| Preface |
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| Contents |
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Induction Machines: An Introduction |
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1 | (14) |
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Electric Energy and Induction Motors |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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Induction Machines in Applications |
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4 | (10) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Construction Aspects and Operation Principles |
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15 | (22) |
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Construction Aspects of Rotary IMs |
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16 | (10) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (3) |
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20 | (5) |
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25 | (1) |
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Construction Aspects of Linear Induction Motors |
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26 | (3) |
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Operation Principles of IMs |
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29 | (4) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
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Magnetic, Electric, and Insulation Materials for IM |
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37 | (18) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (4) |
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41 | (5) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (3) |
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Random-Wound IM Insulation |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (4) |
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Induction Machine Windings And Their M.M.Fs |
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55 | (44) |
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55 | (1) |
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The Ideal Traveling M.M.F. of A.C. Windings |
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55 | (3) |
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A Primitive Single-Layer Winding |
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58 | (2) |
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A Primitive Two-Layer Chorded Winding |
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60 | (1) |
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The mmf Harmonics for Integer Q |
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61 | (4) |
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Rules For Designing Practical A.C. Windings |
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65 | (8) |
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Basic Fractional Q Three-Phase A.C. Windings |
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73 | (3) |
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Basic Pole-Changing Three-Phase A.C. Windings |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (5) |
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Pole-Changing With Single-Phase Supply Induction Motors |
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84 | (1) |
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Special Topics on A.C. Windings |
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84 | (8) |
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The mmf of Rotor Windings |
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92 | (1) |
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The ``Skewing'' mmf Concept |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (3) |
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The Magnetization Curve and Inductance |
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99 | (38) |
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99 | (1) |
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Equivalent Airgap to Account for Slotting |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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The Basic Magnetisation Curve |
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104 | (22) |
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The Magnetization Curve Via The Basic Magnetic Circuit |
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105 | (6) |
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111 | (1) |
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Third Harmonic Flux Modulation Due to Saturation |
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111 | (1) |
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The Analytical Iterative Model (AIM) |
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112 | (14) |
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The Emf in An A.C. Winding |
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126 | (4) |
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The Magnetization Inductance |
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130 | (3) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (2) |
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Leakage Inductances and Resistances |
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137 | (26) |
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137 | (1) |
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Differential Leakage Inductances |
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138 | (4) |
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Rectandular Slot Leakage Inductance/Single Layer |
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142 | (2) |
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Rectangular Slot Leakage Inductance/Two Layers |
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144 | (2) |
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Rounded Shape Slot Leakage Inductance/Two Layers |
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146 | (2) |
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Zig-Zag Airgap Leakage Inductances |
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148 | (2) |
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End-Connection Leakage Inductance |
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150 | (1) |
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Skewing Leakage Inductance |
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151 | (1) |
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Rotor Bar and End Ring Equivalent Leakage Inductance |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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The Cage Rotor Resistance |
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153 | (3) |
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Simplified Leakage Saturation Corrections |
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156 | (2) |
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Reducing the Rotor to Stator |
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158 | (2) |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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Steady State Equivalent Circuit and Performance |
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163 | (52) |
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Basic Steady-State Equivalent Circuit |
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163 | (3) |
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Classification of Operation Modes |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (3) |
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Short-Circuit (Zero Speed) Operation |
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170 | (5) |
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175 | (3) |
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The Motor Mode of Operation |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (2) |
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Autonomous Induction Generator Mode |
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181 | (3) |
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The Electromagnetic Torque |
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184 | (6) |
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Efficiency and Power Factor |
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190 | (3) |
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Phasor Diagrams: Standard and New |
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193 | (4) |
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Alternative Equivalent Circuits |
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197 | (3) |
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Unbalanced Supply Voltages |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (4) |
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Unbalanced Rotor Windings |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (1) |
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When Voltage Varies Around Rated Value |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (2) |
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Starting and Speed Control Methods |
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215 | (34) |
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Starting of Cage-Rotor Induction Motors |
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215 | (9) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (5) |
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220 | (2) |
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222 | (2) |
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Starting of Wound-Rotor Induction Motors |
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224 | (3) |
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Speed Control Methods for Cage-Rotor Induction Motors |
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227 | (3) |
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The Voltage Reduction Method |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Variable Frequency Methods |
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230 | (10) |
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V/F Scalar Control Characteristics |
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231 | (5) |
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Rotor Flux Vector Control |
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236 | (4) |
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Speed Control Methods for Wound Rotor Ims |
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240 | (6) |
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Additional Voltage to The Rotor (The Doubly-Fed Machine) |
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241 | (5) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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Skin and On-Load Saturation Effects |
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249 | (48) |
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249 | (3) |
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252 | (10) |
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Single Conductor in Rectangular Slot |
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252 | (1) |
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Multiple Conductors in Rectangular Slots: Series Connection |
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253 | (4) |
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Multiple Conductors in Slot: Parallel Connection |
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257 | (3) |
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The Skin Effect in the End Turns |
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260 | (2) |
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Skin Effects By The Multilayer Approach |
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262 | (7) |
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Skin Effect in the End Rings via The Multilayer Approach |
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269 | (1) |
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The Double Cage Behaves Like a Deep Bar Cage |
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270 | (2) |
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Leakage Flux Path Saturation-A Simplified Approach |
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272 | (4) |
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Leakage Saturation And Skin Effects-A Comprehensive Analytical Approach |
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276 | (15) |
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281 | (3) |
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Flux in The Cross Section Marked By AB (Figure 9.25) |
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284 | (1) |
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The Stator Tooth Top Saturates First |
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285 | (2) |
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Unsaturated Rotor Tooth Top |
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287 | (1) |
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Saturated Rotor Tooth Tip |
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287 | (1) |
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The Case of Closed Rotor Slots |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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Performance of Induction Motors with Skin Effect |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
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Airgap Field Space Harmonics, Parasitic Torques, Radial Forces, and Noise |
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297 | (38) |
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Stator mmf Produced Airgap Flux Harmonics |
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297 | (2) |
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Airgap Field of A Squirrel Cage Winding |
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299 | (1) |
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Airgap Conductance Harmonics |
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299 | (2) |
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Leakage Saturation Influence on Airgap Conductance |
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301 | (1) |
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Main Flux Saturation Influence on Airgap Conductance |
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302 | (1) |
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The Harmonics-Rich Airgap Flux Density |
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303 | (1) |
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The Eccentricity Influence on Airgap Magnetic Conductance |
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303 | (2) |
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Interactions of Mmf (or Step) Harmonics and Airgap Magnetic Conductance Harmonics |
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305 | (2) |
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307 | (15) |
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When Do Asynchronous Parasitic Torques Occur? |
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307 | (4) |
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Synchronous Parasitic Torques |
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311 | (4) |
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Leakage Saturation Influence on Synchronous Torques |
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315 | (1) |
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The Secondary Armature Reaction |
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316 | (3) |
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Notable Differences Between Theoretical and Experimental Torque/Speed Curves |
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319 | (1) |
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A Case Study: Ns/Nr = 36/28, 2p1 = 4, Y/τ = 1 and 7/9; M = 3 [7] |
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320 | (1) |
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Evaluation of Parasitic Torques By Tests (After [1]) |
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321 | (1) |
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Radial Forces and Electromagnetic Noise |
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322 | (7) |
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Constant Airgap (No Slotting, No Eccentricity) |
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324 | (1) |
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Influence of Stator/Rotor Slot Openings, Airgap Deflection and Saturation |
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325 | (1) |
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Influence of Rotor Eccentricity On Noise |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Slip-Ring Induction Motors |
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327 | (1) |
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Mechanical Resonance Stator Frequencies |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (3) |
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332 | (3) |
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Losses in Induction Machines |
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335 | (50) |
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336 | (1) |
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Fundamental Electromagnetic Losses |
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336 | (3) |
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No-Load Space Harmonics (Stray No-Load) Losses in Nonskewed IMs |
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339 | (10) |
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No-Load Surface Core Losses |
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339 | (4) |
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No-Load Tooth Flux Pulsation Losses |
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343 | (4) |
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No-Load Tooth Flux Pulsation Cage Losses |
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347 | (2) |
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Load Space Harmonics (Stray Load) Losses in Nonskewed IMs |
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349 | (4) |
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Flux Pulsation (Stray) Losses in Skewed Insulated Bars |
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353 | (1) |
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Interbar Current Losses in Noninsulated Skewed Rotor Cages |
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354 | (7) |
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No-Load Rotor Skewed Noninsulated Cage Losses |
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361 | (1) |
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Load Rotor Skewed Noninsulated Cage Losses |
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361 | (1) |
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Rules to Reduce Full Load Stray (Space Harmonics) Losses |
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362 | (2) |
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High Frequency Time Harmonics Losses |
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364 | (5) |
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365 | (2) |
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367 | (2) |
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Total Time Harmonics Losses |
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369 | (1) |
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Computation of Time Harmonics Conductor Losses |
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369 | (2) |
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Time Harmonics Interbar Rotor Current Losses |
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371 | (3) |
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Computation of Time Harmonics Core Losses |
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374 | (3) |
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374 | (2) |
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Zig-Zag Rotor Surface Losses |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (3) |
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380 | (2) |
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382 | (3) |
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Thermal Modeling and Cooling |
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385 | (28) |
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385 | (1) |
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Some Air Cooling Methods for IMs |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (3) |
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391 | (1) |
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Heat Transfer by Radiation |
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392 | (2) |
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Heat Transport (Thermal Transients) in a Homogenous Body |
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394 | (1) |
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Induction Motor Thermal Transients at Stall |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (2) |
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Temperature Rise (Ton) and Fall (Toff) Times |
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399 | (1) |
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More Realistic Thermal Equivalent Circuits for IMs |
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400 | (4) |
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A Detailed Thermal Equivalent Circuit for Transients |
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404 | (1) |
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Thermal Equivalent Circuit Identification |
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405 | (3) |
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Thermal Analysis Through FEM |
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408 | (2) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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Introduction Machine Transients |
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413 | (68) |
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413 | (1) |
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The Phase Coordinate Model |
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413 | (3) |
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The Complex Variable Model |
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416 | (4) |
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Steady-State by The Complex Variable Model |
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420 | (2) |
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Equivalent Circuits for Drives |
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422 | (4) |
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Electrical Transients with Flux Linkages as Variables |
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426 | (2) |
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Including Magnetic Saturation in The Space Phasor Model |
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428 | (3) |
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Saturation and Core Loss Inclusion into The State-Space Model |
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431 | (7) |
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438 | (8) |
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Neglecting Stator Transients |
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438 | (2) |
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Considering Leakage Saturation |
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440 | (3) |
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Large Machines: Torsional Torque |
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443 | (3) |
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The Sudden Short-Circuit at Terminals |
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446 | (4) |
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Most Severe Transients (so far) |
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450 | (4) |
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The abc-dq Model for PWM Inverter Fed IMs |
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454 | (5) |
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First Order Models Of IMs for Steady-State Stability in Power Systems |
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459 | (3) |
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462 | (2) |
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Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR) |
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464 | (4) |
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The M/Nr, Actual Winding Modeling for Transients |
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468 | (7) |
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475 | (3) |
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478 | (3) |
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Motor Specifications and Design Principles |
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481 | (28) |
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481 | (1) |
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Typical Load Shaft Torque/Speed Envelopes |
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481 | (4) |
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485 | (1) |
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Voltage and Frequency Variation |
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486 | (1) |
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Induction Motor Specifications for Constant V/F |
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487 | (4) |
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Matching IMs to Variable Speed/Torque Loads |
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491 | (2) |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (2) |
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The Output Coefficient Design Concept |
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496 | (7) |
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The Rotor Tangential Stress Design Concept |
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503 | (3) |
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506 | (2) |
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508 | (1) |
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IM Design Below 100 kW and Constant V and f |
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509 | (32) |
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509 | (1) |
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Design Specifications by Example |
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510 | (1) |
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510 | (2) |
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Main Dimensions of Stator Core |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (4) |
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517 | (4) |
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521 | (4) |
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The Magnetization Current |
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525 | (1) |
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Resistances and Inductances |
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526 | (6) |
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532 | (3) |
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Operation Characteristics |
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535 | (1) |
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536 | (2) |
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538 | (1) |
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539 | (2) |
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Induction Motor Design Above 100kW and Constant V/F |
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541 | (44) |
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541 | (3) |
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High Voltage Stator Design |
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544 | (7) |
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Low Voltage Stator Design |
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551 | (1) |
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Deep Bar Cage Rotor Design |
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552 | (7) |
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559 | (7) |
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566 | (3) |
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IM with Wound Rotor-Performance Computation |
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569 | (12) |
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581 | (1) |
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582 | (3) |
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Induction Machine Design for Variable Speed |
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585 | (32) |
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585 | (2) |
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Power and Voltage Derating |
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587 | (2) |
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Reducing the Skin Effect in Windings |
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589 | (3) |
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Torque Pulsations Reduction |
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592 | (1) |
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593 | (1) |
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Increasing the Breakdown Torque |
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594 | (4) |
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Wide Constant Power Speed Range Via Voltage Management |
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598 | (5) |
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Design for High and Super-High Speed Applications |
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603 | (7) |
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Electromagnetic Limitations |
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604 | (1) |
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Rotor Cooling Limitations |
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605 | (1) |
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Rotor Mechanical Strength |
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605 | (1) |
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606 | (4) |
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21 Kw, 47,000 Rpm, 94% Efficiency with Laminated Rotor [11] |
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610 | (1) |
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Sample Design Approach for Wide Constant Power Speed Range |
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610 | (1) |
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Solution Characterization |
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611 | (2) |
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613 | (1) |
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614 | (3) |
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617 | (18) |
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617 | (3) |
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Essential Optimization Design Methods |
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620 | (1) |
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The Augmented Lagrangian Multiplier Method (ALMM) |
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621 | (1) |
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Sequential Unconstrained Minimization |
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622 | (2) |
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A Modified Hooke-Jeeves Method |
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624 | (1) |
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625 | (7) |
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Reproduction (evolution and selection) |
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626 | (2) |
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628 | (1) |
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628 | (2) |
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630 | (2) |
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632 | (1) |
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633 | (2) |
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Three Phase Induction Generators |
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635 | (40) |
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635 | (3) |
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Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) Modeling |
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638 | (2) |
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Steady State Performance of SEIG |
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640 | (1) |
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The Second Order Slip Equation Model for Steady State |
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641 | (9) |
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Steady State Characteristics of SEIG for Given Speed And Capacitor |
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650 | (1) |
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Parameter Sensitivity in SEIG Analysis |
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651 | (1) |
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652 | (1) |
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Unbalanced Steady State Operation of SEIG |
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652 | (7) |
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653 | (2) |
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655 | (1) |
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656 | (3) |
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Transient Operation of SEIG |
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659 | (2) |
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SEIG Transients with Induction Motor Load |
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661 | (2) |
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Parallel Operation of Seigs |
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663 | (2) |
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The Doubly-Fed IG Connected to the Grid |
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665 | (6) |
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665 | (2) |
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667 | (4) |
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671 | (1) |
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672 | (3) |
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675 | (54) |
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675 | (3) |
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Classifications and Basic Topologies |
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678 | (2) |
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680 | (2) |
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Transverse Edge Effect in Double-Sided LIM |
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682 | (8) |
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Transverse Edge Effect in Single-Sided LIM |
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690 | (2) |
|
A Technical Theory of LIM Longitudinal End Effects |
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692 | (2) |
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Longitudinal End-Effect Waves and Consequences |
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|
694 | (5) |
|
Secondary Power Factor and Efficiency |
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699 | (1) |
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The Optimum Goodness Factor |
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700 | (1) |
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Linear Flat Induction Actuators |
|
|
701 | (10) |
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711 | (6) |
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Short-Secondary Double-Sided LIAs |
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|
717 | (1) |
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Linear Induction Motors for Urban Transportation |
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|
718 | (4) |
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Transients and Control of LIMs |
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|
722 | (1) |
|
Electromagnetic Induction Launchers |
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|
723 | (2) |
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725 | (1) |
|
|
|
726 | (3) |
|
Super-High Frequency Models and Behaviour of IMs |
|
|
729 | (24) |
|
|
|
729 | (2) |
|
Three High Frequency Operation Impedances |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
The Differential Impedance |
|
|
732 | (4) |
|
Neutral and Common Mode Impedance Models |
|
|
736 | (3) |
|
The Super-High Frequency Distributed Equivalent Circuit |
|
|
739 | (4) |
|
Bearing Currents Caused by PWM Inverters |
|
|
743 | (4) |
|
Ways to Reduce PWM Inverter Bearing Currents |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
|
748 | (2) |
|
|
|
750 | (3) |
|
Testing of Three-Phase IMs |
|
|
753 | (62) |
|
|
|
753 | (11) |
|
|
|
754 | (3) |
|
Stray Losses From No-Load Overvoltage Test |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
Stray Load Losses From the Reverse Rotation Test |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
|
759 | (1) |
|
No-Load and Stall Rotor Tests with PWM Converter Supply |
|
|
760 | (3) |
|
Loss Measurement by Calorimetric Methods |
|
|
763 | (1) |
|
|
|
764 | (11) |
|
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
|
|
766 | (1) |
|
Efficiency Test Comparisons |
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
The Motor/Generator Slip Efficiency Method |
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
The PWM Mixed Frequency Temperature Rise and Efficiency Tests |
|
|
770 | (5) |
|
The Temperature-Rise Test Via Forward Shortcircuit (FSC) Method |
|
|
775 | (6) |
|
Parameter Estimation Tests |
|
|
781 | (22) |
|
Parameter Calculation From No Load And Standstill Tests |
|
|
782 | (3) |
|
The Two Frequency Standstill Test |
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
Parameters From Catalogue Data |
|
|
786 | (2) |
|
Standstill Frequency Response Method |
|
|
788 | (6) |
|
The General Regression Method For Parameters Estimation |
|
|
794 | (5) |
|
Large IM Inertia and Parameters From Direct Starting Acceleration and Deceleration Data |
|
|
799 | (4) |
|
Noise and Vibration Measurements: From No-Load to Load |
|
|
803 | (5) |
|
When on-Load Noise Tests Are Necessary? |
|
|
804 | (2) |
|
How to Measure the Noise On-Load |
|
|
806 | (2) |
|
|
|
808 | (4) |
|
|
|
812 | (3) |
|
Single-Phase Induction Machines: The Basics |
|
|
815 | (24) |
|
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
Single-Phase Induction Motors |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
Capacitor Induction Motors |
|
|
816 | (7) |
|
Capacitor-Start Induction Motors |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
The Two-Value Capacitor Induction Motor |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
Permanent-Split Capacitor Induction Motors |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
Tapped-Winding Capacitor Induction Motors |
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
Split-Phase Capacitor Induction Motors |
|
|
819 | (2) |
|
Capacitor Three-Phase Induction Motors |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
Shaded-Pole Induction Motors |
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
The Nature of Stator-Produced Airgap Field |
|
|
823 | (3) |
|
The Fundamental M.M.F. and Its Elliptic Wave |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
Forward-Backward M.M.F. Waves |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
The Symmetrical Components General Model |
|
|
828 | (3) |
|
|
|
831 | (2) |
|
The d-q Model Of Star Steinmetz Connection |
|
|
833 | (2) |
|
|
|
835 | (2) |
|
|
|
837 | (2) |
|
Single-Phase Induction Motors: Steady State |
|
|
839 | (44) |
|
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
Steady State Performance with Open Auxiliary Winding |
|
|
839 | (6) |
|
The Split Phase and The Capacitor IM: Currents And Torque |
|
|
845 | (6) |
|
Symmetrization Conditions |
|
|
851 | (2) |
|
Starting Torque and Current Inquiries |
|
|
853 | (3) |
|
Typical Motor Characteristic |
|
|
856 | (2) |
|
Non-Orthogonal Stator Windings |
|
|
858 | (3) |
|
Symmetrisation Conditions for Non-Orthogonal Windings |
|
|
861 | (7) |
|
M.M.F. Space Harmonic Parasitic Torques |
|
|
868 | (2) |
|
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
Voltage Harmonics Effects |
|
|
871 | (2) |
|
The Doubly Tapped Winding Capacitor IM |
|
|
873 | (5) |
|
|
|
878 | (3) |
|
|
|
881 | (2) |
|
Single-Phase IM Transients |
|
|
883 | (12) |
|
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
The d-q Model Performance in Stator Coordinates |
|
|
884 | (4) |
|
|
|
888 | (2) |
|
The Multiple Reference Model for Transients |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
Including the Space Harmonics |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
|
|
893 | (2) |
|
Single-Phase Induction Generators |
|
|
895 | (12) |
|
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
Steady State Model and Performance |
|
|
896 | (5) |
|
The d-q Model For Transients |
|
|
901 | (2) |
|
Expanding the Operation Range with Power Electronics |
|
|
903 | (1) |
|
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
|
|
905 | (2) |
|
|
|
907 | (26) |
|
|
|
907 | (1) |
|
Sizing the Stator Magnetic Circuit |
|
|
908 | (4) |
|
Sizing the Rotor Magnetic Circuit |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
Sizing the Stator Windings |
|
|
913 | (5) |
|
Resistances and Leakage Reactances |
|
|
918 | (4) |
|
The Magnetization Reactance Xmm |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
The Starting Torque and Current |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
Steady State Performance Around Rated Power |
|
|
923 | (2) |
|
Guidelines for a Good Design |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
Optimization Design Issues |
|
|
926 | (4) |
|
|
|
930 | (1) |
|
|
|
931 | (2) |
|
|
|
933 | (1) |
|
|
|
933 | (2) |
|
Loss Segregation the Split Phase and Capacitor Start IMs |
|
|
935 | (5) |
|
The Case of Closed Rotor Slots |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
Loss Segregation the Permanent Capacitor IM |
|
|
941 | (1) |
|
Speed (slip) Measurements |
|
|
942 | (1) |
|
|
|
943 | (1) |
|
Complete Torque-Speed Curve Measurements |
|
|
943 | (2) |
|
|
|
945 | (1) |
|
|
|
946 | |
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