Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets: Unknown: 9781560510680: Book: : eCampus.com

Preface

Highway Function

Systems and Classifications

(1)

The Concept of Functional Classification

(7)

Hierarchies of Movements and Components

(4)

Functional Relationships

(2)

Access Needs and Controls

(1)

Functional System Characteristics

(9)

Definitions of Urban and Rural Areas

(1)

Functional Categories

(1)

Functional Systems for Rural Areas

(1)

Rural Principal Arterial System

(1)

Rural Minor Arterial System

(1)

Rural Collector System

(1)

Rural Local Road System

(1)

Extent of Rural Systems

(1)

Functional Highway Systems in Urbanized Areas

(1)

Urban Principal Arterial System

(1)

Urban Minor Arterial Street System

(1)

Urban Collector Street System

(1)

Urban Local Street System

(1)

Length of Roadway and Travel on Urban Systems

(1)

Functional Classification as a Design Type

(2)

References

(2)

Design Controls and Criteria

Introduction

(1)

Design Vehicles

(23)

General Characteristics

(1)

Minimum Turning Paths of Design Vehicles

(8)

Vehicle Performance

(1)

Vehicular Pollution

(14)

Driver Performance

(10)

Introduction

(1)

The Driving Task

(1)

The Guidance Task

(1)

Lane Placement and Road Following

(1)

Car Following

(1)

Overtaking and Passing

(1)

Other Guidance Activities

(1)

The Information System

(1)

Traffic Control Devices

(1)

The Roadway and its Environment

(1)

Information Handling

(1)

Reaction Time

(1)

Primacy

(1)

Expectancy

(3)

Driver Error

(1)

Error Due to Driver Deficiencies

(1)

Error Due to Situation Demands

(1)

Speed and Design

(1)

Design Assessment

(1)

Traffic Characteristics

(22)

General Considerations

(1)

Volume

(1)

Average Daily Traffic

(1)

Peak-Hour Traffic

(4)

Directional Distribution

(2)

Composition of Traffic

(1)

Future Projection of Traffic Demands

(1)

Speed

(1)

Operating Speed

(1)

Design Speed

(6)

Running Speed

(3)

Traffic-Flow Relationships

(3)

Highway Capacity

(30)

General Characteristics

(1)

Application

(1)

Capacity as a Design Control

(1)

Design Service Flow Rate Versus Design Volume

(1)

Measures of Congestion

(2)

Relation Between Congestion and Traffic Flow Rate

(1)

Acceptable Degrees of Congestion

(1)

Principles for Acceptable Degrees of Congestion

(3)

Reconciliation of Principles for Acceptable Degrees of Congestion

(1)

Freeways

(1)

Other Multilane Highways

(1)

Factors Other Than Traffic Volume That Affect Operating Conditions

(1)

Highway Factors

(1)

Alinement

(1)

Weaving Sections

(1)

Ramp Terminals

(1)

Traffic Factors

(2)

Levels of Service

(1)

Design Service Flow Rates

(4)

Weaving Sections

(1)

Multilane Highways Without Control of Access

(2)

Arterial Streets and Urban Highways

(1)

Signalized Intersections

(1)

Access Control and Access Management

(3)

The Pedestrian

(1)

General Considerations

(1)

General Characteristics

(2)

Physical Characteristics

(1)

Body Area

(1)

Walking Rate

100

(1)

Walkway Capacities

100

(2)

Sidewalks

102

(1)

Intersections

103

(1)

Characteristics of Persons With Disabilities

103

(1)

Mobility Impairments

103

(1)

Visual Impairments

103

(1)

Developmental Impairments

104

(1)

Conclusions

104

(1)

Bicycle Facilities

104

(1)

Safety

105

(7)

Environment

112

(1)

Economic Analysis

113

(1)

References

113

(4)

Elements of Design

Sight Distance

117

(24)

General Considerations

117

(1)

Stopping Sight Distance

117

(1)

Brake Reaction Time

118

(1)

Braking Distance

119

(4)

Design Values

123

(1)

Effect of Grade on Stopping

124

(1)

Variation for Trucks

125

(1)

Decision Sight Distance

126

(2)

Passing Sight Distance for Two-Lane Highways

128

(1)

Criteria for Design

128

(5)

Design Values

133

(1)

Effect of Grade on Passing Sight Distance

134

(1)

Frequency and Length of Passing Sections

135

(1)

Sight Distance for Multilane Highways

136

(1)

Criteria for Measuring Sight Distance

136

(1)

Height of Driver's Eye

136

(1)

Height of Object

137

(1)

Sight Obstructions

138

(1)

Measuring and Recording Sight Distance on Plans

138

(3)

Horizontal Alinement

141

(85)

Theoretical Considerations

141

(1)

General Considerations

142

(1)

Superelevation

142

(1)

Side Friction Factor

143

(5)

Distribution of e and f Over a Range of Curves

148

(3)

Design Considerations

151

(1)

Maximum Superelevation Rates

151

(2)

Minimum Radius

153

(1)

Design for All Rural Highways and High-Speed Urban Streets

153

(1)

Procedure for Development of Finalized e Distribution

154

(11)

Design Superelevation Tables

165

(1)

Sharpest Curve Without Superelevation

166

(7)

Effects of Grades

173

(1)

Transition (Spiral) Curves

174

(1)

Superelevation Runoff

175

(12)

Design for Low-Speed Urban Streets

187

(2)

Maximum Comfortable Speed on Horizontal Curves

189

(2)

Required Superelevation Runoff Length

191

(1)

Minimum Radii and Minimum Lengths of Superelevation Runoff for Limiting Values of e and f

191

(1)

Curvature of Turning Roadways and Curvature at Intersections

192

(1)

Minimum Radius for Turning Speed

192

(4)

Transitions and Compound Curves

196

(2)

Length of Spiral

198

(1)

Compound Circular Curves

199

(1)

Widths for Turning Roadways at Intersections

200

(1)

Widths

200

(11)

Widths Outside Traveled Way Edges

211

(1)

Traveled Way Widening on Curves

212

(1)

Derivation of Design Values

213

(1)

Design Values

214

(4)

Attainment of Widening on Curves

218

(1)

Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves

219

(1)

Stopping Sight Distance

219

(4)

Passing Sight Distance

223

(1)

General Controls for Horizontal Alinement

223

(3)

Vertical Alinement

226

(68)

Terrain

226

(1)

Grades

227

(1)

Vehicle-Operating Characteristics on Grades

227

(6)

Control Grades for Design

233

(1)

Critical Lengths of Grade for Design

234

(7)

Climbing Lanes

241

(1)

Climbing Lanes for Two-Lane Highways

241

(10)

Climbing Lanes on Freeways and Multilane Highways

251

(11)

Operational Lane Improvements on Two-Lane Highways

262

(1)

Passing Lane Sections on Two-Lane Roads

262

(2)

Three Lane Sections

264

(2)

Turnouts

266

(1)

Shoulder Driving

267

(1)

Shoulder Use Sections

267

(1)

Emergency Escape Ramps

268

(1)

General

268

(2)

Need and Location

270

(2)

Types

272

(2)

Design Considerations

274

(5)

Brake Check Areas

279

(1)

Maintenance

279

(1)

Vertical Curves

279

(1)

General Considerations

279

(3)

Crest Vertical Curves

282

(6)

Sag Vertical Curves

288

(5)

General Controls for Vertical Alinement

293

(1)

Combination of Horizontal and Vertical Alinement

294

(11)

General Considerations

294

(1)

General Design Controls

295

(1)

Alinement Coordination in Design

296

(9)

Other Elements Affecting Geometric Design

305

(14)

Drainage

305

(2)

Erosion Control and Landscape Development

307

(1)

Safety Rest Areas, Information Centers, and Scenic Overlooks

308

(1)

Lighting

309

(2)

Utilities

311

(1)

General

312

(1)

Urban

312

(1)

Rural

313

(1)

Signing and Marking

313

(2)

Noise Barriers

315

(1)

Maintenance of Traffic Through Construction Areas

316

(2)

Signals

318

(1)

References

319

(8)

Cross Section Elements

General

327

(1)

Pavement

327

(6)

Surface Type

327

(1)

Cross Slope

328

(5)

Skid Resistance

333

(1)

Lane Widths

333

(2)

Shoulders

335

(9)

General Characteristics

335

(3)

Width of Shoulders

338

(1)

Shoulder Cross Sections

339

(3)

Shoulder Stability

342

(1)

Shoulder Contrast

343

(1)

Intermittent Shoulders or Turnouts

343

(1)

Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions

344

(1)

Curbs

344

(5)

General Considerations

344

(1)

Types of Curbs

344

(4)

Curb Placement

348

(1)

Sidewalks

349

(2)

Drainage Channels and Sideslopes

351

General Considerations

351

(1)

Drainage Channels

351

(3)

Sideslopes

354

Illustrative Outer Cross Sections

35R

(361)

Normal Crown Sections

358

(2)

Superelevated Sections

360

(1)

Traffic Barriers

361

(6)

General Considerations

361

(2)

Longitudinal Barriers

363

(1)

Roadside Barriers

363

(1)

Median Barriers

364

(2)

Bridge Railings

366

(1)

Crash Cushions

367

(1)

Medians

367

(2)

Frontage Roads

369

(5)

Outer Separations

374

(1)

Noise Control

375

(5)

General Considerations

375

(2)

General Design Procedures

377

(2)

Noise Reduction Designs

379

(1)

Roadside Control

380

(4)

General Considerations

380

(1)

Driveways

381

(2)

Mailboxes

383

(1)

Tunnels

384

(5)

General Considerations

384

(1)

Types of Tunnels

385

(1)

General Design Considerations

386

(1)

Tunnel Sections

387

(2)

Examples of Tunnels

389

(1)

Pedestrian Crossings

389

(10)

Street Overcrossings and Bridge Crossings

389

(1)

Separations for Pedestrian Crossings

390

(3)

Curb-Cut Ramps

393

(6)

Bicycle Facilities

399

(4)

Bus Turnouts

403

(7)

Freeways

403

(1)

Arterials

404

(3)

Park-and-Ride Facilities

407

(1)

Location

407

(1)

Design

407

(3)

On-Street Parking

410

(3)

References

413

(4)

Local Roads and Streets

Introduction

417

(1)

Local Rural Roads

418

(10)

Design Traffic Volumes

418

(1)

Design Speed

418

(1)

Sight Distance

418

(2)

Grades

420

(1)

Alinement

420

(1)

Cross Slope

420

(1)

Superelevation

421

(1)

Number of Lanes

421

(1)

Width of Traveled Way, Shoulder, and Roadway

422

(1)

Structures

423

(1)

Bridges to Remain in Place

423

(1)

Vertical Clearance

424

(1)

Right-of-Way Width

424

(1)

Foreslopes

425

(1)

Horizontal Clearances to Obstructions

425

(1)

Curbs

426

(1)

Intersection Design

426

(1)

Railroad Grade Crossings

426

(1)

Traffic Control Devices

427

(1)

Bicycle Facilities

427

(1)

Erosion Control

428

(1)

Local Urban Streets

428

(15)

General Design Considerations

428

(1)

Design Traffic Volumes

429

(1)

Design Speed

429

(1)

Sight Distance

429

(1)

Grades

430

(1)

Alinement

430

(1)

Cross Slope

430

(1)

Superelevation

431

(1)

Number of Lanes

431

(1)

Width of Roadway

431

(1)

Median

432

(1)

Curbs

432

(1)

Drainage

433

(1)

Cul-De-Sacs and Turnarounds

433

(2)

Alleys

435

(1)

Sidewalks

435

(2)

Curb-Cut Ramps

437

(1)

Driveways

437

(1)

Roadway Widths for Bridges

437

(1)

Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions

438

(1)

Vertical Clearance

438

(1)

Border Area

438

(1)

Right-of-Way Width

439

(1)

Provision for Utilities

439

(1)

Intersection Design

439

(1)

Railroad Grade Crossings

440

(2)

Street and Roadway Lighting

442

(1)

Traffic Control Devices

442

(1)

Erosion Control

442

(1)

Landscaping

442

(1)

Bicycle Facilities

442

(1)

Special Purpose Roads

443

(13)

Introduction

443

(1)

Recreational Roads

443

(1)

Genera) Considerations

443

(1)

Design Speed

444

(1)

Design Vehicle

444

(2)

Sight Distance

446

(1)

Passing Sight Distance

446

(1)

Grades

447

(1)

Vertical Alinement

448

(1)

Horizontal Alinement

448

(1)

Number of Lanes

449

(1)

Widths of Traveled Way, Shoulder, and Roadway

449

(3)

Cross Slope

452

(1)

Clear Recovery Area

452

(1)

Roadside Slopes

453

(1)

Roadside Barrier

453

(1)

Signing and Marking

453

(1)

Structures

454

(1)

Resource Development Roads

454

(1)

Local Service Roads

455

(1)

References

456

(3)

Collectors Roads and Streets

Introduction

459

(1)

Rural Collectors

460

(10)

General Design Considerations

460

(1)

Design Traffic Volumes

460

(1)

Design Speed

461

(1)

Sight Distance

461

(2)

Grades

463

(1)

Alinement

463

(1)

Cross Slope

464

(1)

Superelevation

464

(1)

Number of Lanes

464

(1)

Width of Roadway

464

(2)

Foreslopes

466

(1)

Structures

466

(1)

Bridges to Remain in Place

466

(2)

Vertical Clearance

468

(1)

Horizontal Clearances to Obstructions

468

(1)

Right-of-Way Width

468

(1)

Intersection Design

469

(1)

Railroad-Road Grade Crossing

469

(1)

Traffic Control Devices

470

(1)

Erosion Control

470

(1)

Urban Collectors

470

(11)

General Design Considerations

470

(1)

Design Traffic Volumes

471

(1)

Design Speed

471

(1)

Sight Distance

472

(1)

Grades

472

(1)

Alinement

472

(1)

Cross Slope

472

(1)

Superelevation

473

(1)

Number of Lanes

473

(1)

Width of Roadway

473

(1)

Parking Lanes

474

(1)

Median

474

(1)

Curbs

475

(1)

Drainage

476

(1)

Sidewalks

476

(1)

Driveways

476

(1)

Curb-Cut Ramps

477

(1)

Roadway Widths for Bridges

477

(1)

Vertical Clearance

477

(1)

Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions

477

(1)

Right-of-Way Width

478

(1)

Provision for Utilities

478

(1)

Border Area

478

(1)

Intersection Design

479

(1)

Railroad-Street Grade Crossings

480

(1)

Street and Roadway Lighting

480

(1)

Traffic Control Devices

480

(1)

Erosion Control

481

(1)

Landscaping

481

(1)

References

481

(2)

Rural and Urban Arterials

Introduction

483

(1)

Rural Arterials

483

(11)

General Characteristics

483

(1)

General Design Considerations

484

(1)

Design Speed

484

(1)

Design Traffic Volume

484

(1)

Levels of Service

485

(1)

Sight Distance

485

(1)

Alinement

485

(1)

Grades

486

(1)

Number of Lanes

486

(1)

Superelevation

486

(1)

Cross Slope

487

(1)

Vertical Clearances

487

(1)

Structures

487

(1)

Traffic Control Devices

487

(1)

Erosion Control

488

(1)

Widths

488

(1)

Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions

489

(1)

Cross Section and Right-of-Way

489

(1)

Provision for Passing

490

(1)

Ultimate Development of Four-Lane Divided Arterials

491

(3)

Multilane Undivided Arterials

494

(2)

Divided Arterials

496

(15)

General Features

496

(1)

Lane Widths

497

(1)

Cross Slope

497

(1)

Shoulders

497

(1)

Median Barrier Clearance

498

(1)

Medians

498

(1)

Alinement and Profile

499

(1)

Climbing Lanes on Multilane Arterials

500

(1)

Superelevated Cross Sections

501

(2)

Cross Section and Right-of-Way Widths

503

(4)

Fencing

507

(1)

Sections With Widely Separated Roadways

508

(1)

Intersections

509

(1)

Control of Access

509

(1)

Bikeways and Pedestrians

510

(1)

Bus Turnouts

510

(1)

Railroad Crossings

511

(1)

Safety Rest Areas

511

(1)

Urban Arterials

511

(42)

General Characteristics

511

(1)

General Design Considerations

512

(1)

Design Speed

513

(1)

Design Traffic Volumes

513

(1)

Levels of Service

513

(1)

Sight Distance

513

(1)

Grades

513

(1)

Alinement

514

(1)

Cross Slope

514

(1)

Superelevation

515

(1)

Vertical Clearances

515

(1)

Lane Widths

515

(1)

Number of Lanes

516

(1)

Width of Roadway

516

(1)

Medians

516

(4)

Curbs and Shoulders

520

(1)

Drainage

520

(1)

Parking Lanes

521

(1)

Borders and Sidewalks

522

(1)

Railroad Crossings

523

(1)

Roadway Width for Bridges

524

(1)

Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions

525

(1)

Right-of-Way Width

525

(1)

Traffic Barriers

525

(1)

Access Control

526

(1)

General Features

526

(1)

Access Control by Statute

526

(1)

Access Control by Zoning

526

(2)

Access Control Through Driveway Regulations

528

(1)

Access Control Through Geometric Design

528

(3)

Pedestrian Facilities

531

(1)

Curb-Cut Ramps

532

(1)

Provision For Utilities

532

(1)

Intersection Design

533

(1)

Operational Controls and Regulations

533

(1)

Traffic Control Devices

534

(1)

Regulatory Measures

535

(4)

Directional Lane Usage

539

(1)

One-Way Operation

540

(1)

Reverse-Flow Operation

541

(2)

Frontage Roads and Outer Separations

543

(1)

Grade Separations and Interchanges

544

(1)

Erosion Control

545

(1)

Lighting

545

(1)

Bikeways

546

(1)

Public Transit Facilities

546

(1)

Location of Bus Stops

547

(3)

Bus Turnouts

550

(1)

Reserved Bus Lanes

550

(2)

Traffic Control Measures

552

(1)

References

553

(2)

Freeways

Introduction

555

(1)

General Design Considerations

555

Design Speed

555

(1)

Design Traffic Volumes

556

(1)

Levels of Service

556

(1)

Pavement and Shoulders

557

(1)

Curbs

558

(1)

Superelevation

558

(1)

Grades

558

(1)

Structures

558

(1)

Vertical Clearance

559

(1)

Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions

560

(1)

Ramps and Terminals

560

(1)

Outer Separations, Borders, and Frontage Roads

560

Urban Freeways

501

(60)

General Characteristics

561

(1)

Medians

561

(1)

Depressed Freeways

562

(10)

Slopes and Walls

563

(1)

Typical Cross Section

564

(1)

Restricted Cross Section

565

(1)

Walled Cross Section

566

(1)

Examples of Depressed Freeways

566

(6)

Elevated Freeways

572

(12)

General Characteristics

572

(1)

Medians

573

(1)

Ramps and Terminals

573

(1)

Frontage Roads

573

(1)

Clearance to Building Line

574

(1)

Typical Cross Section

574

(1)

Viaduct Freeways Without Ramps

575

(1)

Two-Way Viaduct Freeways With Ramps

576

(2)

Freeways on Earth Embankment

578

(1)

Examples of Elevated Freeways

578

(6)

Ground-Level Freeways

584

(5)

General Characteristics

584

(3)

Typical Cross Section

587

(1)

Restricted Cross Section

588

(1)

Combination-Type Freeways

589

(31)

General Characteristics

589

(1)

Profile Control

589

(4)

Cross-Section Control

593

(2)

Examples of Combination-Type Freeways

595

(1)

Special Freeway Designs

595

(1)

Reverse-Flow Roadways

595

(7)

Dual-Divided Freeways

602

(5)

Collector-Distributor Roads

607

(1)

Accommodating Transit and High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities

607

(1)

General Considerations

607

(1)

Buses

608

(2)

Exclusive HOV lanes

610

(1)

Bus Stops

610

(1)

Stairs, ramps, and escalators

610

(1)

Bus stop arrangements

611

(1)

Stops at freeway level

611

(2)

Stops at street level

613

(3)

Rail Transit

616

(1)

Typical sections

616

(4)

Stations

620

(1)

Examples of rail transit combined with freeway

620

(1)

Rural Freeways

620

(6)

General Design Considerations

620

(2)

Alinement and Profile

622

(1)

Medians

623

(2)

Sideslopes

625

(1)

Frontage Roads

625

(1)

References

626

(1)

At-Grade Intersections

Introduction

627

(1)

General Design Considerations and Objectives

627

(2)

Types and Examples of At-Grade Intersections

629

(14)

General Considerations

629

(1)

Three-Leg Intersections

629

(1)

Basic Types of Intersections

629

(2)

Channelized Three-Leg Intersections

631

(1)

Four-Leg Intersections

632

(1)

Basic Types

632

(3)

Channelized Four-Leg Intersections

635

(6)

Multileg Intersections

641

(2)

Capacity Analysis

643

(1)

Alinement and Profile

643

(4)

General Considerations

643

(1)

Alinement

643

(3)

Profile

646

(1)

Intersection Curves

647

(26)

Widths for Turning Roadways at Intersections

647

(1)

Clearance Outside Traveled Way Edges

647

(1)

Minimum Designs for Sharpest Turns

647

(5)

Passenger Vehicles

652

(2)

Single-Unit Trucks and Buses

654

(1)

Semitrailer Combinations

654

(2)

Choice of Minimum Design for Specific Conditions

656

(7)

Oblique-Angle Turns

663

(1)

Curvature for Turning Movements, Urban Streets

664

(1)

Effect of Curb Radii on Turning Paths

665

(8)

Islands

673

(1)

General Characteristics

673

(1)

Minimum Design for Turning Roadways

673

(17)

Channelized Islands

674

(2)

Divisional Islands

676

(3)

Refuge Islands

679

(1)

Island Size and Designation

679

(1)

Delineation and Approach-End Treatment

680

(7)

Right-Angle Turns With Corner Islands

687

(2)

Oblique-Angle Turns With Corner Islands

689

(1)

Application at Turning Roadway Terminals

690

(6)

Sight Distance

696

(52)

General Considerations

696

(1)

Approaches-Sight Triangle

696

(1)

Departures-Sight Triangle

697

(1)

Intersection Control

697

(2)

Case I--No Control, but Allowing Vehicles to Adjust Speed

699

(1)

Case II--Yield Control for Minor Roads

700

(2)

Case III--Stop Control on Minor Roads

702

(1)

Case IIIA--Crossing Maneuver

703

(8)

Case IIIB--Turning Left into a Major Highway

711

(5)

Case IIIC--Turning Right into a Major Highway

716

(1)

Case IV--Signal Control

716

(2)

Case V--Stopped Vehicle Turning Left from a Major Highway

718

(1)

Effect of Skew

718

(3)

Effect of Vertical Profiles

721

(1)

Stopping Sight Distance at Intersections for Turning Roadways

722

(1)

General Considerations

722

(1)

Vertical Control

723

(1)

Horizontal Control

723

(1)

Design to Discourage Wrong-Way Entry

724

(2)

Superelevation for Curves at Intersections

726

(1)

General Design Considerations

726

(3)

Superelevation Runoff

729

(2)

Development of Superelevation at Turning Roadway Terminals

731

(1)

General Procedure

731

(3)

Turn-Lane Cross-Slope Rollover

734

(1)

Superelevation Transition and Gradeline Control

734

(5)

Traffic Control Devices

739

(1)

General Intersection Types

740

(1)

General Design Considerations

740

(8)

Channelization

748

(1)

Speed-Change Lanes at Intersections

749

(2)

Median Openings

751

(16)

General Design Considerations

751

(1)

Control Radii for Minimum Turning Paths

752

(3)

Shape of Median End

755

(2)

Minimum Length of Median Opening

757

(1)

Median Openings Based on Control Radii For Design Vehicles Noted

758

(1)

Passenger Vehicles

758

(2)

Single-Unit Trucks or Buses

760

(1)

Semitrailer Combinations

760

(4)

Effect of Skew

764

(3)

Above-Minimum Designs for Direct Left Turns

767

(1)

Indirect Left Turns and Indirect U-Turns

768

(10)

General Design Considerations

768

(5)

Indirect Left Turn or Indirect U-Turn--Using Local Streets

773

(1)

Indirect Left Turn or Indirect U-Turn--Wide Medians

774

(1)

Location and Design of U-Turn Median Openings

775

(3)

Continuous Left-Turn Lanes (Two-Way)

778

(1)

Auxiliary Lanes

778

(9)

General Design Considerations

778

(2)

Deceleration Length

780

(1)

Storage Length

780

(1)

Taper

781

(2)

Median Left-Turn Lanes

783

(3)

Median End Treatment

786

(1)

Simultaneous Left Turns

787

(1)

Intersection Design Elements With Frontage Roads

787

(3)

Bicycles at Intersections

790

(2)

Wheelchair Ramps at Intersections

792

(1)

Lighting at Intersections

792

(1)

Driveways

793

(1)

Railroad Grade Crossings

793

(9)

Horizontal Alinement

793

(1)

Vertical Alinement

794

(1)

General

795

(7)

References

802

(3)

Grade Separations and Interchanges

Introduction and General Types of Interchanges

805

(2)

Warrants for Interchanges and Grade Separations

807

(2)

Adaptability of Highway Grade Separations and Interchanges

809

(5)

Traffic and Operation

809

(2)

Site Conditions

811

(1)

Type of Highway and Intersecting Facility

811

(1)

Safety

812

(1)

Stage Development

813

(1)

Economic Factors

813

(1)

Initial Costs

813

(1)

Maintenance Costs

813

(1)

Vehicular Operating Costs

813

(1)

Grade Separation Structures

814

(19)

Introduction

814

(1)

Types of Separation Structures

814

(7)

Over Versus Under

821

(1)

General Design Considerations

821

(4)

Structure Widths

825

(1)

Underpass Roadway

825

(1)

Lateral Clearances

826

(2)

Vertical Clearance

828

(1)

Overpass Roadway

828

(1)

Bridge Railings

829

(1)

Lateral Clearances

829

(2)

Medians

831

(1)

Horizontal Distance to Effect Grade Separation

832

(1)

Grade Separations Without Ramps

833

(1)

Interchanges

833

(37)

General Considerations

833

(3)

Three-Leg Designs

836

(5)

Four-Leg Designs

841

(1)

Ramps in One Quadrant

842

(3)

Diamond Interchanges

845

(7)

Single Point Diamond

852

(8)

Cloverleafs

860

(3)

Partial Cloverleaf Ramp Arrangements

863

(7)

Directional and Semidirectional Interchanges

870

(11)

With Loops and Weaving

873

(1)

With Loops and No Weaving

873

(1)

Fully Directional

874

(7)

Other Interchange Types

881

(7)

Offset Interchanges

881

(1)

Combination Interchanges

882

(6)

General Design Considerations

888

(22)

Interchange-Type Determination

888

(2)

Approaches to the Structure

890

(4)

Interchange Spacing

894

(1)

Uniformity of Interchange Patterns

894

(1)

Overlapping Routes

894

(2)

Route Continuity

896

(1)

Signing and Marking

897

(2)

Basic Number of Lanes

899

(1)

Coordination of Lane Balance and Basic Number of Lanes

899

(5)

Auxiliary Lanes

904

(4)

Lane Reduction

908

(1)

Weaving Sections

909

(1)

Collector-Distributor Roads

910

(1)

Two-Exit Versus Single-Exit Interchange Design

910

(4)

Wrong-Way Entrances

914

(1)

Ramps

915

(51)

Types and Examples

915

(1)

General Ramp Design Considerations

916

(15)

Ramp Traveled-Way Widths

931

(6)

Ramp Terminals

937

(5)

Single-Lane Free-Flow Terminals, Entrances

942

(2)

Single-Lane Free-Flow Terminals, Exits

944

(22)

Other Interchange Design Features

966

(6)

Testing for Ease of Operation

966

(2)

Pedestrians

968

(2)

Ramp Metering

970

(1)

Grading and Landscape Development

971

(1)

Models

972

(1)

References

972


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