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An Overview of the History, Chemistry, and Transport of Chlorinated Solvents |
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3 | (48) |
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3 | (1) |
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Chronology and Use of Chlorinated Solvents |
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3 | (10) |
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8 | (2) |
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Tetrachloroethylene (PCE, or Perchloroethylene) |
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10 | (2) |
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1,1,1-Trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA, or Methylchloroform) |
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12 | (1) |
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Methylene Chloride (Dichloromethane) |
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13 | (1) |
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Chemistry and Properties of Chlorinated Solvents |
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13 | (12) |
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Terminology and Classification |
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13 | (1) |
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Chemical Structure and Properties |
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14 | (2) |
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Henry's Law Constant (KH) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Vapor Pressure and Density |
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20 | (1) |
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Boiling Point and Latent Heat of Vaporization |
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20 | (1) |
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Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (Kow) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Transport of Chlorinated Solvents through Soil |
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25 | (2) |
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Impact of Cosolvency on Transport through Soil |
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27 | (1) |
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Transport of Vapors in Soil |
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28 | (2) |
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Transport through the Capillary Fringe |
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30 | (2) |
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32 | (19) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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Permeability (k) and Hydraulic Conductivity (K) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (3) |
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39 | (1) |
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Free Phase Solvent Transport in Groundwater |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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Transport in Fractured Porous Media |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (7) |
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Chemistry and Transport of Petroleum Hydrocarbons |
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51 | (40) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (2) |
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Chemistry of Refined Products |
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53 | (8) |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (2) |
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Chemical Reactions in the Vadose Zone |
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61 | (10) |
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Henry's Law Constant (KH) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (3) |
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Vapor Pressure and Vapor Density |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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Overview of Transport through the Unsaturated (Vadose) Zone |
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71 | (5) |
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72 | (1) |
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Cosolvation and Colloidal Transport |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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Hydrocarbon Interactions at the Capillary Fringe |
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76 | (3) |
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Hydrocarbon Solubilization from the Capillary Fringe into Groundwater |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (12) |
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79 | (1) |
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MTBE Transport in Groundwater |
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80 | (2) |
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Length of a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Plume |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (7) |
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Identification of Biased Environmental Data |
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91 | (66) |
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91 | (1) |
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Geologic Characterization |
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92 | (6) |
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93 | (5) |
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Interpretation of Geologic Information |
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98 | (3) |
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Soil Collection for Chemical Analyses |
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101 | (5) |
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101 | (2) |
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Subsampling and Sample Transfer |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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Groundwater Characterization |
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106 | (25) |
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108 | (2) |
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Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Sampling Equipment and Sequence |
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116 | (3) |
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Equipment Decontamination |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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Sample Filtration, Preservation, and Holding Times |
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123 | (5) |
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128 | (3) |
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Field Quality Control Samples |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (8) |
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Interpretation of Soil Vapor Data |
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136 | (3) |
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139 | (18) |
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Misidentification of Analytes |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (3) |
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Document Control/Control Log |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Sample Kit Preparation Log |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Sample Receipt Checklist and/or Log |
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147 | (1) |
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Sample Preparation Logbook |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Instrument Maintenance Log |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Laboratory Quality Control Samples |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (6) |
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Forensic Techniques Used in Environmental Litigation |
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157 | (86) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (3) |
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Underground Storage Tank Corrosion Models |
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161 | (4) |
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165 | (1) |
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Commercial Availability of a Chemical |
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166 | (2) |
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Chemicals and Formulations Unique to a Manufacturing Process or Activity |
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168 | (7) |
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Polychlorinated Biphenyls |
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172 | (3) |
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Petroleum Refinery Throughput Analysis |
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175 | (1) |
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Chemical Identification of Petroleum Hydrocarbons |
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176 | (21) |
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179 | (2) |
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Proprietary Additives: Petroleum Hydrocarbons |
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181 | (5) |
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Anti-Knock Additives (Alkyl Leads) |
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186 | (3) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (5) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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Radioactive Isotope Dating |
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197 | (12) |
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Dating Groundwater with Isotopes |
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198 | (2) |
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Isotopic Analysis for Petroleum Hydrocarbons |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Lead Isotope Analysis for Gasoline Fingerprinting |
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201 | (2) |
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Isotope Analysis of Crude Oil and BTEX |
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203 | (2) |
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Isotope Analysis of Gas Samples |
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205 | (2) |
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Isotopic Analysis of Chlorinated Solvents |
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207 | (2) |
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Chemical and Biological Degradation Models: Petroleum Hydrocarbons |
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209 | (15) |
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Weathering and Biomarkers |
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209 | (4) |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (3) |
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Challenges to BTEX Ratio Methods |
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219 | (5) |
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Chemical Degradation Models: Chlorinated Solvents |
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224 | (4) |
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Rapid Optical Screening ToolTM Testing |
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228 | (15) |
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230 | (13) |
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Contaminant Transport Modeling |
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243 | (36) |
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243 | (1) |
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Liquid Transport through Pavement |
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243 | (5) |
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Vapor Transport through Pavement |
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248 | (2) |
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Contaminant Transport in Soil |
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250 | (6) |
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Challenges to Contaminant Transport Models for Soil |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (3) |
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256 | (1) |
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Contaminant Transport in Groundwater |
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256 | (7) |
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Types of Groundwater Models |
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258 | (3) |
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Selection of Boundary Conditions, Grids, and Mass Loading Rates |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Application of Groundwater Modeling in Environmental Litigation |
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263 | (16) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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266 | (1) |
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Challenges to Reverse Models |
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267 | (5) |
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Challenges to Phase-Separate Reverse Models |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (6) |
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Forensic Review of Environmental Trial Exhibits |
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279 | (48) |
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279 | (1) |
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Exaggerated Vertical and Horizontal Scales |
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279 | (1) |
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Selective Data Presentation |
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280 | (8) |
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288 | (11) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (3) |
| Appendices |
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A Sample Calculation for the Transport of PCE Vapor through Concrete Pavement |
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299 | (6) |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (3) |
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303 | (2) |
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B Sample Calculation for the Transport of PCE Liquid through Concrete via Diffusion |
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305 | (2) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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C Properties of Alcohol Oxygenates and Ether Oxygenates |
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307 | (4) |
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D Advective and Partitioning Transport Equations of Radon for Detecting Diesel in Groundwater |
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311 | (4) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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E Chemical and Commercial Synonyms for Selected Chlorinate Solvents and Aromatic Hydrocarbons |
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315 | (4) |
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318 | (1) |
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F Laboratory Terms and Definitions |
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319 | (8) |
| Index |
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327 | |
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