Oxygen, Gene Expression, and Cellular Function: Clerch, Linda: 9780824700621: Book: : eCampus.com

Georgetown Univ., Washington, D.C. Details the impact of oxygen on evolution and ontogeny. Animal and cellular models exemplify problems of oxygen use in the treatment of disease in humans. 41 contributors, 37 U.S. For clinicians. DNLM: Oxygen--metabolism.

Introduction

iii

(2)

Claude Lenfant

Preface

(2)

Contributors

vii

1. Cellular Sources and Steady-State Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species

(26)

Alberto Boveris

Enrique Cadenas

I. Introduction

(2)

II. Superoxide Anion and Hydrogen Peroxide

(7)

III. Hydroxyl Radical

(5)

IV. Alkyl and Peroxyl Radicals

(2)

V. Electronically Excited Species

(2)

VI. Concluding Remarks

(1)

References

(7)

2. Cytotoxicity of Oxyradicals and the Evolution of Superoxide Dismutases

(22)

Hosni M. Hassan

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Chemical Properties of Dioxygen and Its Partially Reduced Intermediates

(3)

III. Sources of Partially Reduced Oxygen Intermediates

(1)

IV. Role of Oxyradicals in DNA Damage and Mutagenesis

(1)

V. Evolution of Defense Mechanisms Against Oxidative Damages

(6)

VI. Conclusions

(1)

References

(10)

3. Oxygen Conformance and Cellular Regulation

(18)

Dean Paul Jones

I. Introduction

(3)

II. Mechanisms of Respiratory Control

(7)

III. Conformance of Antioxidant and Detoxication Systems to Hypoxia

(2)

IV. Perspective and Conclusions

(1)

References

(5)

4. Metabolic Effects of Hyperoxia: Lessons from Permanent Cell Lines

(8)

Hans Joenje

Johan J. P. Gille

Stuart Horowitz

Zhen-guo Li

Carol A. Whyzmuzis

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Oxygen Toxicity and Tolerance: CHO Cells

(1)

III. HeLa Cells

(2)

IV. Differential Gene Expression Studies

(2)

References

(2)

5. Transgenic Models for the Study of Lung Injury and Repair: Integration of Molecular, Functional, and Cellular Approaches

(24)

Barbara B. Warner

Jonathan R. Wispe

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Eukaryotic Antioxidant Systems

(3)

III. Manipulation of the Murine Genome

(2)

IV. Characterizing Transgenic Mice

(1)

V. Targeted Gene Disruption

(3)

VI. Murine Models for Genetically Altered Antioxidant Enzymes

(1)

VII. Gene Therapy

(3)

VIII. Biological Viral Vectors

(3)

References

(8)

6. Glutathione Cycling in Oxidative Stress

(24)

Henry Jay Forman

Rui-Ming Liu

Li Tian

I. Introduction

(1)

II. Glutathione Redox Cycling

(2)

III. Glutathione Synthesis

101

(2)

IV. GSH in Oxidative Stress and Xenobiotic Metabolism

103

(8)

V. Summary

111

(1)

References

112

(11)

7. Oxidative Stress and Cell Proliferation

123

(16)

Amy R. Simon

Barry L. Fanburg

Brent H. Cochran

I. Introduction

123

(1)

II. ROS as Second Messengers

124

(1)

III. Control of Cell Growth

124

(3)

IV. Stimulation of Cellular Proliferation by ROS

127

(1)

V. Inhibition of Proliferation by ROS

128

(1)

VI. Apoptosis

129

(1)

VII. Influence of ROS on Growth-Related Signaling Pathways

130

(2)

VIII. Mechanisms of ROS-Induced Changes in Cell Growth

132

(1)

IX. Summary

133

(1)

References

133

(6)

8. Oxidative Stress and Aging

139

(30)

Huber R. Warner

Pamela Starke-Reed

I. Introduction

139

(1)

II. Transgenic, Knockout, and Mutant Animal Models

140

(4)

III. Mitochondrial Dysfunction

144

(3)

IV. Caloric Restriction and Reduction of Oxidative Stress

147

(4)

V. Oxidative Modification of Proteins During Aging

151

(5)

VI. Oxidative Stress and Lung Aging

156

(2)

VII. Summary

158

(1)

References

158

(11)

9. Vascular Smooth Muscle Oxygen Sensing

169

(36)

Ronald F. Coburn

I. Introduction

169

(1)

II. O(2) Sensors and Transduction Systems in Nonvascular Cells

170

(2)

III. Vascular Smooth Muscle Responses to Hypoxia

172

(2)

IV. General Comments on Smooth Muscle Signal Transduction Mechanisms

174

(2)

V. O(2)-Sensitive Transduction Systems in sVSM and pVSM

176

(17)

VI. Summary

193

(2)

References

195

(10)

10. Oxygen Control of Erythropoietin Gene Expression

205

(16)

Jaime Caro

Susana Salceda

I. Introduction

205

(1)

II. Physiology of Erythropoietin Production

206

(2)

III. Molecular Aspects of Erythropoietin Production

208

(4)

IV. Mechanisms of Oxygen Sensing

212

(5)

References

217

(4)

11. Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) and the Regulation of Gene Expression

221

(22)

Anil K. Jaiswal

I. Introduction

221

(1)

II. Induction of Detoxifying Enzymes and Cellular Protection Against Oxidative Stress

222

(3)

III. Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) and Regulation of Detoxifying Enzyme Genes

225

(4)

IV. Antioxidant Response Element-Nuclear Protein Interaction

229

(3)

V. Signal Transduction Mediated by ARE

232

(4)

VI. Future Perspectives

236

(1)

References

237

(6)

12. Oxidant Regulation of Cytokine Gene Expression

243

(36)

Daniel G. Remick

Lorelie Villarete

Laura E. DeForge

I. Cytokines

243

(7)

II. Regulation of Neutrophil Recruitment and Activation

250

(2)

III. Reactive Oxygen Intermediates

252

(2)

IV. Cytokine Induction of ROI

254

(1)

V. ROI Induction of Cytokines

255

(6)

VI. Nuclear Mechanisms of ROI Induction of Cytokines

261

(1)

VII. Conclusion

261

(1)

References

262

(17)

13. Role of Antioxidant Enzymes in the Cancer Phenotype

279

(30)

Larry W. Oberley

Terry D. Oberley

I. Introduction

279

(2)

II. Levels of Antioxidant Enzymes in Cancer Cells

281

(5)

III. Do Changes in Antioxidant Enzyme Levels Cause Cancer?

286

(3)

IV. Mechanism of Action

289

(5)

V. Tumor Suppressor Genes and Dominant Oncogenes

294

(5)

VI. Possible Role of Catalase

299

(1)

VII. Role of Nitric Oxide

299

(2)

VIII. Conclusion

301

(1)

References

301

(8)

14. Manifestations and Mechanisms of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury to the Lung

309

(30)

Aron B. Fisher

Abu Bakr Al-Mehdi

I. Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury to Tissues

309

(8)

II. Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury to the Lung

317

(10)

III. Summary

327

(1)

References

328

(11)

15. Regulation of Alveolar Epithelial Na(+) Channel Expression and Activity in Hyperoxia

339

(28)

Michael D. DuVall

Yi Guo

Robert M. Jackson

Sadis Matalon

I. Introduction

339

(1)

II. Active Ion Transport Across the Mammalian Alveolar Epithelium

340

(2)

III. Evidence for the Existence of Sodium Channels in ATII Cells

342

(8)

IV. Evidence for the Existence of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase in ATII Cells

350

(1)

V. NA(+) Transport During Sublethal Oxidant Injury

351

(5)

VI. Oxidant Regulation of Gene Expression

356

(4)

VII. Summary

360

(1)

References

361

(6)

16. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Respiratory Tract Lining Fluids

367

(32)

Carroll E. Cross

Albert van der Vliet

Jason P. Eiserich

Jon Wong

Barry Halliwell

I. Introduction

367

(1)

II. Respiratory Tract Lining Fluids (RTLFs)

368

(2)

III. The Problems

370

(2)

IV. What Do We Know About Antioxidant Composition of RTLFs?

372

(7)

V. Other Extracellular Antioxidants

379

(1)

VI. Oxidative Stresses Affecting FTLFs

379

(3)

VII. Plasma as a Model for RTLFs

382

(2)

VIII. RTLF Interactions with Cell Surfaces

384

(1)

IX. Implications for Cell Culture Research

385

(1)

X. Remaining Enigmas

386

(1)

XI. Overview and Future Directions

387

(1)

References

388

(11)

17. Lung Antioxidant Enzyme Gene Expression and Tolerance to Hyperoxia

399

(26)

Linda Biadasz Clerch

Donald J. Massaro

I. Introduction

399

(1)

II. Endogenous Tolerance to Oxygen

400

(7)

III. Pharmacological and Experimental Tolerance to Hyperoxia

407

(5)

IV. Antioxidant Enzyme RNA-Binding Proteins

412

(2)

V. Signal Transduction Pathways in the Regulation of AOE Expression

414

(1)

VI. Uncoordinate Regulation of Antioxidant Enzyme Expression in the Lung

415

(1)

VII. Conclusion

416

(1)

References

417

(8)

Author Index

425

(56)

Subject Index

481


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