boom-and-bust'' cycles |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
Life Histories and Their Evolution |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
Evolution shapes life histories |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
Connection Principles of population ecology have practical applications |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
|
|
736 | (1) |
|
Connection Human population growth has started to slow after centuries of exponential increase |
|
|
736 | (2) |
|
Birth and death rates and age structure affect population growth |
|
|
738 | (4) |
|
|
|
740 | (2) |
|
Communities and Ecosystems |
|
|
742 | (22) |
|
|
|
742 | (2) |
|
Structural Features of Communities |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
A community includes all the organisms inhabiting particular area |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
Predation leads to diverse adaptations in both predator and prey |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
Predation can maintain diversity in a community |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
Herbivores and the plants they eat have various adaptations |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
Symbiotic relationships help structure communities |
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science Fire specialist Max Moritz discusses the role of fire in ecosystems |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
Food chains interconnect, forming food webs |
|
|
753 | (1) |
|
Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
Primary production sets the energy budget for ecosystems |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
Energy supply limits the length of food chains |
|
|
755 | (1) |
|
Connection A production pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
Chemicals are recycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
Water moves through the biosphere in a global cycle |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteria |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of rock |
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Connection Ecosystem alteration can upset chemical cycling |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Talking About Science David Schindler talks about the effects of nutrients on freshwater ecosystems |
|
|
761 | (3) |
|
|
|
762 | (2) |
|
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
|
764 | (2) |
|
The Biodiversity Crisis: An Overview |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
Human activities threaten Earth's biodiversity |
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
Biodiversity is vital to human welfare |
|
|
767 | (1) |
|
Habitat destruction, introduced species, and overexploitation are the major threats to biodiversity |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
Connection Pollution of the environment compounds our impact on other species |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
Connection Rapid global warming could alter the entire biosphere |
|
|
770 | (2) |
|
Conservation of Populations and Species |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
Two ways to study endangered populations are the small-population approach and the declining-population approach |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
Identifying critical habitat factors can guide conservation efforts |
|
|
773 | (1) |
|
Managing and Restoring Ecosystems |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is a conservation priority |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
Protected areas are established to slow the loss of biodiversity |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
Connection The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative seeks to preserve biodiversity by connecting protected areas |
|
|
776 | (2) |
|
The study of how to restore degraded habitats is a developing science |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
Connection The Kissimmee River project is a case study in restoration ecology |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
Zoned reserves are an attempt to reverse ecosystem disruption |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Sustainable development is an ultimate goal |
|
|
781 | (1) |
|
|
|
782 | |
| Appendix 1 Metric Conversion Table |
|
| Appendix 2 The Amino Acids of Proteins |
|
| Appendix 3 Chapter Review Answers |
|
| Appendix 4 Credits |
|
| Glossary |
|
| Index |
|
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