Power Distribution Planning Reference Book: Willis, H. Lee: 9780824700980: Book: : eCampus.com

A readily accessible guide for power distribution planners, electrical and electronics engineers, energy efficiency analysts, & power engineering designers on key aspects of distribution performance in electrical systems. DLC: Electronic power distribution-planning HB .

Series Introduction

iii

(2)

Preface

1 Power Delivery Systems

(48)

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 T&D System's Mission

(2)

1.3 The "Laws of T&D"

(3)

1.4 Levels of the T&D Systems

(11)

1.5 Utility Distribution Equipment

(6)

1.6 T&D Costs

(10)

1.7 Types of Distribution System Design

(12)

1.8 Conclusion

(2)

References

(1)

2 Electrical Load and Consumer Demand for Power

(26)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Customer Demand

(8)

2.3 Peak Load, Coincidence, and Load Curve Behavior

(11)

2.4 Measuring and Modeling Load Curves

(4)

References

(2)

3 Availability and Power Quality

(54)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Interruption of Electric Service

(4)

3.3 Voltage Variations

(7)

3.4 Voltage Surges

(2)

3.5 Harmonics

(19)

3.6 Customer Value of Availability and Power Quality

108

(14)

3.7 End-Use Modeling of Customer Power Quality Issues

122

(3)

3.8 Summary

125

(2)

References

127

(2)

4 Planning Criteria

129

(26)

4.1 Introduction

129

(1)

4.2 Criteria and Standards Must Be Met, Not Exceeded

130

(1)

4.3 Voltage and Customer Service Standards

130

(15)

4.4 Operating and Safety Standards

145

(5)

4.5 Standard Equipment and Design Criteria

150

(3)

4.6 Conclusion

153

(1)

References

153

(2)

5 Reliability and Contingency Criteria

155

(30)

5.1 Introduction

155

(3)

5.2 Outages Cause Interruptions

158

(6)

5.3 Reliability Indices

164

(7)

5.4 Reliability and Contingency Criteria for Planning

171

(4)

5.5 Comparison of Reliability Indices Among Utilities

175

(3)

5.6 Setting Reliability Goals

178

(5)

5.7 Conclusion and Summary

183

(1)

For Further Reading

183

(2)

6 Economic Evaluation

185

(44)

6.1 Introduction

185

(1)

6.2 Costs

186

(7)

6.3 Time Value of Money

193

(20)

6.4 Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation

213

(7)

6.5 Variability of Costs

220

(7)

6.6 Conclusion

227

(1)

References and Further Reading

228

(1)

7 Line Segments and Transformer Economics and Set Design

229

(56)

7.1 Introduction

229

(1)

7.2 Distribution Lines

230

(11)

7.3 Basic Line Type Economics

241

(10)

7.4 Voltage Drop and Load Reach

251

(8)

7.5 Performance of the Conductor Set

259

(7)

7.6 Conductor Set Design

266

(9)

7.7 Transformer Selection Economics

275

(8)

7.8 Substation Transformer Sizing and Loading

283

(1)

7.9 Conclusion

284

(1)

References

284

(1)

8 Distribution Feeder Layout

285

(56)

8.1 Introduction

285

(1)

8.2 The Feeder System

286

(20)

8.3 Radial and Loop Feeder Layout

306

(13)

8.4 Contingency Support Considerations

319

(21)

8.5 Conclusion

340

(1)

References

340

(1)

9 Multi-Feeder Layout and Volt-VAR Correction

341

(50)

9.1 Introduction

341

(2)

9.2 How Many Feeders in a Substation Service Area?

343

(4)

9.3 Planning the Feeder System

347

(7)

9.4 Planning for Load Growth

354

(8)

9.5 Formula to Estimate Feeder System Cost and Its Application to Indicate Design Goals

362

(5)

9.6 Volt-VAR Control and Correction

367

(2)

9.7 Summary of Key Points

389

(1)

References

390

(1)

10 Distribution Substations

391

(40)

10.1 Introduction

391

(3)

10.2 High-Side Substation and Equipment Layout

394

(12)

10.3 Transformer Portion of a Substation

406

(9)

10.4 Low-Side Portion of a Substation

415

(5)

10.5 The Substation Site

420

(4)

10.6 Substation Costs, Capacity, and Reliability

424

(2)

10.7 Other Substation Planning Considerations

426

(3)

10.8 Planning with "Transformer Units"

429

(1)

10.9 Conclusion

429

(1)

References and Bibliography

429

(2)

11 Distribution System Layout

431

(58)

11.1 Introduction

431

(2)

11.2 The Whole T&D System

433

(12)

11.3 Design Interrelationships

445

(32)

11.4 Example of a System Dominated by Voltage Drop, Not Capacity

477

(9)

11.5 Conclusion and Summary

486

(1)

References and Bibliography

487

(2)

12 Substation Siting and System Expansion Planning

489

(48)

12.1 Introduction

489

(1)

12.2 Substation Location, Capacity, and Service Area

490

(5)

12.3 Substation Siting and Sizing Economics

495

(20)

12.4 Substation-Level Planning: The Art

515

(4)

12.5 Guidelines for Substation Site and Size Application to Achieve Low Cost

519

(4)

12.6 Substation-Level Planning: The Science

523

(12)

12.7 The Most Important Point About Substation-Level Planning

535

(1)

References

535

(2)

13 Service Level Layout and Planning

537

(28)

13.1 Introduction

537

(1)

13.2 The Service Level

538

(1)

13.3 Types of Service Level Layout

539

(6)

13.4 Load Dynamics and Coincidence, and Their Interaction with the Service Level

545

(7)

13.5 Service-Level Planning and Layout

552

(11)

13.6 Conclusion

563

(1)

References

564

(1)

14 Planning and the T&D Planning Process

565

(50)

14.1 Introduction

565

(1)

14.2 Planning: Finding the Best Alternative

566

(15)

14.3 The Functions of Short- and Long-Range Planning

581

(6)

14.4 Uncertainty and Multi-Scenario Planning

587

(6)

14.5 The T&D Planning Process

593

(7)

14.6 Summary and Recommended T&D Planning Process

610

(3)

References

613

(2)

15 Forecasting T&D Load

615

(70)

15.1 Spatial Load Forecasting

615

(3)

15.2 Load Growth Behavior

618

(7)

15.3 Important Elements of a Spatial Forecast

625

(9)

15.4 Trending Methods

634

(16)

15.5 Simulation Methods for Spatial Load Forecasting

650

(20)

15.6 Selecting a Forecast Method

670

(10)

References and Bibliography on Spatial Load Forecasting

680

(5)

16 Distribution Feeder Analysis

685

(44)

16.1 Introduction

685

(3)

16.2 Models, Algorithms and Computer Programs

688

(2)

16.3 Circuit Models

690

(10)

16.4 Models of Electric Load

700

(7)

16.5 Models of Electrical Behavior

707

(11)

16.6 Coincidence and Load Flow Interaction

718

(8)

16.7 Conclusion

726

(1)

References

727

(2)

17 Automated Planning Tools and Methods

729

(48)

17.1 Introduction

729

(1)

17.2 Fast Ways to Find Good Alternatives

730

(15)

17.3 Automated Feeder Planning Methods

745

(13)

17.4 Substation-Level and Strategic Planning Tools

758

(10)

17.5 Application of Planning Tools

768

(8)

References

776

(1)

18 Traditional Versus Competitive Industry Paradigms

777

(26)

18.1 Changing Environments Often Require New Value Systems

777

(1)

18.2 Paradigm Shifts

778

(5)

18.3 Least-Cost Present Worth Planning

783

(1)

18.4 Budget-Constrained Service Value Planning

784

(18)

18.5 Profit-Based Planning Paradigms

798

(4)

18.6 Conclusion

802

(1)

References

802

(1)

Index

803


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