Catalysts For Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogenases, Relevant Chemical Models And Commercial Processes: Unknown: 9781402025082: Book: : eCampus.com

Preface to the Series

Preface

xiii

List of Contributors

Chapter 1. Nitrogen Fixation: An Historical Perspective

K. Fisher and W.E. Newton

(32)

1. Introduction

(2)

2. When Did Biological Nitrogen Fixation Appear?

(2)

3. Nitrogen Fixation and Agriculture

(2)

4. Do Plants Assimilate Nitrogen from the Air?

(2)

5. Are Bacteria Responsible for Assimilating Nitrogen from the Air?

(3)

6. Do Free-Living Rhizobia Fix N2?

(1)

7. Commercial Application of Biological Nitrogen Fixation

(1)

8. Commercial Application of Industrial Nitrogen Fixation

(1)

9. Inorganic Ions and Nitrogen Fixation

(1)

10. Methods Used for the Detection of Nitrogen Fixation

(2)

11. Beginning of the Biochemistry of Biological Nitrogen Fixation

(6)

12. Cell-free Extracts and Beyond

(1)

Acknowledgement

(2)

References

(7)

Chapter 2. Haber-Bosch and Other Industrial Processes

G.J.Leigh

(22)

1. Background to Industrial Fixation

(1)

2. Dinitrogen Chemistry up to ca. 1900

(5)

3. Industrial Fixation of Nitrogen

(9)

4. Developments since ca. 1920

(4)

5. Possible Future Developments

(1)

References

(2)

Chapter 3. Assay Methods for Products of Nitrogenase Action on Substrates

M.J. Dilworth

(22)

1. Introduction

(1)

2. Protons

(1)

3. HD Formation

(1)

4. Nitrogenous Substrates

(6)

5. Carbon-containing Substrates

(3)

6. Substrates containing Nitrogen and Carbon

(4)

7. Sulfur-containing Substrates

(1)

8. Other Assay Components

(2)

9. Concluding Remarks

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 4. The Structures of the Nitrogenase Proteins and Stabilized Complexes

P.M.C. Benton and J.W. Peters

(20)

1. Introduction

(1)

2. The Fe Protein

(4)

3. The MoFe Protein

(6)

4. Nitrogenase Complex Structures

(6)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(4)

Chapter 5. The Mechanism of Mo-dependent Nitrogenase: Thermodynamics and Kinetics

R.Y. Igarashi and L.C. Seefeldt

(44)

1. Introduction

(5)

2. The Fe-protein Cycle

102

(13)

3. The MoFe-protein Cycle

115

(17)

4. Future Prospects

132

(1)

References

133

(8)

Chapter 6. Strategies for the Functional Analysis of the Azotobacter vinelandii MoFe Protein and its Active Site FeMo-cofactor

S.M. Mayer, P.C. Dos Santos, L.C. Seefeldt and D.R. Dean

141

(20)

1. Introduction

141

(1)

2. Genetic Manipulation and Biochemical Techniques for the Study of A. vinelandii Nitrogenase

142

(6)

3. Insights gained into Nitrogenase Structure-Function from Genetic and Biochemical Studies

148

(7)

4. Summary and Outlook

155

(2)

References

157

(4)

Chapter 7. Chemical Models, Throretical Calculations, and Reactivity of Isolated Iron-Molybdenum Cofactor

F. Barriere, M.C. Durrant and C.J. Pickett

161

(40)

1. Introduction

161

(1)

2. Chemical Models

162

(9)

3. Theoretical Calculations

171

(10)

4. Isolation and Reactivity of the Nitrogenase FeMo-cofactor

181

(9)

5. Summary and Future Prospects

190

(2)

References

192

(9)

Chapter 8. Structural Models for the FeMo-cofactor and the P Clusters

D.J. Evans

201

(18)

1. Introduction

201

(2)

2. FeMo-cofactor Models

203

(7)

3. The P Cluster

210

(4)

4. Concluding Remarks

214

(1)

Acknowledgements

214

(1)

References

215

(4)

Chapter 9. Biosynthesis of Iron-Molybdenum and Iron-Vanadium Cofactors of the nif- and vnf-encoded Nitrogenases

P.W. Ludden, P. Rangaraj and L.M. Rubio

219

(36)

1. Introduction

219

(1)

2. Discovery and Characterization of FeMo-cofactor

219

(2)

3. Structures of FeMo-cofactor and FeV-cofactor and their Sites in the MoFe and VFe Proteins

221

(2)

4. FeMo-cofactor and FeV-cofactor Biosynthesis

223

(1)

5. in vitro FeMo-cofactor Synthesis

224

(3)

6. Role of NifQ

227

(1)

7. Role of NifB

228

(1)

8. Role of NifNE

229

(2)

9. Role NifH

231

(4)

10. NifV and the Role of Homocitrate

235

(3)

11. Role of NifX

238

(1)

12. Role of NifU

239

(1)

13. Role of NifS

240

(1)

14. Role of NifM

240

(1)

15. Roles of NifW and NifZ

241

(1)

16. Non-nif Protein Requirements

241

(1)

17. Role of VnfG

242

(1)

18. Role of Nucleotides and Divalent Metals in FeMo-cofactor Synthesis

243

(1)

19. Model for the Biosynthesis of FeMo-cofactor and FeV-cofactor

243

(4)

References

247

(8)

Chapter 10. Vanadium Nitrogenase

B.J. Hales

255

(26)

1. Introduction

255

(1)

2. Historical Background

255

(3)

3. Characterization

258

(9)

4. Mechanism

267

(3)

5. Genetics

270

(4)

6. Conclusions

274

(1)

References

275

(6)

Chapter 11. Iron-only Nitrogenase: Exceptional Catalytic, Structural and Spectroscopic Features

K. Schneider and A. M�ller

281

(28)

1. Introduction

281

(2)

2. Metal Regulation of Nitrogenases

283

(1)

3. Factors Influencing Biosynthesis, Catalytic Activity, and Stability of Fe-nitrogenases

284

(3)

4. Mo- and Fe-nitrogenases: Comparison of Subunit Composition, Amino-acid Sequences and Immuno-reactions

287

(3)

5. Structures of the Iron-Sulfur Clusters in Fe-nitrogenase

290

(5)

6. EPR and Redox Properties of the Rhodobacter FeFe Protein

295

(4)

7. Catalytic Characteristics of Iron-only Nitrogenases

299

(3)

8. Fe-only Nitrogenase: Evolutionary Relic or Important Complementary Enzyme System for Diazotrophic Bacteria'?

302

(2)

9. Summary and Outlook

304

(1)

Acknowledgements

304

(1)

References

304

(5)

Chapter 12. Superoxide-dependent Nitrogenase

D. Gadkari

309

(24)

1. Introduction

309

(1)

2. Description of Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus

310

(1)

3. Components of the Superoxide-dependent Nitrogen-Fixing System

311

(5)

4. Reduction of N2 and Other Catalyzed reactions

316

(8)

5. Genetics

324

(4)

6. Conclusions and Perspectives

328

(2)

References

330

(3)

Chapter 13. Future Challenges and Prospects

R.L. Richards and B.E. Smith

333

(4)

1. Introduction

333

(1)

2. Challenges and Prospects

333

(3)

3. Conclusions

336

(1)

References

336

(1)

Subject Index

337


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