Evoked Spinal Cord Potentials: An Illustrated Guide to Physiology, Pharmacology, and Recording Techniques:9784431240266:Shimoji, K.:eCampus.com

Preface

VII

Section A: Bases of Understanding the Spinal Cord

(50)

Chapter 1 Neuroanatomical Considerations

WILLIAM D. WILLIS, JR.

(23)

1.1 Gross Anatomy of the Human Spinal Cord

(5)

1.2 Spinal Meninges

(1)

1.3 Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

(6)

1.4 Afferent Input to the Spinal Cord

(3)

1.5 Somatosensory and Other Ascending Tracts

(4)

1.5.1 Dorsal Column System

(3)

1.5.2 Spinothalamic and Associated Tracts of the Anterolateral Quadrant

(1)

1.6 Input to the Spinal Cord from Pathways Descending from the Brain

(5)

1.6.1 Corticospinal Tract

(2)

1.6.2 Other Descending Pathways from the Brain

(1)

1.6.3 Spino-Bulbospinal and Other Spinal Cord-Brain Loops

(2)

Chapter 2 Physiology of the Spinal Cord

WILLIAM D. WILLIS, JR.

(8)

2.1 Electrophysiological Recordings from the Spinal Cord

(3)

2.1.1 Single Unit Recordings

(1)

2.1.2 Population Recordings

(3)

2.2 Responses of Nociceptive Dorsal Horn Neurons to Peripheral Input

(3)

2.3 Responses of Spinal Cord Neurons to Corticospinal Volleys

(2)

Chapter 3 Pharmacology of the Spinal Cord

WILLIAM D. WILLIS, JR.

(6)

Chapter 4 Overviews of Human (Evoked) Spinal Cord Potentials (SCPs): Recording Methods and Terminology

KOKI SHIMOJI

(13)

4.1 Animal SCPs and Human SCPs

(4)

4.2 Recording Methods of Human SCPs from the Posterior Epidural Space

(2)

4.3 Six Different Kinds of Human SCPs Recorded from the Epidural Space

(7)

4.3.1 Segmental SCPs (Segmentally Evoked SCPs)

(1)

4.3.2 Conducting or Conducted SCPs

(2)

4.3.3 Slow SCPs Produced by Antidromic Stimulation of the Spinal Cord (Descending SCP)

(1)

4.3.4 Heterosegmental SCP, Heterosegmentally Evoked SCP

(1)

4.3.5 Motor Evoked Human SCPs: TCM-Evoked SCPs

(1)

4.3.6 Motor Evoked Human SCPs: TCE-Evoked SCPs

(1)

4.3.7 Polarity of Recording Spinal Cord Potential

(2)

Section B: Somatosensory Evoked Spinal Cord Potentials (Segmental SCPs)

(52)

Chapter 1 Segmental SCPs

SUMIHISA AIDA and KOKI SHIMOJI

(12)

1.1 Waveform Characteristics

(1)

1.2 Comparison with Skin Surface Recordings

(1)

1.3 Comparison with Posterior Pharyngeal Recordings

(3)

1.4 Origins of the Segmental SCP

(8)

1.4.1 The Initially Positive Spike (Triphasic Spike) (PI)

(1)

1.4.2 The Sharp (or Slow) Negative Wave (NI)

(4)

1.4.3 The Slow Positive Wave (P Wave; P2 Wave)

(4)

Chapter 2 Spinal Cord Potentials Evoked by Ascending Volleys

YOICHI MARUYAMA and KOKI SHIMOJI

(6)

2.1 Waveform Characteristics of SCPs Evoked by Ascending Volleys

(1)

2.2 SCPs Evoked by Two Ascending Volleys from the Cauda Equina

(1)

2.3 Conduction Velocities of Ascending Volleys Along the Cord

(4)

Chapter 3 Spinal Cord Potentials Evoked by Descending Volleys

HIROYUKI SHIMIZU and KOKI SHIMOJI

(11)

3.1 Waveform Characteristics of SCPs Evoked by Descending Volleys to the Spinal Cord

(2)

3.2 Effects of Graded Stimulation to Determine the Population of Spinal Tract Fibers that Produce "Descending SCPs"

(3)

3.3 Effects of Double Shocks on "Descending SCPs"

(1)

3.4 Origins of Descending N and P Waves in Human SCPs

(2)

3.5 Spinal Tracts Producing N and P Waves

(3)

Chapter 4 Heterosegmental SCPs (HSPs)

MISAO TOMITA and KOKI SHIMOJI

(8)

4.1 The HSP in Humans

(1)

4.2 Fundamental Patterns of the HSP

(2)

4.3 Central Nuclei of the HSP

(2)

4.4 The Relationship Between WDR Neuron Activities and HSP

(3)

Chapter 5 Clinical Pharmacology

TATSUHIKO KANO and YOSHIKADO MIYAGAWA

(15)

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 Effects of Intravenous Anesthetics

(7)

5.2.1 Thiamylal Sodium

(2)

5.2.2 Ketamine Hydrochloride

(1)

5.2.3 Fentanyl Citrate and Droperidol

(1)

5.2.4 Morphine Hydrochloride

(1)

5.2.5 Diazepam

(1)

5.2.6 Summary

(2)

5.3 Effects of Inhalation Anesthetics

(1)

5.4 Effects of Local Anesthetics

(7)

5.4.1 Epidural Lidocaine on Segmental SCPs

(2)

5.4.2 Epidural Lidocaine on Conducting SCPs

100

(1)

5.4.3 Intrathecal Lidocaine on Conducting SCPs

101

(1)

5.4.4 Summary

102

(1)

Section C: Motor Evoked SCPs

103

(32)

Chapter 1 Transcranial Magnetically Evoked SCPs (TCM-Evoked SCPs)

TOSHIYUKI TOBITA and KOKI SHIMOJI

105

(7)

1.1 Recording Techniques

105

(1)

1.2 Basic Patterns of TCM-Evoked SCPs

106

(1)

1.3 Effects of Intravenous Anesthetics

107

(3)

1.4 Effects of Inhalation Anesthetics

110

(2)

Chapter 2 Transcranial Electrically Evoked SCPs (TCE-Evoked SCPs)

112

(23)

2.1 Recording Techniques

CHIKASHI FUKAYA and YOICHI KATAYAMA

112

(6)

2.1.1 Introduction

112

(1)

2.1.2 Anesthesia

112

(1)

2.1.3 Stimulation

112

(1)

2.1.4 Recording

113

(4)

2.1.5 Discussion

117

(1)

2.2 TCE-Evoked SCPs in Animals and Human

YOICHI KATAYAMA and TAKAMITSU YAMAMOTO

118

(6)

2.2.1 Introduction

118

(1)

2.2.2 Experimental Studies

119

(2)

2.2.3 Comparison Between Direct- and TCE-evoked SCPs

121

(3)

2.3 TCE-Evoked Potentials from Muscle and TCE-Evoked SCPs

TAKAMITSU YAMAMOTO and YOICHI KATAYAMA

124

(5)

2.3.1 Introduction

124

(1)

2.3.2 Methods

124

(1)

2.3.3 Results

125

(3)

2.3.4 Discussion

128

(1)

2.4 Effects of Intravenous and Inhalational Anesthetics

S. DENDA and KOKI SHIMOJI

129

(8)

2.4.1 Introduction

129

(1)

2.4.2 Methods for Recording TCE-Evoked SCPs

130

(2)

2.4.3 The Effects of Inhalation Anesthetics

132

(3)

Section D: Case Studies (Clinical Applications)

135

(45)

Chapter 1 Monitoring by SCPs During Surgical Operations

137

(37)

1.1 Spine Surgery: Scoliosis Surgery

HITOSHI FUJIOKA and KOKI SHIMOJI

137

(3)

1.2 Spinal Cord Surgery

140

(10)

1.2.1 Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesion (DREZL)

TOMOHIRO YAMAKURA and KOKI SHIMOJI

(103)

1.2.2 Spinal Cord Tumor

CHIKASHI FUKAYA and YOICHI KATAYAMA

143

(7)

1.3 Spinal Cord Hypothermia During Aortic Surgery

TATSUHIKO KANO and SEIJI WATANABE

150

(3)

1.3.1 Discussion

151

(2)

1.4 Spinal Cord Ischemia During Aortic Surgery

153

(7)

1.4.1 Somatosensory Evoked SCPs

TATSUHIKO KANO and HIDEKI HARADA

153

(3)

1.4.2 TCE-Evoked Electromyograms During Thoracoabdominal Aortic Surgery

SATORU FUKUDA and HAI-LONG DONG

156

(4)

1.5 Cardiovascular Surgery

160

(14)

1.5.1 Somatosensory Evoked SCPs

TOSHIKAZU TAKADA and KOKI SHIMOJI

160

(5)

1.5.2 Motor Evoked Potential

SATORU FUKUDA and HAI-LONG DONG

165

Chapter 2 Diagnosis by Spinal Cord Potentials of Spinal Diseases

HIROYUKI SHIMIZU and KOKI SHIMOJI

174

(6)

2.1 Spinal Cord Potentials in Patients with ALS

175

(1)

2.2 Spinal Cord Potentials in Patients with Tabes Dorsalis

176

(1)

2.3 Spinal Cord Potentials in Patients with Spinal Tumors

177

(3)

References

180

(27)

Index

207


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