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Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets,9781560510680
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Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets


Edition: Revised
Author(s): Unknown
ISBN10:  1560510684
ISBN13:  9781560510680
Format:  Hardcover
Pub. Date:  5/1/1990
Publisher(s): Amer Assn of State Hwy

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Table of Contents
Preface v
Highway Function
Systems and Classifications
1(1)
The Concept of Functional Classification
1(7)
Hierarchies of Movements and Components
1(4)
Functional Relationships
5(2)
Access Needs and Controls
7(1)
Functional System Characteristics
8(9)
Definitions of Urban and Rural Areas
9(1)
Functional Categories
10(1)
Functional Systems for Rural Areas
10(1)
Rural Principal Arterial System
10(1)
Rural Minor Arterial System
11(1)
Rural Collector System
11(1)
Rural Local Road System
12(1)
Extent of Rural Systems
12(1)
Functional Highway Systems in Urbanized Areas
13(1)
Urban Principal Arterial System
13(1)
Urban Minor Arterial Street System
14(1)
Urban Collector Street System
15(1)
Urban Local Street System
15(1)
Length of Roadway and Travel on Urban Systems
15(1)
Functional Classification as a Design Type
15(2)
References
17(2)
Design Controls and Criteria
Introduction
19(1)
Design Vehicles
19(23)
General Characteristics
19(1)
Minimum Turning Paths of Design Vehicles
20(8)
Vehicle Performance
28(1)
Vehicular Pollution
28(14)
Driver Performance
42(10)
Introduction
42(1)
The Driving Task
43(1)
The Guidance Task
43(1)
Lane Placement and Road Following
43(1)
Car Following
44(1)
Overtaking and Passing
44(1)
Other Guidance Activities
44(1)
The Information System
44(1)
Traffic Control Devices
45(1)
The Roadway and its Environment
45(1)
Information Handling
45(1)
Reaction Time
46(1)
Primacy
46(1)
Expectancy
46(3)
Driver Error
49(1)
Error Due to Driver Deficiencies
49(1)
Error Due to Situation Demands
50(1)
Speed and Design
51(1)
Design Assessment
51(1)
Traffic Characteristics
52(22)
General Considerations
53(1)
Volume
53(1)
Average Daily Traffic
53(1)
Peak-Hour Traffic
53(4)
Directional Distribution
57(2)
Composition of Traffic
59(1)
Future Projection of Traffic Demands
60(1)
Speed
61(1)
Operating Speed
62(1)
Design Speed
62(6)
Running Speed
68(3)
Traffic-Flow Relationships
71(3)
Highway Capacity
74(30)
General Characteristics
74(1)
Application
74(1)
Capacity as a Design Control
75(1)
Design Service Flow Rate Versus Design Volume
75(1)
Measures of Congestion
75(2)
Relation Between Congestion and Traffic Flow Rate
77(1)
Acceptable Degrees of Congestion
77(1)
Principles for Acceptable Degrees of Congestion
78(3)
Reconciliation of Principles for Acceptable Degrees of Congestion
81(1)
Freeways
81(1)
Other Multilane Highways
82(1)
Factors Other Than Traffic Volume That Affect Operating Conditions
82(1)
Highway Factors
82(1)
Alinement
83(1)
Weaving Sections
84(1)
Ramp Terminals
84(1)
Traffic Factors
85(2)
Levels of Service
87(1)
Design Service Flow Rates
87(4)
Weaving Sections
91(1)
Multilane Highways Without Control of Access
91(2)
Arterial Streets and Urban Highways
93(1)
Signalized Intersections
93(1)
Access Control and Access Management
94(3)
The Pedestrian
97(1)
General Considerations
97(1)
General Characteristics
97(2)
Physical Characteristics
99(1)
Body Area
99(1)
Walking Rate
100(1)
Walkway Capacities
100(2)
Sidewalks
102(1)
Intersections
103(1)
Characteristics of Persons With Disabilities
103(1)
Mobility Impairments
103(1)
Visual Impairments
103(1)
Developmental Impairments
104(1)
Conclusions
104(1)
Bicycle Facilities
104(1)
Safety
105(7)
Environment
112(1)
Economic Analysis
113(1)
References
113(4)
Elements of Design
Sight Distance
117(24)
General Considerations
117(1)
Stopping Sight Distance
117(1)
Brake Reaction Time
118(1)
Braking Distance
119(4)
Design Values
123(1)
Effect of Grade on Stopping
124(1)
Variation for Trucks
125(1)
Decision Sight Distance
126(2)
Passing Sight Distance for Two-Lane Highways
128(1)
Criteria for Design
128(5)
Design Values
133(1)
Effect of Grade on Passing Sight Distance
134(1)
Frequency and Length of Passing Sections
135(1)
Sight Distance for Multilane Highways
136(1)
Criteria for Measuring Sight Distance
136(1)
Height of Driver's Eye
136(1)
Height of Object
137(1)
Sight Obstructions
138(1)
Measuring and Recording Sight Distance on Plans
138(3)
Horizontal Alinement
141(85)
Theoretical Considerations
141(1)
General Considerations
142(1)
Superelevation
142(1)
Side Friction Factor
143(5)
Distribution of e and f Over a Range of Curves
148(3)
Design Considerations
151(1)
Maximum Superelevation Rates
151(2)
Minimum Radius
153(1)
Design for All Rural Highways and High-Speed Urban Streets
153(1)
Procedure for Development of Finalized e Distribution
154(11)
Design Superelevation Tables
165(1)
Sharpest Curve Without Superelevation
166(7)
Effects of Grades
173(1)
Transition (Spiral) Curves
174(1)
Superelevation Runoff
175(12)
Design for Low-Speed Urban Streets
187(2)
Maximum Comfortable Speed on Horizontal Curves
189(2)
Required Superelevation Runoff Length
191(1)
Minimum Radii and Minimum Lengths of Superelevation Runoff for Limiting Values of e and f
191(1)
Curvature of Turning Roadways and Curvature at Intersections
192(1)
Minimum Radius for Turning Speed
192(4)
Transitions and Compound Curves
196(2)
Length of Spiral
198(1)
Compound Circular Curves
199(1)
Widths for Turning Roadways at Intersections
200(1)
Widths
200(11)
Widths Outside Traveled Way Edges
211(1)
Traveled Way Widening on Curves
212(1)
Derivation of Design Values
213(1)
Design Values
214(4)
Attainment of Widening on Curves
218(1)
Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves
219(1)
Stopping Sight Distance
219(4)
Passing Sight Distance
223(1)
General Controls for Horizontal Alinement
223(3)
Vertical Alinement
226(68)
Terrain
226(1)
Grades
227(1)
Vehicle-Operating Characteristics on Grades
227(6)
Control Grades for Design
233(1)
Critical Lengths of Grade for Design
234(7)
Climbing Lanes
241(1)
Climbing Lanes for Two-Lane Highways
241(10)
Climbing Lanes on Freeways and Multilane Highways
251(11)
Operational Lane Improvements on Two-Lane Highways
262(1)
Passing Lane Sections on Two-Lane Roads
262(2)
Three Lane Sections
264(2)
Turnouts
266(1)
Shoulder Driving
267(1)
Shoulder Use Sections
267(1)
Emergency Escape Ramps
268(1)
General
268(2)
Need and Location
270(2)
Types
272(2)
Design Considerations
274(5)
Brake Check Areas
279(1)
Maintenance
279(1)
Vertical Curves
279(1)
General Considerations
279(3)
Crest Vertical Curves
282(6)
Sag Vertical Curves
288(5)
General Controls for Vertical Alinement
293(1)
Combination of Horizontal and Vertical Alinement
294(11)
General Considerations
294(1)
General Design Controls
295(1)
Alinement Coordination in Design
296(9)
Other Elements Affecting Geometric Design
305(14)
Drainage
305(2)
Erosion Control and Landscape Development
307(1)
Safety Rest Areas, Information Centers, and Scenic Overlooks
308(1)
Lighting
309(2)
Utilities
311(1)
General
312(1)
Urban
312(1)
Rural
313(1)
Signing and Marking
313(2)
Noise Barriers
315(1)
Maintenance of Traffic Through Construction Areas
316(2)
Signals
318(1)
References
319(8)
Cross Section Elements
General
327(1)
Pavement
327(6)
Surface Type
327(1)
Cross Slope
328(5)
Skid Resistance
333(1)
Lane Widths
333(2)
Shoulders
335(9)
General Characteristics
335(3)
Width of Shoulders
338(1)
Shoulder Cross Sections
339(3)
Shoulder Stability
342(1)
Shoulder Contrast
343(1)
Intermittent Shoulders or Turnouts
343(1)
Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions
344(1)
Curbs
344(5)
General Considerations
344(1)
Types of Curbs
344(4)
Curb Placement
348(1)
Sidewalks
349(2)
Drainage Channels and Sideslopes
351
General Considerations
351(1)
Drainage Channels
351(3)
Sideslopes
354
Illustrative Outer Cross Sections
35R(361)
Normal Crown Sections
358(2)
Superelevated Sections
360(1)
Traffic Barriers
361(6)
General Considerations
361(2)
Longitudinal Barriers
363(1)
Roadside Barriers
363(1)
Median Barriers
364(2)
Bridge Railings
366(1)
Crash Cushions
367(1)
Medians
367(2)
Frontage Roads
369(5)
Outer Separations
374(1)
Noise Control
375(5)
General Considerations
375(2)
General Design Procedures
377(2)
Noise Reduction Designs
379(1)
Roadside Control
380(4)
General Considerations
380(1)
Driveways
381(2)
Mailboxes
383(1)
Tunnels
384(5)
General Considerations
384(1)
Types of Tunnels
385(1)
General Design Considerations
386(1)
Tunnel Sections
387(2)
Examples of Tunnels
389(1)
Pedestrian Crossings
389(10)
Street Overcrossings and Bridge Crossings
389(1)
Separations for Pedestrian Crossings
390(3)
Curb-Cut Ramps
393(6)
Bicycle Facilities
399(4)
Bus Turnouts
403(7)
Freeways
403(1)
Arterials
404(3)
Park-and-Ride Facilities
407(1)
Location
407(1)
Design
407(3)
On-Street Parking
410(3)
References
413(4)
Local Roads and Streets
Introduction
417(1)
Local Rural Roads
418(10)
Design Traffic Volumes
418(1)
Design Speed
418(1)
Sight Distance
418(2)
Grades
420(1)
Alinement
420(1)
Cross Slope
420(1)
Superelevation
421(1)
Number of Lanes
421(1)
Width of Traveled Way, Shoulder, and Roadway
422(1)
Structures
423(1)
Bridges to Remain in Place
423(1)
Vertical Clearance
424(1)
Right-of-Way Width
424(1)
Foreslopes
425(1)
Horizontal Clearances to Obstructions
425(1)
Curbs
426(1)
Intersection Design
426(1)
Railroad Grade Crossings
426(1)
Traffic Control Devices
427(1)
Bicycle Facilities
427(1)
Erosion Control
428(1)
Local Urban Streets
428(15)
General Design Considerations
428(1)
Design Traffic Volumes
429(1)
Design Speed
429(1)
Sight Distance
429(1)
Grades
430(1)
Alinement
430(1)
Cross Slope
430(1)
Superelevation
431(1)
Number of Lanes
431(1)
Width of Roadway
431(1)
Median
432(1)
Curbs
432(1)
Drainage
433(1)
Cul-De-Sacs and Turnarounds
433(2)
Alleys
435(1)
Sidewalks
435(2)
Curb-Cut Ramps
437(1)
Driveways
437(1)
Roadway Widths for Bridges
437(1)
Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions
438(1)
Vertical Clearance
438(1)
Border Area
438(1)
Right-of-Way Width
439(1)
Provision for Utilities
439(1)
Intersection Design
439(1)
Railroad Grade Crossings
440(2)
Street and Roadway Lighting
442(1)
Traffic Control Devices
442(1)
Erosion Control
442(1)
Landscaping
442(1)
Bicycle Facilities
442(1)
Special Purpose Roads
443(13)
Introduction
443(1)
Recreational Roads
443(1)
Genera) Considerations
443(1)
Design Speed
444(1)
Design Vehicle
444(2)
Sight Distance
446(1)
Passing Sight Distance
446(1)
Grades
447(1)
Vertical Alinement
448(1)
Horizontal Alinement
448(1)
Number of Lanes
449(1)
Widths of Traveled Way, Shoulder, and Roadway
449(3)
Cross Slope
452(1)
Clear Recovery Area
452(1)
Roadside Slopes
453(1)
Roadside Barrier
453(1)
Signing and Marking
453(1)
Structures
454(1)
Resource Development Roads
454(1)
Local Service Roads
455(1)
References
456(3)
Collectors Roads and Streets
Introduction
459(1)
Rural Collectors
460(10)
General Design Considerations
460(1)
Design Traffic Volumes
460(1)
Design Speed
461(1)
Sight Distance
461(2)
Grades
463(1)
Alinement
463(1)
Cross Slope
464(1)
Superelevation
464(1)
Number of Lanes
464(1)
Width of Roadway
464(2)
Foreslopes
466(1)
Structures
466(1)
Bridges to Remain in Place
466(2)
Vertical Clearance
468(1)
Horizontal Clearances to Obstructions
468(1)
Right-of-Way Width
468(1)
Intersection Design
469(1)
Railroad-Road Grade Crossing
469(1)
Traffic Control Devices
470(1)
Erosion Control
470(1)
Urban Collectors
470(11)
General Design Considerations
470(1)
Design Traffic Volumes
471(1)
Design Speed
471(1)
Sight Distance
472(1)
Grades
472(1)
Alinement
472(1)
Cross Slope
472(1)
Superelevation
473(1)
Number of Lanes
473(1)
Width of Roadway
473(1)
Parking Lanes
474(1)
Median
474(1)
Curbs
475(1)
Drainage
476(1)
Sidewalks
476(1)
Driveways
476(1)
Curb-Cut Ramps
477(1)
Roadway Widths for Bridges
477(1)
Vertical Clearance
477(1)
Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions
477(1)
Right-of-Way Width
478(1)
Provision for Utilities
478(1)
Border Area
478(1)
Intersection Design
479(1)
Railroad-Street Grade Crossings
480(1)
Street and Roadway Lighting
480(1)
Traffic Control Devices
480(1)
Erosion Control
481(1)
Landscaping
481(1)
References
481(2)
Rural and Urban Arterials
Introduction
483(1)
Rural Arterials
483(11)
General Characteristics
483(1)
General Design Considerations
484(1)
Design Speed
484(1)
Design Traffic Volume
484(1)
Levels of Service
485(1)
Sight Distance
485(1)
Alinement
485(1)
Grades
486(1)
Number of Lanes
486(1)
Superelevation
486(1)
Cross Slope
487(1)
Vertical Clearances
487(1)
Structures
487(1)
Traffic Control Devices
487(1)
Erosion Control
488(1)
Widths
488(1)
Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions
489(1)
Cross Section and Right-of-Way
489(1)
Provision for Passing
490(1)
Ultimate Development of Four-Lane Divided Arterials
491(3)
Multilane Undivided Arterials
494(2)
Divided Arterials
496(15)
General Features
496(1)
Lane Widths
497(1)
Cross Slope
497(1)
Shoulders
497(1)
Median Barrier Clearance
498(1)
Medians
498(1)
Alinement and Profile
499(1)
Climbing Lanes on Multilane Arterials
500(1)
Superelevated Cross Sections
501(2)
Cross Section and Right-of-Way Widths
503(4)
Fencing
507(1)
Sections With Widely Separated Roadways
508(1)
Intersections
509(1)
Control of Access
509(1)
Bikeways and Pedestrians
510(1)
Bus Turnouts
510(1)
Railroad Crossings
511(1)
Safety Rest Areas
511(1)
Urban Arterials
511(42)
General Characteristics
511(1)
General Design Considerations
512(1)
Design Speed
513(1)
Design Traffic Volumes
513(1)
Levels of Service
513(1)
Sight Distance
513(1)
Grades
513(1)
Alinement
514(1)
Cross Slope
514(1)
Superelevation
515(1)
Vertical Clearances
515(1)
Lane Widths
515(1)
Number of Lanes
516(1)
Width of Roadway
516(1)
Medians
516(4)
Curbs and Shoulders
520(1)
Drainage
520(1)
Parking Lanes
521(1)
Borders and Sidewalks
522(1)
Railroad Crossings
523(1)
Roadway Width for Bridges
524(1)
Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions
525(1)
Right-of-Way Width
525(1)
Traffic Barriers
525(1)
Access Control
526(1)
General Features
526(1)
Access Control by Statute
526(1)
Access Control by Zoning
526(2)
Access Control Through Driveway Regulations
528(1)
Access Control Through Geometric Design
528(3)
Pedestrian Facilities
531(1)
Curb-Cut Ramps
532(1)
Provision For Utilities
532(1)
Intersection Design
533(1)
Operational Controls and Regulations
533(1)
Traffic Control Devices
534(1)
Regulatory Measures
535(4)
Directional Lane Usage
539(1)
One-Way Operation
540(1)
Reverse-Flow Operation
541(2)
Frontage Roads and Outer Separations
543(1)
Grade Separations and Interchanges
544(1)
Erosion Control
545(1)
Lighting
545(1)
Bikeways
546(1)
Public Transit Facilities
546(1)
Location of Bus Stops
547(3)
Bus Turnouts
550(1)
Reserved Bus Lanes
550(2)
Traffic Control Measures
552(1)
References
553(2)
Freeways
Introduction
555(1)
General Design Considerations
555
Design Speed
555(1)
Design Traffic Volumes
556(1)
Levels of Service
556(1)
Pavement and Shoulders
557(1)
Curbs
558(1)
Superelevation
558(1)
Grades
558(1)
Structures
558(1)
Vertical Clearance
559(1)
Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions
560(1)
Ramps and Terminals
560(1)
Outer Separations, Borders, and Frontage Roads
560
Urban Freeways
501(60)
General Characteristics
561(1)
Medians
561(1)
Depressed Freeways
562(10)
Slopes and Walls
563(1)
Typical Cross Section
564(1)
Restricted Cross Section
565(1)
Walled Cross Section
566(1)
Examples of Depressed Freeways
566(6)
Elevated Freeways
572(12)
General Characteristics
572(1)
Medians
573(1)
Ramps and Terminals
573(1)
Frontage Roads
573(1)
Clearance to Building Line
574(1)
Typical Cross Section
574(1)
Viaduct Freeways Without Ramps
575(1)
Two-Way Viaduct Freeways With Ramps
576(2)
Freeways on Earth Embankment
578(1)
Examples of Elevated Freeways
578(6)
Ground-Level Freeways
584(5)
General Characteristics
584(3)
Typical Cross Section
587(1)
Restricted Cross Section
588(1)
Combination-Type Freeways
589(31)
General Characteristics
589(1)
Profile Control
589(4)
Cross-Section Control
593(2)
Examples of Combination-Type Freeways
595(1)
Special Freeway Designs
595(1)
Reverse-Flow Roadways
595(7)
Dual-Divided Freeways
602(5)
Collector-Distributor Roads
607(1)
Accommodating Transit and High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities
607(1)
General Considerations
607(1)
Buses
608(2)
Exclusive HOV lanes
610(1)
Bus Stops
610(1)
Stairs, ramps, and escalators
610(1)
Bus stop arrangements
611(1)
Stops at freeway level
611(2)
Stops at street level
613(3)
Rail Transit
616(1)
Typical sections
616(4)
Stations
620(1)
Examples of rail transit combined with freeway
620(1)
Rural Freeways
620(6)
General Design Considerations
620(2)
Alinement and Profile
622(1)
Medians
623(2)
Sideslopes
625(1)
Frontage Roads
625(1)
References
626(1)
At-Grade Intersections
Introduction
627(1)
General Design Considerations and Objectives
627(2)
Types and Examples of At-Grade Intersections
629(14)
General Considerations
629(1)
Three-Leg Intersections
629(1)
Basic Types of Intersections
629(2)
Channelized Three-Leg Intersections
631(1)
Four-Leg Intersections
632(1)
Basic Types
632(3)
Channelized Four-Leg Intersections
635(6)
Multileg Intersections
641(2)
Capacity Analysis
643(1)
Alinement and Profile
643(4)
General Considerations
643(1)
Alinement
643(3)
Profile
646(1)
Intersection Curves
647(26)
Widths for Turning Roadways at Intersections
647(1)
Clearance Outside Traveled Way Edges
647(1)
Minimum Designs for Sharpest Turns
647(5)
Passenger Vehicles
652(2)
Single-Unit Trucks and Buses
654(1)
Semitrailer Combinations
654(2)
Choice of Minimum Design for Specific Conditions
656(7)
Oblique-Angle Turns
663(1)
Curvature for Turning Movements, Urban Streets
664(1)
Effect of Curb Radii on Turning Paths
665(8)
Islands
673(1)
General Characteristics
673(1)
Minimum Design for Turning Roadways
673(17)
Channelized Islands
674(2)
Divisional Islands
676(3)
Refuge Islands
679(1)
Island Size and Designation
679(1)
Delineation and Approach-End Treatment
680(7)
Right-Angle Turns With Corner Islands
687(2)
Oblique-Angle Turns With Corner Islands
689(1)
Application at Turning Roadway Terminals
690(6)
Sight Distance
696(52)
General Considerations
696(1)
Approaches-Sight Triangle
696(1)
Departures-Sight Triangle
697(1)
Intersection Control
697(2)
Case I--No Control, but Allowing Vehicles to Adjust Speed
699(1)
Case II--Yield Control for Minor Roads
700(2)
Case III--Stop Control on Minor Roads
702(1)
Case IIIA--Crossing Maneuver
703(8)
Case IIIB--Turning Left into a Major Highway
711(5)
Case IIIC--Turning Right into a Major Highway
716(1)
Case IV--Signal Control
716(2)
Case V--Stopped Vehicle Turning Left from a Major Highway
718(1)
Effect of Skew
718(3)
Effect of Vertical Profiles
721(1)
Stopping Sight Distance at Intersections for Turning Roadways
722(1)
General Considerations
722(1)
Vertical Control
723(1)
Horizontal Control
723(1)
Design to Discourage Wrong-Way Entry
724(2)
Superelevation for Curves at Intersections
726(1)
General Design Considerations
726(3)
Superelevation Runoff
729(2)
Development of Superelevation at Turning Roadway Terminals
731(1)
General Procedure
731(3)
Turn-Lane Cross-Slope Rollover
734(1)
Superelevation Transition and Gradeline Control
734(5)
Traffic Control Devices
739(1)
General Intersection Types
740(1)
General Design Considerations
740(8)
Channelization
748(1)
Speed-Change Lanes at Intersections
749(2)
Median Openings
751(16)
General Design Considerations
751(1)
Control Radii for Minimum Turning Paths
752(3)
Shape of Median End
755(2)
Minimum Length of Median Opening
757(1)
Median Openings Based on Control Radii For Design Vehicles Noted
758(1)
Passenger Vehicles
758(2)
Single-Unit Trucks or Buses
760(1)
Semitrailer Combinations
760(4)
Effect of Skew
764(3)
Above-Minimum Designs for Direct Left Turns
767(1)
Indirect Left Turns and Indirect U-Turns
768(10)
General Design Considerations
768(5)
Indirect Left Turn or Indirect U-Turn--Using Local Streets
773(1)
Indirect Left Turn or Indirect U-Turn--Wide Medians
774(1)
Location and Design of U-Turn Median Openings
775(3)
Continuous Left-Turn Lanes (Two-Way)
778(1)
Auxiliary Lanes
778(9)
General Design Considerations
778(2)
Deceleration Length
780(1)
Storage Length
780(1)
Taper
781(2)
Median Left-Turn Lanes
783(3)
Median End Treatment
786(1)
Simultaneous Left Turns
787(1)
Intersection Design Elements With Frontage Roads
787(3)
Bicycles at Intersections
790(2)
Wheelchair Ramps at Intersections
792(1)
Lighting at Intersections
792(1)
Driveways
793(1)
Railroad Grade Crossings
793(9)
Horizontal Alinement
793(1)
Vertical Alinement
794(1)
General
795(7)
References
802(3)
Grade Separations and Interchanges
Introduction and General Types of Interchanges
805(2)
Warrants for Interchanges and Grade Separations
807(2)
Adaptability of Highway Grade Separations and Interchanges
809(5)
Traffic and Operation
809(2)
Site Conditions
811(1)
Type of Highway and Intersecting Facility
811(1)
Safety
812(1)
Stage Development
813(1)
Economic Factors
813(1)
Initial Costs
813(1)
Maintenance Costs
813(1)
Vehicular Operating Costs
813(1)
Grade Separation Structures
814(19)
Introduction
814(1)
Types of Separation Structures
814(7)
Over Versus Under
821(1)
General Design Considerations
821(4)
Structure Widths
825(1)
Underpass Roadway
825(1)
Lateral Clearances
826(2)
Vertical Clearance
828(1)
Overpass Roadway
828(1)
Bridge Railings
829(1)
Lateral Clearances
829(2)
Medians
831(1)
Horizontal Distance to Effect Grade Separation
832(1)
Grade Separations Without Ramps
833(1)
Interchanges
833(37)
General Considerations
833(3)
Three-Leg Designs
836(5)
Four-Leg Designs
841(1)
Ramps in One Quadrant
842(3)
Diamond Interchanges
845(7)
Single Point Diamond
852(8)
Cloverleafs
860(3)
Partial Cloverleaf Ramp Arrangements
863(7)
Directional and Semidirectional Interchanges
870(11)
With Loops and Weaving
873(1)
With Loops and No Weaving
873(1)
Fully Directional
874(7)
Other Interchange Types
881(7)
Offset Interchanges
881(1)
Combination Interchanges
882(6)
General Design Considerations
888(22)
Interchange-Type Determination
888(2)
Approaches to the Structure
890(4)
Interchange Spacing
894(1)
Uniformity of Interchange Patterns
894(1)
Overlapping Routes
894(2)
Route Continuity
896(1)
Signing and Marking
897(2)
Basic Number of Lanes
899(1)
Coordination of Lane Balance and Basic Number of Lanes
899(5)
Auxiliary Lanes
904(4)
Lane Reduction
908(1)
Weaving Sections
909(1)
Collector-Distributor Roads
910(1)
Two-Exit Versus Single-Exit Interchange Design
910(4)
Wrong-Way Entrances
914(1)
Ramps
915(51)
Types and Examples
915(1)
General Ramp Design Considerations
916(15)
Ramp Traveled-Way Widths
931(6)
Ramp Terminals
937(5)
Single-Lane Free-Flow Terminals, Entrances
942(2)
Single-Lane Free-Flow Terminals, Exits
944(22)
Other Interchange Design Features
966(6)
Testing for Ease of Operation
966(2)
Pedestrians
968(2)
Ramp Metering
970(1)
Grading and Landscape Development
971(1)
Models
972(1)
References
972

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