| Preface |
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xiii | |
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PART ONE Theoretical Foundations |
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3 | (20) |
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Human Societies: Their Place in Nature |
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Societies as Adaptive Mechanisms |
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A Definition of Human Societies |
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Understanding Human Societies: Basic Assumptions |
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Human Societies and the Environment |
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Human Societies: Their Genetic Heritage |
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Culture: A New Mode of Adaptation and a New Kind of Heritage |
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Human Societies: The Basic Model |
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Excursus: A Brief History of Sociology |
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Human Societies as Sociocultural Systems |
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23 | (23) |
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Human Societies as Systems |
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The Five Basic Components of Human Societies |
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Social Institutions and Institutional Systems |
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The World System of Societies |
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The Evolution of Human Societies |
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46 | (19) |
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Forces Promoting Social and Cultural Continuity |
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Forces Promoting Social and Cultural Change |
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Variations in the Rate of Innovation |
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Societal Growth and Development |
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Subsistence Technology's Role in Sociocultural Evolution |
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Ideology's Role in Sociocultural Evolution |
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A Model of the Evolution of the World System of Societies |
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Excursus: A Comparison of Biological and Sociocultural Evolution |
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65 | (14) |
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Classifying Human Societies |
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Societal Types through History |
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Differences among Types of Societies |
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Permanence of Settlements |
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Societal Types: What They Are and What They Are Not |
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Technological Determinism Rejected |
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PART TWO Preindustrial Societies |
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Hunting and Gathering Societies |
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79 | (29) |
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Hunting and Gathering Societies 100,000 B.C. to 8000 B.C. |
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Hunting and Gathering Societies of the Recent Past |
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Tribal Ties: Links between Societies |
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Hunting and Gathering Societies in Theoretical Perspective |
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Archaeological and Ethnographic Evidence Compared |
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A Model of Limited Development |
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The Last Hunting and Gathering Societies |
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108 | (33) |
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Causes of the Shift from Hunting and Gathering to Horticulture |
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The Technology of Horticulture |
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Simple Horticultural Societies in Prehistoric Asia and Europe |
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The First Great Social Revolution |
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Simple Horticultural Societies in the Modern Era |
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The Continuing Importance of Kinship |
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Developments in Polity, Stratification, and Warfare |
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Advanced Horticultural Societies in Prehistoric Asia and Europe |
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The Shift from Stone to Metals |
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Social Consequences of Metal Tools and Weapons |
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Advanced Horticultural Societies in the Modern Era |
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Increased Size and Complexity |
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Horticultural Societies in Southeast Asia |
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Horticultural Societies in Theoretical Perspective |
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Excursus: Race, Environment, and Societal Development |
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141 | (40) |
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Simple Agrarian Societies |
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Religion and the Growth of the Economic Surplus |
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Population: Growth in Size of Communities and Societies |
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The Polity: Growth of the State |
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The Economy: The First Monetary Systems and the Growth of Trade |
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Stratification: Increasing Inequality |
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Slowdown in the Rate of Technological Innovation |
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Advanced Agrarian Societies |
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Population: Continuing Trends |
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The Economy: Increasing Differentiation |
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The Polity: Continuing Development of the State |
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Religion: The Emergence of Universal Faiths |
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Kinship: Changing Significance in Society |
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Stratification: Increasing Complexity |
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Variations on Agrarian Themes |
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Agrarian Societies in Theoretical Perspective |
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Some Evolutionary Bypaths and a Brief Review |
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181 | (14) |
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Environmentally Specialized Societal Types |
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A Brief Review: Sociocultural Evolution to the Eve of the Industrial Revolution |
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PART THREE Industrial Societies and Industrializing Societies |
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The Industrial Revolution |
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195 | (24) |
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Causes of the Industrial Revolution |
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The Accumulation of Information in the Agrarian Era |
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Advances in Water Transportation and the Conquest of the New World |
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The Printing Press and the Spread of Information |
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A Model of the Causes of the Industrial Revolution |
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A Brief History of the Industrial Revolution |
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New Energy, New Machines, New Materials: The Key Innovations |
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Causes of the Continuing Industrial Revolution |
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Greater Informational Resources and a Larger Population |
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Changing Attitudes toward Innovation |
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The Rise of Modern Science |
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The Desire for Ever Higher Standards of Living |
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Varying Levels of Industrialization in the World System of Societies |
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Consequences of the Industrial Revolution |
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Long-Run Consequences: An Overview |
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Industrial Societies: Technologies and Economies |
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219 | (17) |
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The Technological Foundation of Industrial Societies |
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The Economies of Industrial Societies |
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The Urbanization of Production |
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Rise in Productivity and in the Standard of Living |
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The Shift from Labor-Intensive to Capital-Intensive Industries |
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Changes in the Labor Force |
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The Rise of Market Economies |
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Moves toward Mixed Economies |
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Evolution of the Modern Corporation |
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Increasing Economic Integration of the World System |
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Industrial Societies: Ideologies and Polities |
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236 | (21) |
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Ideologies in Industrial Societies |
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Differences among Industrial Societies |
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The Polities of Industrial Societies |
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Causes of the Democratic Trend |
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Political Conflict and Stability |
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Governmental Bureaucracies: Their Expansion and Transformation |
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Industrial Societies: Social Stratification |
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257 | (16) |
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Stratification in Industrial Societies |
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The Distribution of Income |
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The Distribution of Wealth |
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Occupational Stratification |
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Educational Stratification |
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Racial and Ethnic Stratification |
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Age and Sex Stratification |
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Social Inequality: Two Basic Trends |
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Industrial Societies: Population, the Family, and Leisure |
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273 | (21) |
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Growth in Size of Societies |
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Trends in Health and Longevity |
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Declining Birthrates and Increasing Immigration |
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Population Distribution: The Growth of Urban Populations |
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Changing Functions of the Family |
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Causes of Change in the Family |
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The Nuclear Family in Industrial Societies |
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The Changing Role of Women |
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The Changing Role of Youth |
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Industrial Societies in Theoretical Perspective |
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Industrializing Societies |
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294 | (27) |
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Types of Industrializing Societies |
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Industrializing Agrarian Societies |
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Industrializing Horticultural Societies |
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Technology and Productivity |
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Population Growth and Its Consequences |
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Industrializing Societies in Theoretical Perspective |
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Major Social Experiments of the Twentieth Century: Testing the Limits of the Possible |
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321 | (15) |
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Some Successful Experiments |
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A Tragically Flawed Experiment |
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Some Successes and Partial Successes |
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Excursus: Is Free Market Capitalism the Cure? |
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336 | (24) |
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Natural Resources and the Biophysical Environment |
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| Glossary |
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360 | (8) |
| Web Pages of Interest |
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368 | (4) |
| Appendix |
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372 | (3) |
| Notes |
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375 | (37) |
| Photo Credits |
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412 | (2) |
| Indexes |
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414 | |
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