| Series Introduction |
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iii | |
| Preface |
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iv | |
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1 | (46) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 Reliability of Power Delivery |
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3 | (3) |
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1.4 The "Natural Laws of T&D" |
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6 | (2) |
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1.5 Levels of the T&D System |
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8 | (8) |
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1.6 Utility Distribution Equipment |
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16 | (5) |
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21 | (8) |
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1.8 Types of Distribution System Design |
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29 | (6) |
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1.9 The Systems Approach and Two-Q Planning |
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35 | (6) |
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1.10 Summary of Key Points |
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41 | (4) |
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References and Bibliography |
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45 | (2) |
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2 Consumer Demand and Electric Load |
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47 | (38) |
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2.1 The Two Qs: Quantity and Quality of Power |
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47 | (2) |
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2.2 Quantity of Power Demand: Electric Load |
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49 | (10) |
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2.3 Electric Consumer Demand for Quality of Power |
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59 | (16) |
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2.4 The Market Comb and Consumer Values |
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75 | (3) |
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2.5 Two-Q Analysis: Quantity and Quality Versus Cost |
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78 | (4) |
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2.6 Conclusion and Summary |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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3 Electric Load, Coincidence, and Behavior |
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85 | (18) |
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85 | (1) |
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3.2 Peak Load, Diversity, and Load Curve Behavior |
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85 | (9) |
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3.3 Measuring and Modeling Load Curves |
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94 | (8) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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4 Power System Reliability |
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103 | (32) |
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103 | (4) |
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4.2 Outages Cause Interruptions |
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107 | (4) |
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111 | (6) |
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4.4 Comparison of Reliability Indices Among Utilities |
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117 | (3) |
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4.5 Benchmarking Reliability |
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120 | (11) |
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4.6 Conclusion and Summary |
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131 | (2) |
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References and Further Reading |
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133 | (2) |
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5 Economics and Evaluation of Cost |
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135 | (32) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (5) |
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141 | (17) |
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158 | (5) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (2) |
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6 Evaluation, Prioritization, and Approval |
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167 | (64) |
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6.1 Decisions and Commitments |
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167 | (1) |
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6.2 Evaluation, Comparison, Prioritization, and Approval |
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167 | (11) |
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6.3 Traditional Regulated Utility Least-Cost Planning |
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178 | (7) |
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6.4 The Benefit/Cost Ratio Paradigm |
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185 | (10) |
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6.5 Incremental Benefit/Cost Evaluation |
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195 | (24) |
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6.6 Profit-Based Planning Paradigms |
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219 | (2) |
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6.7 Summary, Comments, and Conclusion |
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221 | (9) |
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References and Bibliography |
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230 | (1) |
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7 Equipment Ratings, Loadings, Lifetime, and Failure |
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231 | (36) |
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231 | (1) |
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7.2 Capacity Ratings and Lifetime |
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232 | (14) |
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7.3 Aging, Deterioration, and Damage |
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246 | (13) |
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7.4 Measures to Improve Equipment Reliability and Life |
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259 | (4) |
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7.5 Conclusion and Summary |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (1) |
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8 Equipment Failures and System Performance |
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267 | (16) |
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267 | (1) |
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8.2 Equipment Failure Rate Increases with Age |
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267 | (7) |
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8.3 A Look at Failure and Age in a Utility System |
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274 | (8) |
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8.4 Conclusion and Summary |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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9 Load Reach and Volt-VAR Engineering |
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283 | (48) |
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283 | (2) |
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9.2 Voltage Behavior on a Distribution System |
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285 | (6) |
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9.3 Load Reach and Distribution Capability |
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291 | (7) |
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9.4 Load Reach, the Systems Approach, and Current and Voltage Performance Optimization |
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298 | (3) |
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9.5 Managing Voltage Drop on Distribution Systems |
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301 | (9) |
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9.6 Volt-VAR Control and Correction |
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310 | (18) |
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9.7 Summary of Key Points |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
| 10 Distributed Resources |
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331 | (58) |
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10.1 Managing Two-Q Demand on the Consumer Side |
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331 | (1) |
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10.2 Energy and Demand Management Methods |
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332 | (24) |
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10.3 Conservation Voltage Reduction |
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356 | (7) |
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10.4 Distributed Generation |
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363 | (10) |
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10.5 Electric Energy Storage Systems |
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373 | (5) |
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10.6 Distributed Resource Cost Evaluation |
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378 | (9) |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (2) |
| 11 Basic Line Segment and Transformer Sizing Economics |
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389 | (30) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (10) |
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399 | (8) |
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11.4 Basic Equipment Selection Economics |
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407 | (11) |
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418 | (1) |
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References and Bibliography |
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418 | (1) |
| 12 Choosing the Right Set of Line and Equipment Sizes |
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419 | (30) |
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419 | (4) |
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12.2 Using Economic Loading and Voltage Drop Well |
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423 | (5) |
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12.3 Economy and Performance of a Conductor Set |
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428 | (8) |
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12.4 Conductor Set Design: Fundamental Aspects |
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436 | (7) |
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12.5 Recommended Method for Conductor Set Design |
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443 | (3) |
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12.6 Standard Transformer Sets |
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446 | (2) |
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448 | (1) |
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References and Bibliography |
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448 | (1) |
| 13 Distribution Feeder Layout |
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449 | (28) |
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449 | (1) |
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449 | (16) |
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13.3 Radial and Loop Feeder Layout |
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465 | (5) |
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13.4 Dual-Voltage Feeders |
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470 | (6) |
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13.5 Summary of Key Points |
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476 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
| 14 Feeder Layout, Switching, and Reliability |
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477 | (76) |
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477 | (9) |
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14.2 Designing Reliability into the Primary Feeder (MV) Level |
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486 | (8) |
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14.3 Feeder System Strength |
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494 | (3) |
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14.4 Contingency-Based Versus Reliability-Based Planning |
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497 | (8) |
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14.5 Contingency Support and Switching Design |
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505 | (18) |
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14.6 Protection and Sectionalization of the Feeder System |
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523 | (27) |
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14.7 Summary of Key Points |
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550 | (1) |
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References and Bibliography |
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550 | (3) |
| 15 Multi-Feeder Layout |
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553 | (26) |
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553 | (1) |
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15.2 How Many Feeders in a Substation Service Area? |
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554 | (4) |
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15.3 Planning the Feeder System |
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558 | (6) |
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15.4 Planning for Load Growth |
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564 | (6) |
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15.5 Formulae for Estimating Feeder System Cost |
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570 | (4) |
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15.6 Conclusion and Summary |
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574 | (3) |
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577 | (2) |
| 16 Distribution Substations |
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579 | (36) |
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579 | (2) |
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16.2 High-Side Substation Equipment and Layout |
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581 | (10) |
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16.3 Transformer Portion of a Substation |
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591 | (7) |
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16.4 Low-Side Portion of a Substation |
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598 | (4) |
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602 | (2) |
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16.6 Substation Costs, Capacity, and Reliability |
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604 | (2) |
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16.7 Substation Standardization |
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606 | (4) |
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16.8 Substation Planning and the Concept of "Transformer Units" |
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610 | (3) |
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16.9 Conclusion and Summary |
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613 | (1) |
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References and Bibliography |
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613 | (2) |
| 17 Distribution System Layout |
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615 | (46) |
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615 | (1) |
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17.2 The T&D System in Its Entirety |
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615 | (10) |
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17.3 Design Interrelationships |
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625 | (26) |
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17.4 Example of a System Dominated by Voltage Drop, Not Capacity |
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651 | (8) |
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17.5 Conclusion and Summary |
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659 | (1) |
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References and Bibliography |
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659 | (2) |
| 18 Substation Siting and System Expansion Planning |
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661 | (44) |
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661 | (1) |
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18.2 Substation Location, Capacity, and Service Area |
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661 | (5) |
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18.3 Substation Siting and Sizing Economics |
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666 | (16) |
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18.4 Substation-Level Planning: The Art |
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682 | (3) |
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18.5 Guidelines to Achieve Low Cost in Substation Siting and Sizing |
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685 | (4) |
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18.6 Substation-Level Planning: The Science |
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689 | (9) |
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18.7 Planning with Modular Substations |
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698 | (5) |
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18.8 Summary: The Most Important Point About Substation-Level Planning |
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703 | (1) |
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References and Bibliography |
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703 | (2) |
| 19 Service Level Layout and Planning |
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705 | (30) |
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705 | (1) |
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705 | (1) |
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19.3 Types of Service Level Layout |
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706 | (5) |
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19.4 Load Dynamics, Coincidence, and Their Interaction with the Service Level |
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711 | (5) |
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19.5 Service-Level Planning and Layout |
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716 | (9) |
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19.6 High Reliability Service-Level Systems |
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725 | (8) |
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733 | (1) |
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733 | (2) |
| 20 Planning Goals and Criteria |
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735 | (22) |
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735 | (2) |
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20.2 Voltage and Customer Service Criteria and Guidelines |
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737 | (12) |
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20.3 Other Distribution Design and Operating Guidelines |
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749 | (2) |
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20.4 Load Ratings and Loading Guidelines |
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751 | (1) |
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20.5 Equipment and Design Criteria |
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752 | (4) |
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20.6 Summary of Key Points |
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756 | (1) |
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References and Bibliography |
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756 | (1) |
| 21 Reliability-Related Criteria and Their Use |
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757 | (28) |
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757 | (4) |
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21.2 Reliability Metrics, Targets, and Criteria |
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761 | (11) |
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21.3 Practical Issues of Reliability-Based Criteria |
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772 | (3) |
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21.4 Approaches and Criteria for Targeted Reliability Planning |
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775 | (8) |
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21.5 Summary of Key Points |
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783 | (1) |
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References and Bibliography |
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783 | (2) |
| 22 Distribution Circuit Electrical Analysis |
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785 | (34) |
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785 | (2) |
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22.2 Models, Algorithms, and Computer Programs |
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787 | (3) |
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790 | (8) |
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22.4 Models of Electric Load |
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798 | (5) |
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22.5 Types of Electrical Behavior System Models |
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803 | (7) |
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22.6 Coincidence and Load Flow Interaction |
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810 | (7) |
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22.7 Conclusion and Summary |
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817 | (1) |
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References and Bibliography |
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818 | (1) |
| 23 Distribution System Reliability Analysis Methods |
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819 | (50) |
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819 | (4) |
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23.2 Contingency-Based Planning Methods |
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823 | (21) |
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23.3 Engineering Reliability Directly |
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844 | (4) |
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23.4 Analytical Distribution System Reliability Assessment |
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848 | (3) |
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23.5 Important Aspects of Reliability Assessment |
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851 | (6) |
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23.6 Reliability Simulation Studies and Financial Risk Assessment |
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857 | (6) |
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23.7 Conclusion and Key Points |
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863 | (2) |
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References and Bibliography |
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865 | (4) |
| 24 Automated Planning Tools and Methods |
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869 | (40) |
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869 | (1) |
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24.2 Fast Ways to Find Good Alternatives |
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870 | (11) |
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24.3 Automated Feeder Planning Methods |
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881 | (11) |
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24.4 Substation-Level and Strategic Planning Tools |
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892 | (8) |
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24.5 Application of Planning Tools |
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900 | (4) |
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24.6 Conclusion and Summary |
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904 | (3) |
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References and Bibliography |
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907 | (2) |
| 25 T&D Load Forecasting Methods |
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909 | (58) |
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25.1 Spatial Load Forecasting |
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909 | (2) |
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25.2 Load Growth Behavior |
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911 | (5) |
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25.3 Important Elements of a Spatial Forecast |
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916 | (7) |
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923 | (16) |
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25.5 Simulation Methods for Spatial Load Forecasting |
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939 | (15) |
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25.6 Hybrid Trending-Simulation Methods |
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954 | (7) |
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25.7 Conclusion and Summary of Key Points |
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961 | (2) |
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References and Bibliography |
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963 | (4) |
| 26 Planning and the T&D Planning Process |
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967 | (50) |
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967 | (1) |
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26.2 Goals, Priorities, and Direction |
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968 | (10) |
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26.3 Tactical Planning: Finding the Best Alternative |
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978 | (9) |
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26.4 Short- Versus Long-Range Planning |
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987 | (5) |
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26.5 Uncertainty and Multi-Scenario Planning |
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992 | (3) |
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26.6 The Power Delivery Planning Process |
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995 | (13) |
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26.7 Summary and Key Points |
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1008 | (7) |
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References and Bibliography |
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1015 | (2) |
| 27 Practical Aspects of T&D Load Forecasting |
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1017 | (38) |
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27.1 The First Step in T&D Planning |
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1017 | (1) |
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27.2 Weather Normalization and Design Criteria |
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1018 | (12) |
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27.3 Selection of a Forecast Method |
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1030 | (9) |
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27.4 Application of Spatial Forecast Methods |
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1039 | (13) |
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27.5 Conclusion and Summary |
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1052 | (2) |
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Bibliography and References |
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1054 | (1) |
| 28 Balancing Reliability and Spending |
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1055 | (72) |
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1055 | (3) |
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28.2 The Fundamental Concepts |
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1058 | (5) |
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28.3 Optimizing Reliability Cost Effectiveness |
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1063 | (15) |
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28.4 CERI - A Practical Method to "Bootstrap" Reliability Improvement |
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1078 | (24) |
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28.5 Required Tools and Resources for Reliability Planning |
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1102 | (4) |
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28.6 "Equitableness" Issues in Reliability Optimization |
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1106 | (7) |
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28.7 Approaches to Setting and Planning Reliability Targets |
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1113 | (4) |
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1117 | (5) |
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28.9 Conclusion and Summary |
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1122 | (2) |
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References and Bibliography |
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1124 | (3) |
| 29 Objectivity, Bias, and Accuracy in Planning |
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1127 | (62) |
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29.1 Introduction and Purpose of this Chapter |
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1127 | (2) |
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29.2 Objective Evaluation, Proponent Study, or Simply Poor Work? |
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1129 | (3) |
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29.3 Ways that Bias Makes Its Way into a T&D Planning Study |
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1132 | (3) |
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29.4 The "Rules" Used to Bias Planning Studies in an Unseen Manner |
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1135 | (5) |
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29.5 Areas Where Bias or Mistakes Are Often Introduced into a Study |
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1140 | (8) |
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29.6 Examples of Bogus, Proponent, and Masked Studies |
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1148 | (11) |
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29.7 Guidelines for Detecting, Finding, and Evaluating Bias |
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1159 | (25) |
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29.8 Summary and Conclusion: Forewarned is Forearmed |
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1184 | (4) |
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1188 | (1) |
| 30 Key Points, Guidelines, Recommendations |
|
1189 | (18) |
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1189 | (1) |
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30.2 On Distribution Systems |
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1189 | (4) |
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30.3 On Utilities and Utility Practices |
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1193 | (6) |
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1199 | (7) |
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|
1206 | (1) |
| Index |
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1207 | |
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