Foundations Of Maternal-newborn Nursing: Murray & McKinney: 9781416001416: Book: Medical: eCampus.com

PART 1 Foundations for Nursing Care of Childbearing Families

Maternity Care Today

(21)

Historical Perspectives on Childbearing

(1)

Granny Midwives

(1)

Emergence of Medical Management

(1)

Government Involvement in Maternal-Infant Care

(1)

Effects of Consumer Demands on Health Care

(1)

Development of Family-Centered Maternity Care

(1)

Current Settings for Childbirth

(2)

Traditional Hospital Setting

(1)

Labor, Delivery, and Recovery Rooms

(1)

Labor, Delivery, Recovery, and Postpartum Rooms

(1)

Birth Centers

(1)

Home Births

(1)

Current Trends in Maternity Care

(8)

Cost Containment

(2)

Evidence-Based Practice

(1)

Community-Based Perinatal Nursing

(5)

Advances in Technology

(1)

Complementary and Alternative Medicine

(1)

The Family

(2)

Traditional Families

(1)

Nontraditional Families

(1)

High Risk Families

(1)

Characteristics of a Healthy Family

(1)

Factors that Interfere with Family Functioning

(1)

Cultural Perspectives in Childbearing

(3)

Implications of Cultural Diversity for Perinatal Nurses

(1)

Cross Cultural Health Beliefs

(1)

Cultural Assessment

(1)

Statistics on Maternal and Infant Health

(4)

Maternal and Infant Mortality

(1)

Disparity across Racial Groups

(1)

Infant Mortality across Nations

(3)

The Nurse's Role in Maternity and Women's Health Care

(14)

Advanced Preparation for Maternal-Newborn Nurses

(1)

Certified Nurse-Midwives

(1)

Nurse Practitioners

(1)

Clinical Nurse Specialists

(1)

Implications of Changing Roles for Nurses

(4)

Therapeutic Communication

(1)

The Nurse's Role in Teaching and Learning

(3)

The Nurse's Role as Collaborator

(1)

The Nurse's Role as Researcher

(1)

The Nurse's Role as Advocate

(1)

The Nurse's Role as Manager

(1)

Critical Thinking

(2)

Purpose

(1)

Steps

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Maternal-Newborn Nursing

(4)

Individualized Nursing Care Plans

(1)

The Nursing Process Related to Critical Thinking

(1)

Collaborative Problems

(1)

Nursing Research

(1)

Ethical, Social, and Legal Issues

(15)

Ethics and Bioethics

(4)

Ethical Dilemmas

(1)

Ethical Issue in Reproduction

(3)

Social Issues

(4)

Poverty

(1)

Homelessness

(1)

Access to Health Care

(1)

Allocation of Health Care Resources

(1)

Health Care Rationing

(1)

Care versus Cure

(1)

Legal Issues

(3)

Safeguards for Health Care

(1)

Malpractice

(1)

Prevention of Malpractice Claims

(2)

Cost Containment and Downsizing

(3)

Delegation to Unlicensed Assistive Personnel

(1)

Early Discharge

(2)

Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

(16)

Sexual Development

(3)

Prenatal Development

(1)

Childhood

(1)

Sexual Maturation

(3)

Decline in Fertility

(1)

Female Reproductive Anatomy

(5)

External Female Reproductive Organs

(1)

Internal Female Reproductive Organs

(3)

Support Structures

(1)

Female Reproductive Cycle

(3)

Ovarian Cycle

(1)

Endometrial Cycle

(1)

Changes in Cervical Mucus

(1)

The Female Breast

(1)

Structure

(1)

Function

(1)

Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology

(3)

External Male Reproductive Organs

(1)

Internal Male Reproductive Organs

(2)

Hereditary and Environmental Influences on Childbearing

(20)

Hereditary Influences

(10)

Structure of Genes and Chromosomes

(4)

Transmission of Traits by Single Genes

(1)

Patterns of Single Gene Inheritance

(3)

Chromosomal Abnormalities

(2)

Structural Abnormalities

(1)

Multifactorial Disorders

(1)

Characteristics

(1)

Risk for Occurrence

(1)

Environmental Influences

(3)

Teratogens

(1)

Mechanical Disruptions to Fetal Development

(1)

Genetic Counseling

(1)

Availability

(1)

Focus on the Family

(1)

Process of Genetic Counseling

(1)

Supplemental Services

(1)

Nursing Care of Families Concerned About Birth Defects

(5)

Nurses as Part of a Genetic Counseling Team

(1)

Nurses in General Practice

(5)

Part II The Family Before Birth

Conception and Prenatal Development

(22)

Gametogenesis

(2)

Oogenesis

(1)

Spermatogenesis

(1)

Conception

(2)

Preparation for Conception in the Female

(1)

Preparation for Conception in the Male

(1)

Fertilization

(1)

Preembryonic Period

(1)

Initiation of Cell Division

(1)

Entry of the Zygote into the Uterus

(1)

Implantation in the Decidua

(1)

Maintaining the Decidua

(1)

Location of Implantation

(1)

Mechanism of Implantation

(1)

Embryonic Period

(5)

Differentiation of Cells

(1)

Weekly Developments

(2)

Fetal Period

(2)

Auxilary Structures

100

(4)

Placenta

100

(3)

Fetal Membranes and Amniotic Fluid

103

(1)

Fetal Circulation

104

(2)

Umbilical Cord

104

(1)

Fetal Circulatory Circuit

105

(1)

Changes in Blood Circulation after Birth

106

(1)

Multifetal Pregnancy

106

(3)

Monozygotic Twinning

106

(1)

Dizygotic Twinning

106

(1)

High Multifetal Gestations

107

(2)

Physiologic Adaptations to Pregnancy

109

(41)

Changes in Body Systems

110

(11)

Reproductive System

110

(2)

Cardiovascular System

112

(3)

Respiratory System

115

(1)

Gastrointestinal System

115

(1)

Urinary System

116

(1)

Integumentary System

117

(1)

Musculoskeletal System

118

(1)

Endocrine System

118

(3)

Sensory Organs

121

(1)

Confirmation of Pregnancy

121

(6)

Presumptive Indications of Pregnancy

121

(4)

Probable Indications of Pregnancy

125

(2)

Positive Indications of Pregnancy

127

(1)

Antepartum Assessment and Care

127

(14)

Preconception Visit

127

(3)

Initial Prenatal Visit

130

(3)

Subsequent Assessments

133

(3)

Multifetal Pregnancy

136

(1)

Common Discomforts of Pregnancy

136

(5)

Cultural Considerations

141

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Family Responses to Physical Changes of Pregnancy

141

(6)

Antepartum Home Care Nursing

147

(3)

Psychosocial Adaptations to Pregnancy

150

(23)

Maternal Psychological Responses

151

(4)

First Trimester

151

(1)

Second Trimester

151

(3)

Third Trimester

154

(1)

Maternal Role Transition

155

(2)

Transitions Experienced throughout Pregnancy

155

(1)

Steps in Maternal Role Taking

155

(1)

Maternal Tasks of Pregnancy

156

(1)

Paternal Adaptation

157

(2)

Variations in Paternal Adaptation

157

(1)

Developmental Processes

158

(1)

Adaptation of Grandparents

159

(1)

Age

159

(1)

Number and Spacing of Other Grandchildren

159

(1)

Perceptions of the Role of Grandparents

160

(1)

Adaptation of Siblings

160

(1)

Toddlers

160

(1)

Other Children

160

(1)

Adolescents

160

(1)

Factors Influencing Psychosocial Adaptations

161

(2)

Age

161

(1)

Multiparity

161

(1)

Absence of a Partner

162

(1)

Social Support

162

(1)

Abnormal Situations

162

(1)

Socioeconomic Status

162

(1)

Barriers to Prenatal Care

163

(2)

Cultural Influences on Childbearing

165

(3)

Differences within Cultures

165

(1)

Cultural Differences Causing Conflict

165

(3)

Culturally Competent Nursing Care

168

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Psychosocial Concerns

168

(5)

Nutrition for Childbearing

173

(29)

Weight Gain During Pregnancy

174

(1)

Recommendations for Total Weight Gain

174

(1)

Pattern of Weight Gain

175

(1)

Maternal and Fetal Distribution

175

(1)

Nutritional Requirements

175

(9)

Dietary Reference Intakes

175

(1)

Energy

176

(1)

Protein

177

(1)

Vitamins

177

(3)

Minerals

180

(1)

Sodium

181

(1)

Nutritional Supplementation

182

(1)

Water

182

(1)

Food Guide Pyramid

182

(2)

Factors That Influence Nutrition

184

(2)

Age

184

(1)

Nutritional Knowledge

184

(1)

Exercise

185

(1)

Culture

185

(1)

Nutritional Risk Factors

186

(7)

Socioeconomic Status

186

(1)

Adolescence

187

(2)

Vegetarianism

189

(1)

Lactose Intolerance

190

(1)

Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

190

(1)

Anemia

191

(1)

Abormal Prepregnancy Weight

191

(1)

Eating Disorders

191

(1)

Food Cravings and Aversions

191

(1)

Multiparity and Multifetal Pregnancy

192

(1)

Substance Abuse

192

(1)

Other Risk Factors

192

(1)

Nutrition After Birth

193

(2)

Nutrition for the Lactating Mother

193

(1)

Nutrition for the Nonlactating Mother

194

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Nutrition for Childbearing

195

(7)

Antepartal Fetal Assessment

202

(21)

Indications for Fetal Diagnostic Tests

203

(1)

Ultrasonography

204

(2)

Emotional Responses

204

(1)

Levels of Obstetric Ultrasound

205

(1)

First-Trimester Ultrasonography

205

(1)

Second- and Third-Trimester Ultrasonography

205

(1)

Advantages

206

(1)

Disadvantages

206

(1)

Doppler Ultrasound Blood Flow Assessment

206

(1)

Purpose

207

(1)

Color Doppler

207

(1)

Alpha-Fetoprotein Screening

207

(1)

Purpose

207

(1)

Procedure

207

(1)

Advantages

208

(1)

Limitations

208

(1)

Multiple-Marker Screening

208

(1)

Chorionic Villus Sampling

208

(2)

Purpose

208

(1)

Indications

208

(1)

Procedure

208

(1)

Advantages

209

(1)

Risks

209

(1)

Amniocentesis

210

(1)

Purposes

210

(1)

Procedure

211

(1)

Advantages

211

(1)

Disadvantages

211

(1)

Risks

211

(1)

Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS)

211

(2)

Procedure

212

(1)

Risks

212

(1)

Antepartum Fetal Surveillance

213

(5)

Nonstress Test

213

(2)

Vibroacoustic (Acoustic) Stimulation

215

(1)

Contraction Stress Test

215

(2)

Biophysical Profile

217

(1)

Modified Biophysical Profile

217

(1)

Maternal Assessment of Fetal Movement

218

(1)

Procedure

218

(1)

Advantages

218

(1)

Disadvantages

219

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Diagnostic Testing

219

(4)

Perinatal Education

223

(16)

Goals of Perinatal Education

224

(1)

Providers of Education

224

(1)

Class Participants

224

(1)

Choices for Childbearing

224

(1)

Health Care Professional

224

(1)

Setting

225

(1)

Support Person

225

(1)

Siblings

225

(1)

Education

225

(1)

Types of Classes Available

225

(4)

Preconception Classes

225

(1)

Early Pregnancy Classes

226

(1)

Exercise Classes

226

(1)

Childbirth Preparation Classes

226

(1)

Refresher Courses

227

(1)

Cesarean Birth Preparation Classes

227

(1)

Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Birth

228

(1)

Breastfeeding Classes

228

(1)

Parenting Classes

228

(1)

Postpartum Classes

229

(1)

Classes for Other Family Members

229

(1)

Education for Childbirth

229

(1)

Methods of Pain Management

229

(1)

Methods of Childbirth Education

230

(3)

Dick-Read Childbirth Education

230

(1)

Bradley Childbirth Education

230

(1)

LeBoyer Method of Childbirth

230

(1)

Lamaze Childbirth Education

230

(3)

The Labor Partner

233

(2)

Role of the Labor Partner

233

(2)

Support Techniques

235

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Education for Childbirth

235

(4)

PART III The Family during Birth

Processes of Birth

239

(27)

Physiologic Effects of the Birth Process

240

(3)

Maternal Response

240

(2)

Fetal Response

242

(1)

Components of the Birth Process

243

(9)

Powers

243

(1)

Passage

243

(1)

Passenger

243

(6)

Psyche

249

(2)

Interrelationships of Components

251

(1)

Normal Labor

252

(5)

Theories of Onset

252

(1)

Premonitory Signs

252

(1)

True Labor and False Labor

253

(1)

Mechanisms of Labor

253

(4)

Stages and Phases of Labor

257

(5)

Duration of Labor

260

(2)

The Childbirth Story

262

(4)

Nursing Care during Labor and Birth

266

(40)

Issues for New Nurses

267

(1)

Pain Associated with Birth

267

(1)

Inexperience and Negative Experiences

267

(1)

Unpredictability

267

(1)

Intimacy

267

(1)

Admission to the Birth Center

267

(17)

The Decision to Go to the Hospital or Birth Center

267

(1)

Nursing Responsibilities during Admission

268

(16)

Application of the Nursing Process: False or Early Labor

284

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: True Labor

285

(13)

Fetal Oxygenation

285

(1)

Discomfort

286

(7)

Prevention of Injury

293

(5)

Nursing Care During The Late Intrapartum Period

298

(8)

Responsibilities during Birth

298

(1)

Responsibilities after Birth

298

(8)

Intrapartum Fetal Surveillance

306

(29)

Fetal Oxygenation

307

(2)

Uteroplacental Exchange

307

(1)

Fetal Circulation

307

(1)

Regulation of Fetal Heart Rate

307

(1)

Pathologic Influences on Fetal Oxygenation

308

(1)

Uterine Activity

308

(1)

Risk Factors

309

(1)

Auscultation and Palpation

309

(1)

Advantages

309

(1)

Limitations

309

(1)

Auscultation Equipment

310

(1)

Evaluation of Auscultated Fetal Heart Rate Data

310

(1)

Electronic Fetal Monitoring

310

(2)

Advantages

310

(2)

Limitations

312

(1)

Electronic Fetal Monitoring Equipment

312

(4)

Bedside Monitor Unit

312

(1)

Paper Strip

312

(1)

Data Entry Devices and Computer Software

313

(1)

Remote Surveillance

313

(1)

Devices for External Fetal Monitoring

313

(2)

Devices for Internal Fetal Monitoring

315

(1)

Evaluating Intermittent Auscultation and Palpation Data

316

(1)

Evaluation of Electronic Fetal Monitoring Strips

317

(5)

Fetal Heart Rate Baseline

317

(1)

Baseline Fetal Heart Rate Variability

317

(2)

Periodic Patterns in the Fetal Heart Rate

319

(2)

Uterine Activity

321

(1)

Significance of Fetal Heart Rate Patterns

322

(4)

Reassuring Patterns

322

(1)

Nonreassuring Patterns

322

(4)

Application of the Nursing Process: Intermittent Auscultation and Electronic Fetal Monitoring

326

(9)

Learning Needs

326

(2)

Fetal Oxygenation

328

(7)

Pain Management during Childbirth

335

(29)

Unique Nature of Pain During Birth

336

(1)

Adverse Effects of Excessive Pain

336

(1)

Physiologic Effects

336

(1)

Psychological Effects

336

(1)

Variables in Childbirth Pain

337

(2)

Physical Factors

337

(1)

Psychosocial Factors

338

(1)

Standards for Pain Management

339

(1)

Nonpharmacologic Pain Management

339

(5)

Advantages

339

(1)

Limitations

339

(1)

Gate Control Theory

339

(1)

Preparation for Pain Management

340

(1)

Application of Nonpharmacologic Techniques

340

(4)

Pharmacologic Pain Management

344

(9)

Special Considerations for Medicating a Pregnant Woman

344

(1)

Regional Pain Management Techniques

345

(5)

Systemic Drugs for Labor

350

(1)

Vaginal Birth Anesthesia

351

(2)

Application of the Nursing Process: Pain Management

353

(11)

Pain

353

(7)

Epidural Analgesia

360

(1)

Respiratory Compromise

361

(3)

Nursing Care during Obstetric Procedures

364

(29)

Amniotomy

365

(1)

Induction and Augmentation of Labor

366

(6)

Version

372

(2)

Operative Vaginal Birth

374

(3)

Episiotomy

377

(1)

Cesarean Birth

378

(11)

The Cesarean Birth Story

389

(4)

PART IV The Family Following Birth

Postpartum Physiologic Adaptations

393

(36)

Reproductive System

394

(3)

Involution of the Uterus

394

(2)

Cervix

396

(1)

Vagina

396

(1)

Perineum

396

(1)

Cardiovascular System

397

(1)

Cardiac Output

397

(1)

Plasma Volume

397

(1)

Coagulation

397

(1)

Blood Values

397

(1)

Gastrointestinal System

398

(1)

Urinary System

398

(1)

Physical Changes

398

(1)

Musculoskeletal System

399

(1)

Muscles and Joints

399

(1)

Abdominal Wall

399

(1)

Integumentary System

400

(1)

Neurologic System

400

(1)

Endocrine System

400

(1)

Resumption of Ovulation and Menstruation

400

(1)

Lactation

400

(1)

Weight Loss

400

(1)

Postpartum Assessments

401

(12)

Clinical Pathways

401

(1)

Initial Assessments

401

(1)

Chart Review

401

(5)

Focused Assessments after Vaginal Birth

406

(7)

Care in the Immediate Postpartum Period

413

(2)

Providing Comfort Measures

414

(1)

Promoting Bladder Elimination

415

(1)

Providing Fluid and Food

415

(1)

Preventing Thrombophlebitis

415

(1)

Nursing Care After Cesarean Birth

415

(4)

Application of the Nursing Process: Knowledge of Self-Care

419

(10)

Postpartum Home and Community-Based Care

425

(4)

Postpartum Psychosocial Adaptations

429

(21)

The Process of Becoming Acquainted

430

(2)

Bonding

430

(1)

Attachment

430

(1)

Maternal Touch

431

(1)

Verbal Behaviors

431

(1)

The Process of Maternal Adaptation

432

(4)

Puerperal Phases

432

(1)

Maternal Role Attainment

433

(1)

Heading toward a New Normal

433

(1)

Redefined Roles

433

(2)

Role Conflict

435

(1)

Major Maternal Concerns

435

(1)

The Process of Family Adaptation

436

(2)

Fathers

436

(1)

Siblings

437

(1)

Grandparents

437

(1)

Factors That Affect Family Adaptation

438

(2)

Discomfort and Fatigue

438

(1)

Knowledge of Infant Needs

438

(1)

Previous Experience

438

(1)

Expectations for the Newborn

438

(1)

Maternal Age

438

(1)

Maternal Temperament

439

(1)

Temperament of the Infant

439

(1)

Availability of a Strong Support System

439

(1)

Unanticipated Events

439

(1)

Cultural Influences on Adaptation

440

(2)

Communication

441

(1)

Health Beliefs

442

(1)

Dietary Practices

442

(1)

Home and Community-Based Care

442

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Maternal Adaptation

443

(2)

Application of the Nursing Process: Family Adaptation

445

(5)

Normal Newborn: Processes of Adaptation

450

(18)

Initiation of Respirations

451

(2)

Development of the Lungs

451

(1)

Causes of Respirations

451

(1)

Continuation of Respirations

451

(2)

Cardiovascular Adaptation: Transition from Fetal to Neonatal Circulation

453

(2)

Ductus Venosus

453

(1)

Foramen Ovale

454

(1)

Pulmonary Blood Vessels

454

(1)

Ductus Arteriosus

454

(1)

Neurologic Adaptation: Thermoregulation

455

(3)

Newborn Characteristics That Lead to Heat Loss

455

(1)

Methods of Heat Loss

455

(1)

Nonshivering Thermogenesis

456

(1)

Effects of Cold Stress

457

(1)

Neutral Thermal Environment

458

(1)

Hyperthermia

458

(1)

Hematologic Adaptation

458

(1)

Factors That Affect the Blood

458

(1)

Blood Values

458

(1)

Risk of Clotting Deficiency

459

(1)

Gastrointestinal System

459

(1)

Stomach

459

(1)

Intestines

459

(1)

Digestive Enzymes

459

(1)

Stools

459

(1)

Hepatic System

460

(3)

Blood Glucose Maintenance

460

(1)

Conjugation of Bilirubin

460

(2)

Hyperbilirubinemia

462

(1)

Blood Coagulation

463

(1)

Iron Storage

463

(1)

Metabolism of Drugs

463

(1)

Urinary System

463

(1)

Kidney Development

463

(1)

Kidney Function

463

(1)

Fluid Balance

463

(1)

Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance

464

(1)

Immune System

464

(1)

Immunoglobulin G

464

(1)

Immunoglobulin M

465

(1)

Immunoglobulin A

465

(1)

Psychosocial Adaptation

465

(3)

Periods of Reactivity

465

(1)

Behavioral States

465

(3)

Assessment of the Normal Newborn

468

(39)

Early Focused Assessments

469

(14)

Assessment of Cardiorespiratory Status

469

(7)

Assessment of Thermoregulation

476

(2)

Assessment for Anomalies

478

(4)

Measurements

482

(1)

Assessment of Body Systems

483

(12)

Neurologic System

483

(4)

Hepatic System

487

(3)

Gastrointestinal System

490

(1)

Genitourinary System

491

(2)

Integumentary System

493

(2)

Assessment of Gestational Age

495

(9)

Assessment Tools

495

(1)

Neuromuscular Characteristics

495

(4)

Physical Characteristics

499

(3)

Scoring

502

(1)

Gestational Age and Infant Size

502

(2)

Further Assessments

504

(1)

Assessment of Behavior

504

(3)

Periods of Reactivity

504

(1)

Behavioral Changes

504

(3)

Care of the Normal Newborn

507

(30)

Clinical Pathways

508

(1)

Early Care

509

(4)

Administering Vitamin K

512

(1)

Providing Eye Treatment

513

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Cardiorespiratory Status

513

(2)

Application of the Nursing Process: Thermoregulation

515

(3)

Application of the Nursing Process: Hepatic Function

518

(2)

Blood Glucose

518

(1)

Bilirubin

519

(1)

Ongoing Assessments and Care

520

(4)

Providing Skin Care

520

(1)

Bathing

520

(1)

Providing Cord Care

520

(1)

Cleansing the Diaper Area

521

(1)

Assisting with Feedings

521

(1)

Positioning the Infant

521

(1)

Protecting the Infant

521

(3)

Circumcision

524

(3)

Reasons for Choosing Circumcision

524

(1)

Reasons for Rejecting Circumcision

524

(1)

Pain Relief

525

(1)

Methods

525

(1)

Nursing Considerations

526

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Parents' Knowledge of Newborn Care

527

(5)

Immunization

532

(1)

Newborn Screening Tests

533

(1)

Hearing Screening

533

(1)

Other Screening Tests

533

(1)

Commonly Screened Conditions

533

(1)

Discharge and Newborn Follow-Up Care

534

(3)

Discharge

534

(1)

Follow-Up Care

534

(3)

Infant Feeding

537

(31)

Nutritional Needs of the Newborn

538

(1)

Calories

538

(1)

Nutrients

538

(1)

Water

538

(1)

Breast Milk and Formula Composition

538

(2)

Breast Milk

538

(2)

Formulas

540

(1)

Considerations in Choosing a Feeding Method

540

(3)

Breastfeeding

540

(1)

Formula Feeding

541

(1)

Combination Feeding

541

(1)

Factors Influencing Choice

541

(2)

Normal Breastfeeding

543

(1)

Breast Changes during Pregnancy

543

(1)

Milk Production

543

(1)

Hormonal Changes at Birth

543

(1)

Continued Milk Production

543

(1)

Preparation of Breasts for Breastfeeding

544

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Breastfeeding

544

(6)

Common Breastfeeding Concerns

550

(12)

Infant Problems

550

(5)

Maternal Concerns

555

(7)

Formula Feeding

562

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Formula Feeding

563

(5)

Home Care of the Infant

568

(21)

Information for New Parents

569

(1)

Needs

569

(1)

Sources of Information

569

(1)

Care After Discharge

569

(5)

Home Visits

569

(4)

Outpatient Visits

573

(1)

Telephone Counseling

573

(1)

Infant Equipment

574

(2)

Safety Considerations

574

(1)

Car Seats

575

(1)

Early Problems

576

(4)

Infant Crying

576

(1)

Colic

576

(3)

Shaken Baby Syndrome

579

(1)

Sleep

579

(1)

Concerns of Working Mothers

579

(1)

Concerns of Adoptive Parents

580

(1)

Common Questions and Concerns

580

(2)

Dressing and Warmth

580

(1)

Stool Patterns

580

(1)

Smoking

580

(1)

Eyes

581

(1)

Baths

581

(1)

Nails

581

(1)

Sucking Needs

581

(1)

Teething

581

(1)

Common Rashes

582

(1)

Nutrition During the Early Weeks

582

(1)

Breastfeeding

582

(1)

Formula Feeding

582

(1)

Water

583

(1)

Regurgitation

583

(1)

Introduction of Solid Foods

583

(1)

Weaning

583

(1)

Growth and Development

583

(1)

Anticipatory Guidance

583

(1)

Growth and Developmental Milestones

583

(1)

Accident Prevention

584

(1)

Well-Baby Care

584

(1)

Well-Baby Checkups

584

(1)

Immunizations

584

(1)

Illness

585

(4)

Recognizing Signs

585

(1)

Calling the Pediatrician or Nurse Practitioner

585

(1)

Knowing When to Seek Immediate Help

586

(1)

Learning about Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

586

(3)

PART V Families at Risk during the Childbearing Period

The Childbearing Family with Special Needs

589

(33)

Adolescent Pregnancy

590

(3)

Incidence

590

(1)

Factors Associated with Teenage Pregnancy

590

(1)

National Health Goals

590

(1)

Sex Education

591

(1)

Options When Pregnancy Occurs

591

(1)

Socioeconomic Implications

591

(1)

Implications for Maternal Health

591

(1)

Implications for Fetal-Neonatal Health

592

(1)

The Teenage Expectant Father

593

(1)

Impact on Parenting

593

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: The Pregnant Teenager

593

(5)

Delayed Pregnancy

598

(2)

Maternal and Fetal Implications

598

(1)

Advantages of Delayed Childbirth

599

(1)

Disadvantages of Delayed Childbirth

599

(1)

Nursing Considerations

599

(1)

Substance Abuse

600

(4)

Incidence

600

(1)

Maternal and Fetal Effects

600

(3)

Diagnosis and Management of Substance Abuse

603

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Maternal Substance Abuse

604

(3)

Antepartum Period

604

(2)

Intrapartum Period

606

(1)

Postpartum Period

607

(1)

Birth of an Infant with Congenital Anomalies

607

(2)

Factors Influencing Emotional Responses of Parents

607

(1)

Grief and Mourning

608

(1)

Nursing Considerations

608

(1)

Pregnancy Loss

609

(1)

Early Pregnancy Loss

610

(1)

Concurrent Death and Survival in Multifetal Pregnancy

610

(1)

Previous Pregnancy Loss

610

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Pregnancy Loss

610

(2)

Relinquishment for Adoption

612

(1)

Intimate Partner Violence

613

(3)

Factors that Promote Violence

614

(1)

Characteristics of the Abuser

615

(1)

Cycle of Violence

615

(1)

Effects of Battering

615

(1)

Nurse's Role in Prevention of Abuse

615

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: The Battered Woman

616

(6)

Complications of Pregnancy

622

(38)

Hemorrhagic Conditions of Early Pregnancy

623

(7)

Abortion

623

(4)

Ectopic Pregnancy

627

(2)

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (Hydatidiform Mole)

629

(1)

Application of Nursing Process: Hemorrhagic Conditions of Early Pregnancy

630

(2)

Hemorrhagic Conditions of Late Pregnancy

632

(4)

Placenta Previa

632

(2)

Abruptio Placentae

634

(2)

Application of the Nursing Process: Hemorrhagic Conditions of Late Pregnancy

636

(3)

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

639

(1)

Etiology

639

(1)

Therapeutic Management

639

(1)

Nursing Considerations

639

(1)

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

640

(8)

Preeclampsia

641

(7)

Application of the Nursing Process: Preclampsia

648

(5)

Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, and Low Platelets (Hellp) Syndrome

653

(1)

Chronic Hypertension

653

(1)

Incompatibility Between Maternal and Fetal Blood

654

(6)

Rh Incompatibility

654

(2)

ABO Incompatibility

656

(4)

Concurrent Disorders during Pregnancy

660

(37)

Diabetes Mellitus

661

(8)

Pathophysiology

661

(1)

Classification

661

(1)

Incidence

662

(1)

Preexisting Diabetes Mellitus

662

(5)

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

667

(2)

Application of the Nursing Process: The Pregnant Woman with Diabetes Mellitus

669

(3)

Cardiac Disease

672

(3)

Incidence and Classification

672

(1)

Diagnosis and Classification

673

(1)

Therapeutic Management

674

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: The Pregnant Woman with Heart Disease

675

(2)

Anemias

677

(2)

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

677

(1)

Folic Acid-Deficiency (Megaloblastic) Anemia

677

(1)

Sickle Cell Anemia

678

(1)

Thalassemia

679

(1)

Medical Conditions

679

(3)

Immune-Complex Diseases

679

(2)

Neurologic Disorders

681

(1)

Trauma in Pregnancy

682

(1)

Blunt Force Injuries

682

(1)

Penetrating Injuries

682

(1)

Therapeutic Management

682

(1)

Infections During Pregnancy

683

(9)

Viral Infections

683

(7)

Nonviral Infections

690

(2)

Applications of the Nursing Process: The Pregnant Woman with Tuberculosis

692

(5)

Intrapartum Complications

697

(36)

Dysfunctional Labor

698

(8)

Problems of the Powers

698

(2)

Problems with the Passenger

700

(4)

Problems with the Passage

704

(1)

Problems of the Psyche

704

(1)

Abnormal Labor Duration

705

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Dysfunctional Labor

706

(2)

Intrauterine Infection

706

(1)

Maternal Exhaustion

707

(1)

Premature Rupture of the Membranes

708

(2)

Etiology

708

(1)

Complications

709

(1)

Therapeutic Management

709

(1)

Nursing Considerations

710

(1)

Preterm Labor

710

(9)

Associated Factors

710

(1)

Signs and Symptoms

711

(1)

Preventing Preterm Birth

711

(1)

Therapeutic Management

712

(7)

Application of the Nursing Process: Preterm Labor

719

(4)

Psychosocial Concerns

719

(3)

Management of Home Care

722

(1)

Boredom

723

(1)

Prolonged Pregnancy

723

(1)

Complications

723

(1)

Therapeutic Management

724

(1)

Nursing Considerations

724

(1)

Intrapartum Emergencies

724

(4)

Placental Abnormalities

724

(1)

Prolapsed Umbilical Cord

724

(1)

Therapeutic Management

725

(1)

Uterine Rupture

726

(1)

Uterine Inversion

727

(1)

Anaphylactoid Syndrome

728

(1)

Trauma

728

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Intrapartum Emergencies

729

(4)

Postpartum Maternal Complications

733

(26)

Postpartum Hemorrhage

734

(4)

Early Postpartum Hemorrhage

734

(3)

Late Postpartum Hemorrhage

737

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Excessive Bleeding

738

(2)

Hypovolemic Shock

740

(1)

How the Body Compensates for Hypovolemia

740

(1)

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

740

(1)

Therapeutic Management

741

(1)

Nursing Considerations

741

(1)

Home Care

741

(1)

Subinvolution of the Uterus

741

(1)

Therapeutic Management

741

(1)

Nursing Considerations

741

(1)

Thromboembolic Disorders

742

(2)

Incidence and Etiology

742

(1)

Superficial Venous Thrombosis

742

(1)

Deep Venous Thrombosis

743

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: The Mother with Deep Venous Thrombosis

744

(2)

Pulmonary Embolism

745

(1)

Puerperal Infection

746

(5)

Definition

746

(1)

Effect of Normal Anatomy and Physiology on Infection

746

(1)

Other Risk Factors

746

(1)

Specific Infections

747

(4)

Application of the Nursing Process: Infection

751

(2)

Affective Disorders

753

(1)

Postpartum Depression

753

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Postpartum Depression

754

(5)

Postpartum Psychosis

756

(3)

High-Risk Newborn: Complications Associated with Gestational Age and Development

759

(40)

Care of High-Risk Newborns

760

(1)

Multidisciplinary Approach

760

(1)

Case Management and Clinical Pathways

760

(1)

Preterm Infants

761

(11)

Incidence and Etiology

761

(1)

Characteristics of Preterm Infants

761

(1)

Assessment and Care of Common Problems

761

(11)

Application of the Nursing Process: The Preterm Infant

772

(17)

Environmentally Caused Stress

773

(1)

Nutrition

774

(9)

Parenting

783

(6)

Common Complications of Preterm Infants

789

(3)

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

789

(1)

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

790

(1)

Periventricular-Intraventricular Hemorrhage

790

(1)

Retinopathy of Prematurity

791

(1)

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

791

(1)

Postterm Infants

792

(1)

Scope of the Problem

792

(1)

Assessment

792

(1)

Therapeutic Management

792

(1)

Nursing Considerations

793

(1)

Small-For-Gestational-Age Infants

793

(1)

Causes

793

(1)

Scope of the Problem

793

(1)

Characteristics

793

(1)

Therapeutic Management

793

(1)

Nursing Considerations

794

(1)

Large-For-Gestational Age Infants

794

(5)

Causes

794

(1)

Scope of the Problem

794

(1)

Therapeutic Management

794

(1)

Nursing Considerations

794

(5)

High-Risk Newborn: Acquired and Congenital Conditions

799

(33)

Respiratory Complications

800

(5)

Asphyxia

800

(1)

Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (Retained Lung Fluid)

800

(1)

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome

801

(4)

Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn

805

(1)

Hyperbilirubinemia (Pathologic Jaundice)

805

(3)

Causes

806

(1)

Therapeutic Management

806

(2)

Application of the Nursing Process: Hyperbilirubinemia

808

(3)

Infection

811

(3)

Infant of a Diabetic Mother

814

(2)

Scope of the Problem

814

(1)

Characteristics of Infants of Diabetic Mothers

815

(1)

Therapeutic Management

815

(1)

Nursing Considerations

815

(1)

Polycythemia

816

(1)

Causes

816

(1)

Therapeutic Management

816

(1)

Nursing Considerations

816

(1)

Hypocalcemia

816

(1)

Causes

816

(1)

Therapeutic Management

816

(1)

Nursing Considerations

816

(1)

Prenatal Drug Exposure

816

(6)

Identification of Drug-Exposed Infants

817

(1)

Therapeutic Management

817

(1)

Nursing Considerations

818

(4)

Phenylketonuria

822

(1)

Causes

822

(1)

Therapeutic Management

822

(1)

Nursing Considerations

823

(1)

Congenital Anomalies

823

(1)

Congenital Cardiac Defects

823

(9)

Classification of Cardiac Defects

823

(3)

Manifestations

826

(2)

Therapeutic Management

828

(1)

Nursing Considerations

828

(4)

PART VI Other Reproductive Issues

Family Planning

832

(24)

Information About Contraception

833

(2)

Common Sources

833

(1)

Role of the Nurse

833

(2)

Considerations When Choosing a Contraceptive Method

835

(3)

Safety

835

(1)

Protection from Sexually Transmissible Diseases

835

(1)

Effectiveness

835

(1)

Acceptability

836

(1)

Convenience

836

(1)

Education Needed

836

(1)

Benefits

836

(1)

Side Effects

836

(1)

Interference with Spontaneity

836

(1)

Availability

837

(1)

Expense

837

(1)

Preference

837

(1)

Religious and Personal Beliefs

837

(1)

Culture

837

(1)

Other Considerations

837

(1)

Informed Consent

838

(1)

Adolescents

838

(2)

Adolescent Knowledge

838

(1)

Counseling Adolescents

838

(2)

Perimenopausal Women

840

(1)

Methods of Contraception

840

(12)

Sterilization

840

(1)

Hormonal Contraceptives

841

(5)

Intrauterine Devices

846

(1)

Barrier Methods

847

(2)

Natural Family Planning Methods

849

(2)

Abstinence

851

(1)

Least Reliable Methods of Contraception

851

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Choosing a Contraceptive Method

852

(4)

Infertility

856

(22)

Extent of Infertility

857

(1)

Factors Contributing to Infertility

857

(4)

Factors in the Man

857

(1)

Factors in the Woman

858

(2)

Repeated Pregnancy Loss

860

(1)

Evaluation of Infertility

861

(10)

Preconception Counseling

861

(1)

History and Physical Examination

861

(1)

Diagnostic Tests

862

(4)

Therapies to Facilitate Pregnancy

866

(1)

Medications

866

(1)

Ovulation Induction

866

(1)

Surgical Procedures

867

(1)

Therapeutic Insemination

867

(1)

Egg Donation

868

(1)

Surrogate Parenting

868

(1)

Assisted Reproductive Technology

868

(3)

Responses to Infertility

871

(2)

Assumption of Fertility

871

(1)

Growing Awareness of a Problem

871

(1)

Seeking Help for Infertility

871

(1)

Reactions during Evaluation and Treatment

872

(1)

Outcomes After Infertility Therapy

873

(1)

Pregnancy Loss after Infertility Therapy

873

(1)

Parenthood after Infertility Therapy

873

(1)

Choosing to Adopt

874

(1)

Application of the Nursing Process: Care of the Infertile Couple

874

(4)

Women's Health Care

878

(91)

National Emphasis on Women's Health

879

(1)

Women's Health Initiative

879

(1)

Healthy People 2010 Goals

880

(1)

Health Maintenance

880

(7)

Health History

880

(1)

Physical Assessment

881

(1)

Preventive Counseling

881

(1)

Screening Procedures

882

(4)

Diagnosis of Disorders of the Breast

886

(1)

Benign Disorders of the Breast

887

(1)

Fibrocystic Breast Changes

887

(1)

Fibroadenoma

888

(1)

Ductal Ectasia

888

(1)

Intraductal Papilloma

888

(1)

Nursing Considerations

888

(1)

Malignant Tumors of the Breast

888

(4)

Incidence

888

(1)

Risk Factors

888

(1)

Pathophysiology

889

(1)

Staging

889

(1)

Management

889

(2)

Psychosocial Consequences of Breast Cancer

891

(1)

Nursing Considerations

891

(1)

Cardiovascular Disease

892

(2)

Recognition of Coronary Artery Disease

892

(1)

Risk Factors

892

(1)

Prevention

893

(1)

Menstrual Cycle Disorders

894

(5)

Amenorrhea

894

(1)

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

895

(1)

Cyclic Pelvic Pain

895

(2)

Premenstrual Syndrome

897

(2)

Medical Termination of Pregnancy

899

(2)

Methods of Medical Termination of Pregnancy

899

(2)

Nursing Considerations

901

(1)

Menopause

901

(5)

Age of Menopause

901

(1)

Physiologic Changes

901

(1)

Psychological Responses

902

(1)

Therapy for Menopause

902

(2)

Osteoporosis

904

(2)

Pelvic Floor Dysfunction

906

(2)

Vaginal Wall Prolapse

906

(1)

Uterine Prolapse

906

(1)

Symptoms

907

(1)

Management

907

(1)

Nursing Considerations

907

(1)

Disorders of the Reproductive Tract

908

(2)

Benign Disorders

908

(1)

Malignant Disorders

909

(1)

Infectious Disorders of the Reproductive Tract

910

(9)

Candidiasis

910

(1)

Sexually Transmissible Diseases

911

(3)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

914

(1)

Toxic Shock Syndrome

915

(4)

APPENDIXES

A Laboratory Values in Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women and in the Newborn

919

(2)

B Use of Drugs and Botanical (Herbal) Preparations During Pregnancy, Breastfeeding and Women's Health

921

(9)

C Keys to Clinical Practice: Components of Daily Care

930

(8)

D Answers to Check Your Reading

938

(31)

Glossary

969


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