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Constructional Elements of Insulated Cables |
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1.1 Wiring Cables and Flexible Cables |
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2.1.1 Thermoplastics (Plastomers) Copolymers · Fluoroplastics · Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) · Polyethylene (PE) · Cross-Linked Polyethylene (XLPE) |
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2.1.2 Elastomers Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) · Conducting Rubber · Natural Rubber (NR) · Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) · Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) · Butyl Rubber (IIR) · Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPR) · Silicone Rubber (SiR) · Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) |
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2.1.3 Thermosetting Polymers (Duromers) |
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2.2 Chemical Aging of Polymers |
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2.3 The Influence of Moisture on Polyolefine Insulating Materials |
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2.5 Literature Referred to in Section 2 |
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3.1 Thermoplastic Sheaths |
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3.3 Sheathing Materials for Special Purposes |
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4 Protection against Corrosion |
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4.1 Cable with Lead Sheath |
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4.2 Aluminium-Sheathed Cables |
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7.2 Metallic Components of Electrical Screening |
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7.3 Longitudinally Water Proof Screens |
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Insulated Wires and Flexible Cables |
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8 Types of Wires and Cables |
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8.1 National and International Standards |
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8.1.2 Harmonized Standards |
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8.2 Selection of Flexible Cables |
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8.2.1 Cables for Fixed Installations |
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8.3 Flexible Cables for Mining and Industry |
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8.4 Halogen-Free SIENOPYR Wiring and Flexible Cables with Improved Performance in the Event of Fire |
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9 Core Identification of Cables |
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10 Definition of Locations to DIN VDE 0100 |
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11 Application and Installation of Cables |
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11.1 Rated Voltage, Operating Voltage |
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11.2 Selection of Conductor Cross-Sectional Area |
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12 National and International Standards |
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12.2 Standards of Other Countries |
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12.3 IEC and CENELEC Standards |
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13 Types of Construction of Low-and High-Voltage Cables |
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13.3 Selection of Cables and Accessories |
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14 Power Cables for Special Applications |
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14.1 Cable with Elastomer Insulation |
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14.2 Shipboard Power Cable |
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14.2.1 Construction and Characteristics |
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14.2.2 Application and Installation |
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14.3 Halogen-Free Cables with Improved Characteristics in the Case of Fire |
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14.3.1 Testing Performance under Conditions of Fire |
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Spread of Fire · Corrosivity of Combustion Gases · Smoke Density. Insulation Retention under Conditions of Fire |
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14.3.2 Construction and Characteristics |
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14.3.3 Laying and Installation |
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14.4 Cables for Mine Shafts and Galleries |
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14.5 River and Sea Cables |
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14.7 Cable with Polymer Insulation and Lead Sheath |
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14.8 Insulated Overhead Line Cables |
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15 High- and Extra-High-Voltage Cables |
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15.1 Cable with Polymer Insulation |
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15.2 Low-Pressure Oil-Filled Cable with Lead or Aluminium Sheath |
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15.3 Thermally Stable Cable in Steel Pipe |
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15.3.1 High-Pressure Oil-Filled Cable |
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15.3.2 Internal Gas-Pressure Cable |
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15.3.3 External Gas-Pressure Cable (Pressure Cable) |
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Planning of Cable Installations |
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16 Guide for Planning of Cable Installations |
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17.1 Allocation of Cable Rated Voltages |
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17.2 Rated Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage |
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17.3 Voltage Stresses in the Event of Earth Fault |
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18 Current-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation |
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18.1 Terms, Definitions and Regulations |
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18.2 Operating Conditions and Design Tables |
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18.2.1 Operating Conditions for Installations in Ground |
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18.2.2 Operating Conditions, Installation in Air |
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18.2.3 Project Design Tables |
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Load Capacity Installed in Ground/Air · Rating Factors for Installation in Ground, for Differing Air Temperatures and for Groups in Air |
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18.3 Calculation of Load Capacity |
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18.4.1 Thermal Resistance of the Cable |
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18.4.2 Thermal Resistance of Air Horizontal Installation · Vertical Installation · Atmospheric Pressure · Ambient Temperature · Solar Radiation · Arrangement of Cables |
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18.4.3 Thermal Resistance of the Soil Temperature Field of a Cable · Definition of Soil-Thermal Resistance · Daily Load Curve and Characteristic Diameter · Drying-Out of the Soil and Boundary Isotherm dx · Fictitious Soil-Thermal Resistance Tx´ and Txy´ · Load Capacity |
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18.4.4 Grouping in the Ground Fictitious Additional Thermal Resistances ΔTx´ and ΔTxy´ due to Grouping · Load Capacity · Extension of the Dry Area · Current-Carrying Capacity of Dissimilar Cables |
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18.4.5 Installation in Ducts and Pipes Thermal Resistances TR´ and TP´ · Load Capacity for an Installation of Pipes in Ground or Air or in Ducts Banks |
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18.4.6 Soil-Thermal-Resistivity Cable in the Ground · Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Soil · Influence of Moisture Content · Measuring · Basic Quantities for Calculation · Bedding Material · Sand-Gravel Mixtures · Sand-Cement Mixtures · Calculation of Load Capacity |
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18.5 Installation in Channels and Tunnels |
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18.5.1 Unventilated Channels and Tunnels |
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18.5.2 Arrangement of Cables in Tunnels |
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18.5.3 Channels with Forced Ventilation |
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18.6 Load Capacity of a Cable for Short-Time and Intermittent Operation |
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18.6.2 Calculation with Minimum Time Value |
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18.6.3 Adiabatic Heat Rise |
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18.6.4 Root-Mean-Square Value of Current |
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18.6.5 Short-Time Operation |
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18.6.6 Intermittent Operation |
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18.7 Symbols Used in Formulae in Section 18 |
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18.8 Literature Referred to in Section 18 |
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19 Short-Circuit Conditions |
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19.2 Temperature Rise of Conductor under Line-To-Earth Short Circuit |
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19.2.1 Conductor and Sheat Currents under Line-To-Earth Short Circuit |
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19.2.2 Load Capacity under Line-To-Earth Short-Circuit |
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19.3 Short-Circuit Thermal Rating |
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19.3.1 Guide for Project Design Performance under Short-Circuit Conditions · Short-Circuit Duty · Short-Circuit Capacity of Conductor, Screens, Sheaths and Armour |
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19.3.2 Calculations of Short-Circuit Capacity Adiabatic and Non-Adiabatic Temperature Rise Method · Temperature Rise during Short-Circuit |
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19.3.3 Thermo-Mechanical Forces and Expansion General-Effect of Thermal Expansion in Cables · Mounting of Single-Core Cables |
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19.4 Mechanical Short-Circuit Capacity |
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19.4.1 Electromagnetic Forces Effect of Electromagnetic Forces · Line-To-Earth, Line-To-Line and Balanced Three-Phase Short Circuit |
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19.4.2 Multi-Core Cable Tensile Force FB´ · Surface Pressure FF´ · Cable Construction · Experience and Calculation Quantities · Fixing Elements |
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19.4.3 Single-Core Cables and Fixing Methods Bending Stress · Surface Pressure FF´ · Stressing of Clamps and Binders |
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19.5 Symbols used in Formulae in Section 19 |
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19.6 Literature Referred to in Section 19 |
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20 Resistance and Resistance per Unit Length of Conductor |
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20.1 Resistance per Unit Length on d.c. |
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20.2 Resistance per Unit Length on a.c. |
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20.3 Current Related Losses |
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21 Inductance and Inductance per Unit Length |
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21.1 Inductance per Unit Length of a Conductor System |
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21.2.1 Earthed at Both Ends |
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21.2.2 Arrangement of Cables |
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21.2.3 Earthing from Either One or Both Ends of Metal Sheath or Screen |
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21.2.4 Cross-Bonding of the Sheaths, Transposition of the Cables |
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21.4 Zero-Sequence Impedance and Zero-Sequence Impedance per Unit Length |
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21.5 Literature Referred to in Section 21 |
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22 Capacitance and Capacitance per Unit Length |
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22.2 Operating Capacitance per Unit Length Cb´ |
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22.3 Capacitive Current Ie´ and Earth-Fault Current Ie´ of a Cable |
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23 Insulation Resistance, Insulation Resistance per Unit Length and Leakage |
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24 Determination of Voltage Drop |
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25 Economic Optimization of Cable Size |
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25.1 Symbols used in Formulae in Section 25 |
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25.2 Literature Referred to in Section 25 |
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26 Interference of Power Cables with Control and Telecommunication Cables |
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26.1 Inductive Interference |
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26.1.3 Current Reduction Factor of the Influencing Power Cable |
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26.1.4 Voltage Reduction Factor of the Influenced Telecommunication Cable |
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26.1.5 Reduction Factors of Compensating Conductors |
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26.2 Noise Voltage in Symmetrical Circuits |
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26.4 Inductive and Ohmic Interference |
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26.5 Details Required for Planning |
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27 Design and Calculation of Distribution Systems |
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27.2 Determination of Power Requirement as a Basis for Planning |
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27.2.1 Load Requirement of Dwellings |
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27.2.2 Load Requirements of Special Consumers |
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27.3 Planning of Distribution Systems |
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27.3.2 Selection of Distribution Voltage |
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27.3.3 Low-Voltage Systems System Configuration and Types of Operation in the Public Supply · Extension of a Low-Voltage System · Systems of Buildings · Industrial Supply Systems · Location of Substations · Component Parts of the Low-Voltage System |
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27.3.4 Medium-Voltage Systems Public Supply · Expansion of the Medium-Voltage System · Distribution Systems in Large Buildings · Industrial Supply Systems Standby Power Supply · Component Parts of the Medium-Voltage System · Charge Current Compensation and Star Point Treatment · The Superimposed High-Voltage System |
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27.4.2 Calculation of a Low-Voltage System |
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27.4.3 Investigations of Protective Measures Against Excessive Touch Voltage |
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27.4.4 Investigation of Short-Circuit Protection and Discrimination |
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27.4.5 Computer-Aided System Calculation |
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27.5 Literature Referred to in Section 27 |
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28 Cable Identification Marking |
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28.1 Manufacturers, VDE-Marking |
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28.2 Colours of Outer Sheaths and Protective Coverings |
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28.3 Core Identification for Power Cables up to Uo/U=0.6/1 kV |
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28.4 Core Identification for Cables for Rated Voltages Exceeding Uo/U=0.6/1 kV |
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29.2 Preparation for Laying the Cable |
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29.3 Differences in Level of the Cable Route |
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29.4 Laying of Cables in the Ground |
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29.4.2 Laying of the Cables |
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29.5 Laying of Cables Indoors |
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29.5.1 Cables on Walls, Ceilings or Racks |
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29.5.2 Cable Tunnels and Ducts |
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29.6.2 Arrangements and Dimensions |
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30.1 Preparation of Cable Ends |
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30.2 Earthing of Metallic Sheaths and Coverings |
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31 Repair of Damage to Outer Sheath |
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31.1 Outer Sheath of Polyvinylchloride (PVC) and (PE) Polyethylene |
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31.2 Jute Servings on Cables with Lead Sheath |
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32.1 Fundamental Objectives |
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32.4 Fundamental Principles for the Construction and Installation of Accessories |
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32.4.1 Compound Filling Technique |
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32.4.2 Cast-Resin Techniques |
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32.4.3 Shrink-On Technique |
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32.5 Literature Referred to in Section 32 |
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Measuring and Testing of Power Installations |
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34 Electrical Measurements in the Cable Installation, as Installed |
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35.2 Testing with d.c. Voltage |
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35.3 Testing with a.c. Voltage |
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36.1 Preliminary Measurements |
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36.2 Location Measurements by the Conventional Method |
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36.3 Locating of Faults by Pulse Reflection Method |
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36.4 Preparation of Fault Point by Burn Through |
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36.5 Locating Using Audio Frequency |
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36.6 Testing of Thermoplastic Sheaths |
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37 Construction and Resistance of Conductors |
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