| Contributors |
|
xvii | |
| Foreword |
|
xxi | |
| Preface |
|
xxiii | |
| Preface to the Fourth Edition |
|
xxvii | |
| Preface to the Third Edition |
|
xxxi | |
| Preface to the Second Edition |
|
xxxiii | |
| Preface to the First Edition |
|
xxxv | |
| Part I CONCEPTS |
|
|
Anatomical Factors Affecting Barrier Function |
|
|
3 | (16) |
|
Nancy Ann Monteiro-Riviere |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Regional and Species Differences |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
|
12 | (1) |
|
|
|
13 | (6) |
|
Stratum Corneum Cell Cohesion and Desquamation in Maintenance of the Skin Barrier |
|
|
19 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
|
|
20 | (2) |
|
What Is the Role of Corneodesmosomes in Stratum Corneum Cell Cohesion? |
|
|
22 | (1) |
|
Does Calcium Play a Role in Stratum Corneum Cell Cohesion? |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Stratum Corneum Chymotryptic Enzyme |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
How is Desquamation Regulated? |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
|
|
25 | (4) |
|
Lipids of the Permeability Barrier |
|
|
29 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Implication of Stratum Corneum Lipids in Permeability Barrier Function |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
Alteration of Lipids with Differentiation |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Chemical Structures of the Stratum Corneum Lipids |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
Ultrastructure of the Intercellular Spaces of the Stratum Corneum |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
|
|
32 | (3) |
|
Percutaneous Absorption: Short-Term Exposure, Lag Time, Multiple Exposures, Model Variations, and Absorption from Clothing |
|
|
35 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
Short-Term Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals |
|
|
35 | (2) |
|
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
Multiple Exposure in the Same Day |
|
|
37 | (2) |
|
Multiple Dosing: Azone Self-Enhanced Percutaneous Absorption |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
Individual Variation: In Vitro Human Skin |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Models: In Vitro and In Vivo |
|
|
42 | (2) |
|
Percutaneous Absorption from Chemicals in Clothing |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
Human In Vivo Percutaneous Absorption |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
|
47 | (2) |
|
Reaffirming the Complexity of Transdermal Transport |
|
|
49 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
Behavior of Special Compounds in TD Transport |
|
|
50 | (2) |
|
A New Approach to Lipid/Protein/Water Partitioning |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Recent SAR Studies in Transdermal Transport |
|
|
53 | (1) |
|
The Complexity of Transdermal Transport |
|
|
54 | (3) |
|
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
|
|
57 | (4) |
|
Biotransformations in the Skin |
|
|
61 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Principles of the Enzyme-Dependent Biotransformation of Low-Molecular-Weight Substances |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
|
62 | (5) |
|
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
NAD(P)H-Quinone Reductase |
|
|
67 | (3) |
|
Keratinocytes Derived from Hair Follicles |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
Conclusion and Perspectives |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
|
|
72 | (3) |
|
Dermatological Aspects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems |
|
|
75 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Disadvantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
General Effects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems on the Skin |
|
|
76 | (7) |
|
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
|
83 | (4) |
|
Irritant Dermatitis (Irritation) |
|
|
87 | (32) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
87 | (3) |
|
|
|
90 | (4) |
|
|
|
94 | (8) |
|
Studies in Irritant Dermatitis Syndrome |
|
|
102 | (3) |
|
Predictive Irritancy Testing |
|
|
105 | (2) |
|
Histology, Histopathology, and Pathology |
|
|
107 | (3) |
|
Summary of Clinical Aspects |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
|
111 | (8) |
|
Sulfur Mustard: A Chemical Vesicant Model |
|
|
119 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Nomenclature and Properties |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Proposed Biochemical Mechanisms of Mustard Toxicity |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
Histopathology, Models, and Ultrastructure |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Immunohistochemistry of the Mustard Skin Lesion |
|
|
123 | (3) |
|
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
Management of Skin Lesions |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
|
127 | (4) |
|
|
|
131 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
Cytokines, Langerhans Cell Function, and Cutaneous Immunity |
|
|
133 | (3) |
|
T Lymphocytes and Cutaneous Immunity |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
|
137 | (6) |
|
Allergic Contact Dermatitis |
|
|
143 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
Molecular Basis of Allergic Contact Dermatitis |
|
|
147 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
|
147 | (3) |
|
Principal Electrophilic Chemical Groups Present in Contact Allergens |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
The Hapten-Protein Bond: Covalent or Noncovalent? |
|
|
150 | (2) |
|
Metabolism and Prohaptens |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
Haptens and Cross-Allergy |
|
|
154 | (5) |
|
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
|
159 | (2) |
|
Systemic Contact-Type Dermatitis |
|
|
161 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
|
163 | (2) |
|
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
Chromium, Cobalt, and Other Metals |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Risk Assessment-Oriented Studies |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
|
|
170 | (7) |
|
Measuring and Quantifying Ultraviolet Radiation Exposures |
|
|
177 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
177 | (4) |
|
Optical Radiation Sources |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
|
182 | (3) |
|
General Biophysical and Photobiological Factors |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
Cellular and Molecular Events Following Ultraviolet Irradiation of Skin |
|
|
189 | (42) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
|
190 | (3) |
|
Fundamental Concepts in Photochemistry |
|
|
193 | (3) |
|
Cellular Targets and Mechanisms of Phototoxicity |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
Specific Molecular Alterations in Cells |
|
|
196 | (16) |
|
Cellular Mediators Induced by Light |
|
|
212 | (3) |
|
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
Alterations in Gene Expression Induced by Light |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (11) |
|
Photoirritation (Phototoxicity, Phototoxic Dermatitis) |
|
|
231 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Elements of the Test for Phototoxicity |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Phototoxicity |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
|
235 | (4) |
|
Carcinogenesis: Current Trends in Skin Cancer Research |
|
|
239 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
|
239 | (3) |
|
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Other Factors in Skin Carcinogenesis |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (5) |
|
|
|
249 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
249 | (3) |
|
Histopathology of Chloracne |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
|
253 | (2) |
|
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Chloracnegenesis |
|
|
255 | (4) |
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
|
259 | (6) |
|
Chemically Induced Scleroderma |
|
|
265 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (4) |
|
Chemical Agents that Cause Depigmentation |
|
|
275 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
Chemical Structures Causing Depigmentation |
|
|
275 | (3) |
|
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
Reproductive Hazards from Chemicals Absorbed Through the Skin |
|
|
283 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Range of Reproductive Effects in Humans |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Extrapolation of Animal Data to Humans |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
Potential Reproductive Toxic Agents That May Be Absorbed Through the Skin |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
Retinoids and Their Mechanisms of Toxicity |
|
|
289 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Possible Mechanisms of Toxicity |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Topical Teratogenicity of Retinoids |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
|
295 | (4) |
|
|
|
299 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Historical Perspective on Eye Irritancy Evaluation |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms of Ocular Response to Irritants |
|
|
300 | (5) |
|
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
|
|
307 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Predicting Ocular Phototoxicity |
|
|
307 | (3) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (5) |
| Part II METHODS |
|
|
Methods for In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption |
|
|
317 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
|
|
317 | (5) |
|
In Vivo and In Vitro Correlations |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Barrier Properties of Skin Constructs |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
Percutaneous Absorption of Hazardous Substances from Soil and Water |
|
|
325 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
|
|
327 | (7) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (3) |
|
Isolated Perfused Porcine Skin Flap |
|
|
337 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
|
|
340 | (8) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (4) |
|
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling |
|
|
353 | (18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
When Can PB-PK Models Be Used? |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
What Are the Components of a PB-PK Model? |
|
|
355 | (9) |
|
How Do You Develop PB-PK Models? |
|
|
364 | (3) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
Role of the TSCA Interagency Testing Committee in Meeting the U.S. Government Data Needs: Designating Chemicals for Percutaneous Absorption Rate Testing |
|
|
371 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
The TSCA Interagency Testing Committee |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
ITC's Authority to Rapidly Obtain Production and Exposure Data or Unpublished Health and Safety Data |
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
ITC's Testing Decisions on Chemicals Considered for Percutaneous Absorption Rate Testing |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
EPA's Options for Implementing ITC's Designated Testing |
|
|
373 | (4) |
|
Proposed Protocol to Conduct Percutaneous Absorption Rate Testing |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Proposed Method for Providing Skin Absorption Time Data |
|
|
377 | (4) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
Methods for In Vitro Skin Metabolism Studies |
|
|
383 | (6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Skin Metabolism During Percutaneous Absorption |
|
|
385 | (2) |
|
|
|
387 | (2) |
|
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Adverse Dermatologic Reactions |
|
|
389 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Advantages of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
General Effects of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems on the Skin |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Commercially Available Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems |
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
Predictive Toxicology Methods for Transdermal Delivery Systems |
|
|
397 | (14) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Toxicology Evaluation Plan |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
|
398 | (5) |
|
|
|
403 | (3) |
|
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
|
406 | (5) |
|
Animal, Human, and In Vitro Test Methods for Predicting Skin Irritation |
|
|
411 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Animal Tests for Predicting Skin Irritation |
|
|
412 | (5) |
|
Human Tests for Predicting Skin Irritation |
|
|
417 | (6) |
|
In Vitro Skin Irritation Assays: Relevance to Human Skin |
|
|
423 | (7) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (7) |
|
Test Methods for Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Animals |
|
|
437 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
The Guinea Pig Maximization Test |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
Freund's Complete Adjuvant Test |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
The Open Epicutaneous Test |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Modified Guinea Pig Maximization Test |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
The Cumulative Contact Enhancement Test |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
The Epicutaneous Maximization Test |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Single-Injection Adjuvant Test |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
The Tierexperimenteller Nachweis (TINA) Test |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
The Guinea Pig Allergy Test Adapted to Cosmetic Ingredients |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
The Ear/Flank Test (Stevens Test) |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (6) |
|
Immunoadjuvants in Prospective Testing |
|
|
461 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Freund's Complete Adjuvant |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (3) |
|
|
|
466 | (3) |
|
The Local Lymph Node Assay |
|
|
469 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
Validation and Comparison with Guinea Pig Test Methods |
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Applications and Variations |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
|
473 | (4) |
|
Test Methods for Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Humans |
|
|
477 | (8) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
|
478 | (4) |
|
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
|
482 | (3) |
|
Contact Urticaria and the Contact Urticaria Syndrome (Immediate Contact Reactions) |
|
|
485 | (20) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
486 | (9) |
|
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (9) |
|
Diagnostic Tests in Dermatology: Patch and Photopatch Testing and Contact Urticaria |
|
|
505 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (4) |
|
|
|
509 | (2) |
|
Contact Urticaria Syndrome: Immediate Contact Reactions |
|
|
511 | (1) |
|
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
|
|
513 | (2) |
|
Animal Models for Phototoxicity Testing |
|
|
515 | (16) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Overview of Animal Models for Phototoxicity Testing |
|
|
515 | (5) |
|
|
|
520 | (4) |
|
Comparison of Species in Phototoxicity Testing |
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
In Vivo Versus In Vitro Phototoxicity Testing |
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
527 | (4) |
|
Photoirritation (Phototoxicity) Testing in Humans |
|
|
531 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
533 | (2) |
|
Carcinogenesis and Photocarcinogenesis Test Methods |
|
|
535 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (4) |
|
Design of a Photocarcinogenesis Safety Study |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Advantages and Disadvantages in Adding Unirradiated Groups |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
Assessment of Human Health Effects |
|
|
545 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
545 | (4) |
|
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
|
|
554 | (3) |
|
Assessing Ocular Irritation |
|
|
557 | (12) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
557 | (6) |
|
Testing of Ophthalmic Therapeutic Formulations |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Corneal Photography and Reepithelialization |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
|
566 | (3) |
|
Alternative Methods to the Draize Eye Test |
|
|
569 | (10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
Principles of Ocular Injury |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Alternative Methods for Ocular Irritation |
|
|
572 | (4) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Applications of In Vitro Methodology in Safety Assessment Process |
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
577 | (2) |
|
Assessing the Validity of Alternative Methods for Toxicity Testing |
|
|
579 | (28) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
The Definition of Validation |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Confirming Alternative Method Reliability in a Validation Study |
|
|
580 | (16) |
|
Assessing Alternative Method Relevance |
|
|
596 | (7) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (3) |
|
|
|
607 | (76) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (10) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
619 | (16) |
|
|
|
635 | (8) |
| Appendices |
|
|
Dermatotoxicology, First Edition, Table of Contents |
|
|
643 | (11) |
|
Dermatotoxicology, Second Edition, Table of Contents |
|
|
654 | (9) |
|
Dermatotoxicology, Third Edition, Table of Contents |
|
|
663 | (10) |
|
Dermatotoxicology, Fourth Edition, Table of Contents |
|
|
673 | (10) |
| Index |
|
683 | |
Shopping Cart
