Powder Technology Handbook: Gotoh, Keishi; Masuda, Hiroaki; Higashitani, Ko : 9780824700157: Book: Technology: eCampus.com

Examines the fundamental engineering processes of particulate technology. Explains particle definition, measurement and characterization, the properties of assemblages, the intricacies of transport phenomena, and unit operations. DLC: Powders.

Preface to the Second Edition

iii

(2)

Preface to the First Edition

(14)

Contributors

xix

I. Particle Characterization and Measurement

(72)

I.1 Particle Size

(12)

Yasuo Kousaka

Yoshiyuki Endo

I.1.1 Definition of Particle Diameter

(1)

I.1.2 Particle Size Distribution

(10)

I.1.3 Average Particle Size

(2)

I.2 Size Measurement

(28)

Reg Davies

I.2.1 Introduction

(2)

I.2.2 The Approach

(1)

I.2.3 Particle Size Analysis Methods and Instrumentation

(22)

I.2.4 Summary

(3)

I.3 Particle Shape Characterization

(14)

Keishi Gotoh

I.3.1 Introduction

(1)

I.3.2 Representative Size

(1)

I.3.3 Geometrical Shape Descriptors

(7)

I.3.4 Dynamic Equivalent Shape

(3)

I.3.5 Concluding Remarks

(4)

I.4 Particle Density

(4)

Yasuo Kousaka

Yoshiyuki Endo

I.4.1 Definitions

(1)

I.4.2 Measurement Method of Particle Density

(3)

I.5 Hardness of Particles

(14)

Mojtaba Ghadiri

I.5.1 Theory of Indentation Hardness

(3)

I.5.2 Measurement of Hardness

(10)

II. Fundamental Properties of Particles

(170)

II.1 Diffusion of Particles

(16)

Kikuo Okuyama

Shinichi Yuu

II.1.1 Thermal Diffusion

(9)

II.1.2 Turbulent Diffusion

(7)

II.2 Optical Properties

(8)

Yasuo Kousaka

Yoshiyuki Endo

II.2.1 Definitions

(1)

II.2.2 Light Scattering

(1)

II.2.3 Dynamic Light Scattering

(1)

II.2.4 Light Extinction

(3)

II.2.5 Light Diffraction

(1)

II.2.6 Photophoresis

(2)

II.3 Particle Sedimentation

(14)

Shinichi Yuu

II.3.1 Introduction

(1)

II.3.2 Motion of a Single Particle

(9)

II.3.3 Settling of Two Spherical Particles

108

(2)

II.3.4 Rate of Sedimentation in Concentrated Suspension

110

(3)

II.4 Particle Motion in Shear Fields

113

(4)

Yutaka Tsuji

II.4.1 Lift Force

113

(2)

II.4.2 Particle Trajectory

115

(2)

II.5 Electrostatic Interaction and Electrophoresis

117

(16)

Hiroaki Masuda

Ko Higashitani

II.5.1 Electrification of Particles (In Gaseous State)

117

(3)

II.5.2 Motion of a Charged Particle (In Gaseous State)

120

(3)

II.5.3 In Liquid State

123

(10)

II.6 Adhesive Force of a Single Particle

133

(10)

Hiroaki Masuda

Kuniaki Gotoh

II.6.1 van der Waals Force

133

(3)

II.6.2 Electrostatic Force

136

(1)

II.6.3 Liquid Bridge Force

137

(2)

II.6.4 Comparison of Adhesive Force

139

(1)

II.6.5 Measurement of Adhesive Force

139

(4)

II.7 Particle Deposition and Reentrainment

143

(12)

Hiroaki Masuda

Shuji Matsusaka

II.7.1 Particle Deposition

143

(3)

II.7.2 Particle Reentrainment

146

(9)

II.8 Agglomeration (Coagulation)

155

(20)

Kikuo Okuyama

Ko Higashitani

II.8.1 In Gaseous State

155

(10)

II.8.2 In Liquid State

165

(10)

II.9 Viscosity of Slurry

175

(8)

Hiromoto Usui

II.9.1 Introduction

175

(1)

II.9.2 Basic Flow Characteristics

175

(1)

II.9.3 Time-Dependent Flow Characteristics

176

(1)

II.9.4 Viscosity Equations for Suspensions of Spherical Particles of Narrow Particle Size Distribution

177

(1)

II.9.5 Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Slurry Viscosity

178

(1)

II.9.6 Measurement of Slurry Viscosity by a Capillary Viscometer

179

(1)

II.9.7 Measurement of Slurry Viscosity by a Rotating Viscometer

180

(3)

II.10 Particle Impact and Attrition

183

(10)

Mojtaba Ghadiri

II.10.1 Impact Force

183

(1)

II.10.2 Mode of Breakage

184

(2)

II.10.3 Analysis of Breakdown for the Semibrittle Failure Mode

186

(7)

II.11 Sintering

193

(8)

Kikuo Okuyama

II.11.1 Mechanisms of Solid-Phase Sintering

193

(2)

II.11.2 Modeling of Sintering of Agglomerates

195

(3)

II.11.3 Sintering Process of Packed Powder

198

(3)

II.12 Combustion and Evaporation

201

(16)

Shigeki Toyama

II.12.1 Fundamental Items

201

(1)

II.12.2 Mechanism of Volatilization and Combustion

202

(4)

II.12.3 Combustion of Foggy Particles

206

(1)

II.12.4 Combustion of Solid Particles

207

(10)

II.13 Solubility and Dissolution Rate

217

(14)

Yoshiaki Kawashima

II.13.1 Solubility of Fine Particles

217

(1)

II.13.2 Factors to Increase Solubility

217

(2)

II.13.3 Theories of Dissolution

219

(4)

II.13.4 Measurement of Dissolution Rate

223

(1)

II.13.5 Methods to Increase the Dissolution Rate

223

(8)

II.14 Mechanochemistry

231

(14)

Mamoru Senna

II.14.1 Terminology and Concept

231

(1)

II.14.2 Phenomenology of Mechanochemistry

231

(1)

II.14.3 Theoretical Background

232

(2)

II.14.4 Structural Change of Solids Under Mechanical Stress

234

(2)

II.14.5 Mechanochemical Solid-State Reaction and Mechanical Alloying

236

(1)

II.14.6 Soft-Mechanochemical Processes and Their Application

237

(1)

II.14.7 Final Remarks

238

(7)

III. Fundamental Properties of Powder Beds

245

(184)

III.1 Adsorption Characteristics

245

(20)

Masatoshi Chikazawa

Takashi Takei

III.1.1 Introduction

245

(1)

III.1.2 Adsorption Measurement

246

(2)

III.1.3 Theory of Adsorption Isotherms

248

(5)

III.1.4 Adsorption Velocity

253

(1)

III.1.5 Adsorbed State of Adsorbate

254

(3)

III.1.6 Estimation of Surface Properties by Adsorption Method

257

(8)

III.2 Moisture

265

(12)

Mitsutaka Kawamura

III.2.1 Bound Water and Adhesive Water

265

(3)

III.2.2 Methods for Determining Moisture Content in Particulate Systems

268

(9)

III.3 Electrical Properties

277

(18)

Hiroaki Masuda

Yasufumi Otsubo

III.3.1 In Gaseous State

277

(9)

III.3.2 In Nonaqueous Solution

286

(9)

III.4 Magnetic Property

295

(10)

Kenichi Ushiki

III.4.1 Magnetic Force on a Particle

295

(1)

III.4.2 Ferromagnetic Property of Small Particles

295

(2)

III.4.3 Magnetism of Various Materials

297

(8)

III.5 Description of Particulate Assemblies

305

(16)

Michitaka Suzuki

III.5.1 Spatial Structure of Equal Spheres

305

(6)

III.5.2 Packing of Multisized Particles

311

(10)

III.6 Capillarity of Porous Media

321

(6)

Hironobu Imakoma

Morio Okazaki

III.6.1 Nonhygroscopic Materials

321

(4)

III.6.2 Hygroscopic or Adsorptive Materials

325

(2)

III.7 Permeation (Flow Through Porous Medium)

327

(10)

Chikao Kanaoka

III.7.1 Resistance to Flow Through a Porous Medium

327

(5)

III.7.2 Pressure Drop Across a Fibrous Mat

332

(5)

III.8 Specific Surface Area

337

(14)

Masatoshi Chikazawa

Takashi Takei

III.8.1 Definition of Specific Surface Area

337

(1)

III.8.2 Adsorption Method

338

(6)

III.8.3 Heat of Immersion

344

(2)

III.8.4 Permeametry

346

(5)

III.9 Adhesion and Mechanical Strength of a Powder Bed

351

(10)

Michitaka Suzuki

III.9.1 Shearing Strength of a Powder Bed

351

(5)

III.9.2 Adhesion of a Powder Bed

356

(5)

III.10 Powder Mechanics

361

(10)

Michitaka Suzuki

III.11 Bridging

371

(12)

Kunio Shinohara

Hiroshi Takahashi

III.11.1 Phenomena and Factors

371

(1)

III.11.2 Mechanisms and Flow Criteria

372

(8)

III.11.3 Methods of Preventing Blockage

380

(3)

III.12 Segregation of Particles

383

(12)

Kunio Shinohara

III.12.1 Definition and Importance

383

(1)

III.12.2 Related Operations

383

(2)

III.12.3 Fundamental Mechanisms

385

(4)

III.12.4 Patterns and Degrees

389

(3)

III.12.5 Minimizing Methods

392

(3)

III.13 Vibrational and Acoustic Characteristics

395

(18)

Jusuke Hidaka

III.13.1 Behavior of Particle on Vibrating Plate

395

(3)

III.13.2 Behavior of Vibrating Particle Bed

398

(1)

III.13.3 Generating Mechanism of Impact Sound Between Two Particles

398

(6)

III.13.4 Frictional Sound from Granular Bed

404

(4)

III.13.5 Vibration of a Small Particle in a Sound Wave

408

(1)

III.13.6 Attenuation of Sound in a Suspension of Particles

409

(4)

III.14 Fluidity of Powder

413

(16)

Toyokazu Yokoyama

III.14.1 Definition and Expression of Fluidity

413

(1)

III.14.2 Measurement of Fluidity

413

(9)

III.14.3 Factors Affecting Fluidity

422

(1)

III.14.4 Improvement of Fluidity

423

(6)

IV. Preparation of Powder

429

(98)

IV.1 Aerosol Particle Generation

429

(14)

Richard C. Flagan

IV.1.1 Condensation Methods

429

(4)

IV.1.2 Liquid Atomization

433

(4)

IV.1.3 Powder Dispersion

437

(1)

IV.1.4 Generation of Monodisperse Particles

438

(5)

IV.2 Generation of Particles by Reaction

443

(16)

Richard C. Flagan

Yasushige Mori

IV.2.1 Gas-Phase Techniques

443

(7)

IV.2.2 Generation of Powder by Reaction in Liquid State

450

(9)

IV.3 Crystallization

459

(10)

Masakuni Matsuoka

IV.3.1 Crystallization Phenomena and Kinetics

459

(3)

IV.3.2 Operation and Design of Crystallizers

462

(7)

IV.4 Dispersing Technology of Powder

469

(16)

Yasuo Kousaka

Yoshiyuki Endo

Ko Higashitani

IV.4.1 Particle Dispersion in Gaseous State

469

(6)

IV.4.2 Particle Dispersion in Liquid State

475

(10)

IV.5 Electrical Charge Control

485

(22)

Motoaki Adachi

Kikuo Okuyama

Ko Higashitani

IV.5.1 In Gaseous State

485

(9)

IV.5.2 In Liquid State

494

(13)

IV.6 Surface Modification

507

(10)

Mamoru Senna

IV.6.1 Purpose of Surface Modification

507

(1)

IV.6.2 Methods of Surface Modification

507

(2)

IV.6.3 Conventional Treatments with Surfactants, Coupling Agents, and Simple Heating

509

(1)

IV.6.4 Microencapsulation and Nanocoating

510

(1)

IV.6.5 Polymerization and Precipitation In Situ

511

(1)

IV.6.6 Mechanical Routes and Apparatus

511

(2)

IV.6.7 Characterization of Coated Particles

513

(2)

IV.6.8 Miscellaneous Developing Methods

515

(2)

IV.7 Standard Powders and Particles

517

(10)

Koichi Iinoya

V. Powder-Handling Operation

527

(290)

V.1 Crushing and Grinding

527

(28)

Tatsuo Tanaka

Yoshiteru Kanda

V.1.1 Introduction

527

(1)

V.1.2 Comminution Energy

527

(2)

V.1.3 Crushing of a Single Particle

529

(7)

V.1.4 Kinetics of Comminution

536

(3)

V.1.5 Grinding Operation

539

(5)

V.1.6 Crushing and Grinding Equipment

544

(11)

V.2 Classification

555

(20)

Koichi Iinoya

Zennosuke Tanaka

Toshio Inoue

Jusuke Hidaka

V.2.1 Air Classification

555

(6)

V.2.2 Wet Classification

561

(9)

V.2.3 Screening

570

(5)

V.3 Storage (Silo)

575

(14)

Minoru Sugita

V.3.1 General Characteristics of Silos

575

(1)

V.3.2 Classification of Silos

575

(1)

V.3.3 Planning Silos

576

(3)

V.3.4 Design Load

579

(1)

V.3.5 Load Due to Bulk Materials

579

(1)

V.3.6 Calculation of Static Powder Pressure

580

(5)

V.3.7 Design Pressures

585

(4)

V.4 Feeding

589

(8)

Hiroaki Masuda

V.4.1 Introduction

589

(1)

V.4.2 Various Feeders

590

(7)

V.5 Transportation

597

(12)

Yoshinobu Morikawa

Hiromoto Usui

V.5.1 Transportation in the Gaseous State

597

(7)

V.5.2 Transportation in the Liquid State

604

(5)

V.6 Mixing

609

(18)

Kei Miyanami

V.6.1 Introduction

609

(1)

V.6.2 Powder Mixers

609

(4)

V.6.3 Mixing Mechanisms

613

(6)

V.6.4 Power Requirement for Mixing

619

(3)

V.6.5 Selection of Mixers

622

(5)

V.7 Granulation

627

(22)

Isao Sekiguchi

V.7.1 Granulation Mechanisms

627

(12)

V.7.2 Granulators

639

(10)

V.8 Kneading and Plastic Forming

649

(10)

Minoru Takahashi

V.8.1 Kneading

649

(5)

V.8.2 Plastic Forming

654

(5)

V.9 Drying

659

(8)

Morio Okazaki

Hironobu Imakoma

V.9.1 Drying Characteristics of Wet Particulate and Powdered Materials

659

(2)

V.9.2 Drier Selection and Design

661

(6)

V.10 Combustion Furnaces and Heating

667

(10)

Shigeki Toyama

V.10.1 Burners for Combustion Furnaces

667

(3)

V.10.2 Furnaces and Kilns

670

(7)

V.11 Dust Collection

677

(16)

Chikao Kanaoka

V.11.1 Mechanical Separation

677

(6)

V.11.2 Filtration

683

(4)

V.11.3 Electrostatic Precipitation

687

(3)

V.11.4 Miscellaneous

690

(3)

V.12 Electrostatic Separation

693

(6)

Takahide Wakamatsu

V.12.1 Separation Mechanism

693

(2)

V.12.2 Separation Machines

695

(4)

V.13 Magnetic Separation

699

(10)

Kenichi Ushiki

V.13.1 Classification of Magnetic Separators

699

(2)

V.13.2 Static Magnetic Field Separators

701

(6)

V.13.3 Magnetohydrostatic Separation

707

(2)

V.14 Gravity Thickening

709

(10)

Eiji Iritani

V.14.1 Pretreatment

709

(1)

V.14.2 Ideal Settling Basin

709

(2)

V.14.3 Settling Curve

711

(1)

V.14.4 Kynch Theory

712

(2)

V.14.5 Design of Continuous Thickener

714

(5)

V.15 Filtration

719

(16)

Eiji Iritani

V.15.1 Basis of Cake Filtration Theory

720

(6)

V.15.2 Constant-Pressure and Constant-Rate Filtration

726

(1)

V.15.3 Internal Structure of Filter Cake

727

(2)

V.15.4 Non-Newtonian Filtration

729

(1)

V.15.5 Filtration Equipment

730

(5)

V.16 Expression

735

(10)

Eiji Iritani

V.16.1 Basis of Expression

735

(2)

V.16.2 Modified Terzaghi Model

737

(4)

V.16.3 Secondary Consolidation

741

(1)

V.16.4 Simplified Computation Method

742

(1)

V.16.5 Expression Equipment

743

(2)

V.17 Flotation

745

(14)

Takahide Wakamatsu

V.17.1 Contact Angle and Floatability of Mineral

745

(2)

V.17.2 Classification of Minerals According to Their Flotation Behavior

747

(1)

V.17.3 Flotation Reagents

747

(4)

V.17.4 Flotation Machines

751

(4)

V.17.5 Differential Flotation

755

(1)

V.17.6 Plant Practice of Differential Flotation

756

(3)

V.18 Reactors

759

(18)

Shigeki Toyama

V.18.1 Fluidized Beds

759

(2)

V.18.2 Moving Beds

761

(6)

V.18.3 Rotary Kiln

767

(10)

V.19 Simulation

777

(40)

Charles S. Campbell

Alexander V. Potapov

Yutaka Tsuji

V.19.1 Computer Simulation of Powder Flows

777

(18)

V.19.2 Computer Simulation of Particle Breakage

795

(15)

V.19.3 Particle Motion in Fluids

810

(7)

VI. Process Instrumentation

817

(64)

VI.1 Powder Sampling

817

(8)

Hiroaki Masuda

VI.1.1 Sampling Equipment

817

(4)

VI.1.2 Analysis of Sampling

821

(4)

VI.2 Particle Sampling in Gas Flow

825

(16)

Hideto Yoshida

Hisao Makino

VI.2.1 Anisokinetic Sampling Error

825

(3)

VI.2.2 Sampling in Stationary Air

828

(5)

VI.2.3 Practical Application of Particle Sampling

833

(8)

VI.3 Concentration and Flow Rate Measurement

841

(14)

Hiroaki Masuda

VI.3.1 Particle Concentration in Suspensions

841

(5)

VI.3.2 Powder Flow Rate

846

(9)

VI.4 Level Measurement of a Powder Bed

855

(8)

Hiroaki Masuda

VI.4.1 Level Meters and Level Switches

855

(1)

VI.4.2 Mechanical Method

856

(3)

VI.4.3 Electrical Method

859

(1)

VI.4.4 Ultrasonic Wave Level Meters

860

(1)

VI.4.5 Radiometric Method

860

(1)

VI.4.6 Pneumatic Method and Others

861

(2)

VI.5 Temperature Measurement of Powder

863

(6)

Hiroaki Masuda

VI.5.1 Thermal Contact Thermometers

863

(2)

VI.5.2 Radiation Thermometers

865

(4)

VI.6 Tomography

869

(12)

Richard A. Williams

VI.6.1 Introduction

869

(1)

VI.6.2 Sensor Selection and Specification

870

(3)

VI.6.3 Examples of Powder-Processing Applications

873

(8)

VII. Working Atmospheres and Hazards

881

(54)

VII.1 Health Effects Due to Particle Matters

881

(10)

Isamu Tanaka

Hiroshi Yamato

VII.1.1 Introduction

881

(1)

VII.1.2 Respiratory System

881

(2)

VII.1.3 Penetration and Deposition of Particles in the Respiratory Tract

883

(1)

VII.1.4 Fate of Deposited Particles

884

(1)

VII.1.5 Health Effects of Inhaled Particles

885

(2)

VII.1.6 Threshold Limited Value

887

(4)

VII.2 Respiratory Protective Devices for Particulate Matters

891

(8)

Isamu Tanaka

Hajime Hori

VII.2.1 Introduction

891

(1)

VII.2.2 Types of Respirators

891

(1)

VII.2.3 Air-Purifying Respirators

891

(3)

VII.2.4 Atmosphere-Supplying Respirators

894

(2)

VII.2.5 Protection Factor

896

(1)

VII.2.6 Guidelines for Using Respirators

896

(3)

VII.3 Spontaneous Ignition and Dust Explosion

899

(36)

Tatsuo Tanaka

VII.3.1 Spontaneous Ignition of Powder Deposit

899

(18)

VII.3.2 Dust Explosion Mechanism and Prevention

917

(18)

Index

935

The first English edition (1988) of this handbook was based on a Japanese handbook; for this edition a number of American and European authors have been added to widen the viewpoint. Several of the chapters still have largely Japanese references -- in a few, virtually all the references are to Japanese publications -- which can be useful in getting information on sources that are often not consulted in North American work.The topics covered and the quality of the articles make this a very useful reference for chemical engineering, materials science, civil engineering, and environmental science. Still, the potential buyer should compare this work with Muhammed Fayed and Lambert Otten's Handbook of Powder Science and Technology (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984; 2nd ed., Chapman & Hall, 1997). The Handbook of Powder Science and Technology has chiefly North American authors, though it also has authors from outside North America including Europe and Japan. Its typical chapters have more complete references, or at least a larger number of references, and the indexing is better. Moreover, it is less expensive. Naturally the coverage of topics is not identical between the two works; a research collection in powder technology will want both handbooks. However, many libraries will find the latest edition of one or the other to be adequate.Reviewer: Robert Michaelson, Science and Engineering Librarian, Northwestern University Science and Engineering Library, rmichael@nwu.eduCopyright 2000 YBP Library Services


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