Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine, Second Edition: Cunha, Burke A.: 9780849336171: Book: Medical: eCampus.com

Foreword

Henry Masur

Preface

vii

Contributors

xvii

PART I: GENERAL CONCEPTS

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Colonization and Infection in the Critical Care Unit

(32)

C. Glen Mayhall

Introduction

(1)

Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus

(10)

Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci

(11)

References

(10)

Outbreak Investigation in the Critical Care Unit

(8)

Brian W. Cooper

Introduction

(1)

Surveillance

(1)

Investigation of Clusters of Infection

(1)

Notification of Appropriate Individuals

(1)

Construct an Epidemic Curve

(1)

Review the Literature

(1)

Develop a Line Listing

(1)

Develop Hypotheses and Institute Preliminary Controls

(1)

Evaluate the Effectiveness of Control Measures

(1)

Further Studies

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(3)

Clinical Approach to Fever in the Critical Care Unit

(32)

Burke A. Cunha

Introduction

(1)

Diagnostic Considerations

(1)

Causes of Fever in the CCU

(3)

Clinical Significance of Fever Patterns

(5)

Pulse--Temperature Relationships

(4)

Diagnostic Significance of Fever Defervescence Patterns

(2)

Obscure Fevers in the CCUs

(4)

Clinical Diagnostic Approach to Fever in the CCU

(4)

Clinical Therapeutic Approach

(6)

References

(3)

Sepsis and Its Mimics in the Critical Care Unit

(8)

Burke A. Cunha

Introduction

(1)

Laboratory Abnormalities in Sepsis

(3)

Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy

(1)

Summary

(1)

References

(3)

PART II: CLINICAL SYNDROMES

Meningitis and Its Mimics in the Critical Care Unit

(24)

Burke A. Cunha

Overview

(1)

Clinical Diagnosis of Acute Bacterial Meningitis

(1)

The Mimics of Meningitis

(3)

Clinical and Laboratory Features of Acute Bacterial Meningitis

(12)

Empiric Therapy of Acute Bacterial Meningitis

(4)

References

102

(3)

Encephalitis and Its Mimics in the Critical Care Unit

105

(20)

Burke A. Cunha

Introduction

105

(1)

Mimics of Encephalitis in the CCU

106

(3)

Noninfectious Mimics of Acute Viral Encephalitis

109

(1)

Miscellaneous Other Disorders

110

(3)

Viral Causes of Acute Encephalitis in the CCU

113

(1)

Clinical Diagnostic Approach

113

(4)

Nonviral Infectious Mimics of Acute Encephalitis in the CCU

117

(1)

Treatable Causes of Acute Encephalitis in the CCU

118

(1)

Acute Encephalitis in Normal Hosts

118

(1)

Acute Encephalitis in Compromised Hosts

119

(2)

Therapeutic Approach

121

(1)

Treatment of Infectious Mimics of Viral Encephalitis

121

(1)

Treatment of Acute Viral Encephalitis

122

(1)

References

122

(3)

Severe Head and Neck Infections in the Critical Care Unit

125

(32)

Franco Paradisi

Giampaolo Corti

Overview

125

(1)

Microbiology

126

(6)

Clinical Presentation of Deep Fascial Space Infections

132

(1)

Clinical Presentation of Other Cervical Infections

133

(2)

Diagnosis of Cervical Infections

135

(1)

Therapy of Cervical Infections

136

(4)

Clinical Presentation of Intracranial Suppurative Infections

140

(3)

Diagnosis of Intracranial Suppurative Infections

143

(3)

Therapy of Intracranial Suppurative Infections

146

(5)

References

151

(6)

Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Critical Care Unit

157

(12)

Burke A. Cunha

Introduction

157

(1)

Determinants of Severe CAP

158

(1)

Clinical Approach to Severe CAP

158

(4)

Clinical Approach to Severe Cap by Chest X-Ray Pattern and Degree of Hypoxemia

162

(4)

References

166

(3)

Nosocomial Pneumonia in the Critical Care Unit

169

(36)

Emilio Bouza

Almudena Burillo

Maria V. Torres

Overview

169

(1)

Pathogenesis

170

(2)

Microbiology

172

(2)

Risk Factors

174

(1)

Prevention

175

(6)

Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Testing

181

(5)

Antimicrobial Treatment

186

(5)

References

191

(14)

Pleural Empyema/Lung Abscess in the Critical Care Unit

205

(16)

John G. Bartlett

Introduction

205

(1)

Empyema

205

(5)

Lung Abscess

210

(5)

References

215

(6)

Infective Endocarditis and Its Mimics in the Critical Care Unit

221

(42)

John L. Brusch

Overview

221

(3)

Microbiology

224

(3)

Microbial Pathogenicity

227

(3)

Clinical Presentation and Clinicopathological Correlations

230

(5)

PMIE

235

(2)

Differential Diagnosis Considerations

237

(5)

Diagnosis

242

(1)

Mimics of Endocarditis

243

(1)

Therapy

244

(9)

References

253

(10)

Acute Myocarditis and Acute Pericarditis in the Critical Care Unit

263

(20)

Jason M. Lazar

Diane H. Johnson

Burke A. Cunha

Acute Myocarditis

263

(14)

Acute Pericarditis

277

(3)

References

280

(3)

Central Intravenous Line Infections in the Critical Care Unit

283

(8)

Burke A. Cunha

Introduction

283

(1)

Overview of CVC Infections

283

(1)

IV Line Infections

284

(1)

Septic Thrombophlebitis

285

(1)

S. aureus Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

286

(1)

References

287

(4)

Intra-Abdominal Surgical Infections and Their Mimics in the Critical Care Unit

291

(14)

Meghann L. Kaiser

Samuel E. Wilson

Introduction

291

(1)

Tertiary Peritonitis

291

(3)

New Onset Peritonitis

294

(6)

Infectious Complications of Pancreatitis

300

(1)

Mimics of Abdominal Infection

301

(1)

De Novo Coincidental Intra-Abdominal Infection

302

(1)

References

302

(3)

Clostridium difficile -- associated Diarrhea and Colitis in the Critical Care Unit

305

(16)

Marci Drees

Sherwood L. Gorbach

Overview

305

(4)

Microbiology

309

(1)

Clinical Presentation

310

(1)

Differential Diagnostic Considerations

311

(2)

Diagnosis

313

(1)

Treatment

314

(3)

Prevention

317

(1)

References

318

(3)

Severe Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the Critical Care Unit

321

(26)

Mamta Sharma

Louis D. Saravolatz

Introduction

321

(1)

Microbial Flora

321

(1)

Classification of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

322

(15)

Diabetic Foot Infection

337

(2)

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Injection Drug Users

339

(1)

Pyomyositis

339

(1)

Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus

340

(1)

Summary

340

(1)

References

341

(6)

Infections in Patients on Steroids in the Critical Care Unit

347

(14)

John N. Sheagren

Introduction

347

(1)

Historical Aspects of Steroids and Infections

347

(1)

Host Defenses/Immunity Against Infections

348

(2)

Microbial Defense by the Various Components of the Immune Systems

350

(2)

Major Effects of Steroids on Immunity

352

(2)

Types of Infections Expected in Patients on Steroids

354

(1)

Steroid Treatment of Infection

355

(1)

Conclusions

356

(1)

References

357

(4)

PART III: SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN THE CRITICAL CARE UNIT

Fever and Rash in the Critical Care Unit

361

(36)

Lee S. Engel

Charles V. Sanders

Fred A. Lopez

Introduction

361

(4)

Petechial and Purpuric Rashes

365

(7)

Maculopapular Rash

372

(5)

Diffuse Erythematous Rashes with Desquamation

377

(4)

Vesicular, Bullous, or Pustular Rashes

381

(4)

Nodular Rash

385

(2)

References

387

(10)

Tropical Infections in the Critical Care Unit

397

(20)

David R. Tribble

Kenneth F. Wagner

Epidemiology of Infections in International Travelers

397

(2)

Malaria

399

(3)

Critical Care Infectious Disease Syndromes

402

(8)

References

410

(7)

HIV/AIDS in the Critical Care Unit

417

(16)

Larry I. Lutwick

Introduction

417

(1)

HAART Attacks

418

(9)

Heart Attacks

427

(1)

References

428

(5)

Infections in Cirrhosis in the Critical Care Unit

433

(12)

Laurel C. Preheim

Introduction

433

(1)

Role of the Liver in Host Defense Against Infection

434

(1)

Classification of Liver Disease Severity

434

(1)

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

434

(3)

Urinary Tract Infections

437

(1)

Bacteremia

437

(1)

Pneumonia

438

(1)

Other Infections

439

(1)

References

440

(5)

Infections Associated with Diabetes in the Critical Care Unit

445

(14)

Larry I. Lutwick

Infection and Diabetes

445

(1)

Life-Threatening Infection Characteristic of Diabetics

446

(5)

Life-Threatening Infection Characteristic of Diabetics in the Tropics

451

(4)

References

455

(4)

Infection in Organ Transplant Patients in the Critical Care Unit

459

(38)

Patricia Munoz

Almudena Burillo

Emilio Bouza

Introduction

459

(1)

Influence of the Type of Transplantation and of the Time after Transplantation

460

(4)

Most Common Clinical Syndromes

464

(16)

Management

480

(3)

Prevention

483

(1)

References

483

(14)

Infections in Asplenics in the Critical Care Unit

497

(10)

Jihad Slim

Leon G. Smith

Overview

497

(1)

Epidemiology

498

(1)

Microbiology

498

(2)

Clinical Presentation

500

(3)

References

503

(4)

Infections in Burns

507

(20)

Steven E. Wolf

Basil A. Pruitt

Seung H. Kim

Introduction

507

(1)

Treatment of Burn Wound to Control Infection

508

(4)

Burn Wound Infection

512

(11)

Summary

523

(1)

References

523

(4)

Urosepsis in the Critical Care Unit

527

(8)

Burke A. Cunha

Introduction

527

(1)

Urosepsis

527

(6)

Antimicrobial Therapy

533

(1)

References

533

(2)

Infections Related to Bioterrorism

535

(18)

David Schlossberg

Overview

535

(1)

Microbiology

535

(1)

Clinical Presentation

536

(5)

Differential Diagnostic Considerations

541

(1)

Diagnosis

541

(4)

Therapy

545

(5)

Conclusion

550

(1)

References

551

(2)

PART IV: THERAPEUTIC CONSIDERATIONS

Antibiotic Dosing in Hepatic/Renal Insufficiency

553

(22)

Damary C. Torres

Donna Sym

April Correll

Introduction

553

(1)

Antibiotic Dosing in Hepatic Failure

553

(2)

Antibiotic Dosing in Renal Insufficiency and Failure

555

(6)

Antibiotic Dosing in Intermittant Renal Replacement Therapy

561

(5)

Antibiotic Dosing in CRRT

566

(5)

Conclusion

571

(1)

References

571

(4)

Adverse Reactions to Antibiotics

575

(20)

Eric V. Granowitz

Richard B. Brown

Introduction

575

(1)

Anaphylaxis

576

(1)

Nephrotoxicity

576

(3)

Hematological Adverse Reactions

579

(3)

Dermatological Toxicity

582

(1)

Neurotoxicity

583

(2)

Cardiotoxicity

585

(1)

Hepatotoxicity

586

(1)

Musculoskeletal Toxicity

586

(1)

Electrolyte Abnormalities

586

(1)

Fever

586

(1)

Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Colitis

587

(2)

Antibiotic-Resistant Superinfections

589

(1)

Summary

589

(1)

References

589

(6)

Antibiotic Kinetics in the Febrile Multiple System Trauma Patient

595

(14)

Donald E. Fry

Introduction

595

(1)

Normal Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics

596

(3)

Pathophysiology of Injury and Fever

599

(1)

Clinical Data

600

(6)

Summary

606

(1)

References

606

(3)

Antibiotic Selection and Control of Resistance in the Critical Care Unit

609

(16)

Burke A. Cunha

Introduction

609

(1)

Antibiotic Selection in the CCU

609

(8)

Control of Resistance in the CCU

617

(5)

References

622

(3)

Antimicrobial Therapy in the Penicillin-Aliergic Patient in the Critical Care Unit

625

(8)

Burke A. Cunha

Introduction

625

(1)

Determining the Type of Penicillin Allergy

625

(1)

Penicillin Allergic Reactions

626

(1)

Cross Reactions Between Penicillins and β-Lactams

626

(1)

Carbapenems and Monobactams

627

(1)

Non--β-Lactam Antibiotics in Patients with Penicillin Anaphylactic Reactions

627

(1)

Conclusion

628

(2)

References

630

(3)

Index

633

(30)

About the Editor

663


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