Undercover: Police Surveillance in Comparative Perspective: Fijnaut, Cyrille J. C. F.: 9789041100153: Book: History: eCampus.com

The United States and Europe have recently experienced a significant expansion in the use of undercover police tactics and technological means of surveillance. In a democratic society, such tactics raise significant questions for public policy and social research. New and sophisticated forms of crime and social control (and their internationalization) represent an important and neglected topic. Realizing this, the leading scholars in this field created a European and American working group for the comparative study of police surveillance. This collaborative, landmark volume reports the results of their work. It is the first book ever devoted to the comparative study of the topic and includes articles on the historical development of covert policing in Europe and its spread to the United States (where it was extended and recently exported back to Europe), plus detailed accounts of the use of covert tactics in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Sweden, Canada and the United States.
"Audience: " Social scientists, historians, policy makers, lawyers, and criminal justice practitioners.

Cyrille Fijnaut

Gary T. Marx

INTRODUCTION: THE NORMALIZATION OF UNDERCOVER POLICING IN THE WEST; HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES

(28)

1. Undercover: An Enduring Ingredient of Modern Policing

(8)

1.1 France

(3)

1.2 Germany

(1)

1.3 Great Britain

(3)

2. Developments in the United States

(5)

3. Undercover Returns to Europe

(1)

4. The Articles

Dominique Monjardet

Rene Levy

UNDERCOVER POLICING IN FRANCE: ELEMENTS FOR DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

(26)

1. Introduction

(1)

2. The National Police

(12)

2.1. The Police Urbaine

(1)

2.2. Compagnies Republicaines de Securite

(2)

2.3. The Political Police

(4)

2.4. The Police Judiciaire

(4)

3. The Other Police Agencies

(4)

3.1. The Gendarmerie Nationale

(2)

3.2. The Douane

(2)

4. Conclusion

(4)

References

Heiner Busch

Albrecht Funk

UNDERCOVER TACTICS AS AN ELEMENT OF PREVENTIVE CRIME FIGHTING IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY

(16)

1. Introduction

(2)

2. `Undercover' in the German Debate on Preventive Crime Fighting

(3)

3. The Consequences for Police Organization

(2)

4. The Effects of `Preventive Crime Fighting' on the Criminal Justice System

(5)

5. Conclusion

(1)

References

(3)

Jean-Paul Brodeur

UNDERCOVER POLICING IN CANADA: A STUDY OF ITS CONSEQUENCES

(32)

1. The Canadian Police Apparatus

(4)

1.1. The Canadian Police Forces

(1)

1.2. Government Security Intelligence Agencies

(2)

1.3. Quasi-governmental Security Units

(1)

1.4. Private Security Agencies

(1)

2. Undercover Operations in the Canadian Context

(5)

2.1. The Canadian Context

(1)

2.2. Political Surveillance

(1)

2.3. Undercover Police, Informers and Delators

(2)

2.4. Fields of Undercover Policing

(1)

3. Intention

(4)

3.1. Laundering Unresolved Cases

(1)

3.2. Blackmailing Informants

(2)

4. Consequences of Undercover Policing

(10)

4.1. Consequences: Desirable and Intended

(2)

4.2. Consequences: Desirable and Unintended

(1)

4.3. Consequences: Undesirable and Intended

(3)

4.4. Consequences: Undesirable and Unintended

(3)

5. Conclusions

(4)

5.1. Active Deception and the New Surveillance: the State as an Undercover Agent

(2)

5.2. Consequences Entailed in Undercover Policing

(1)

5.3. Necessary Evil

(1)

References

(4)

Peter Klerks

COVERT POLICING IN THE NETHERLANDS

103

(38)

1. Introduction: Policing under the Lee of Public Trust

103

(4)

1.1. Introducing Secrecy inside Police Organizations

105

(1)

1.2. Research Methodology and Structure of this Chapter

105

(2)

2. The Criminal Intelligence Department

107

(8)

2.1. Development and Structure of the CID

107

(2)

2.2. Role in Strategic Planning

109

(1)

2.3. The Concealment of CID Information in Court

110

(2)

2.4. Controlling the CID

112

(2)

2.5. He's Got the Look

114

(1)

3. Infiltration

115

(12)

3.1. Recent History and Regulation

115

(3)

3.2. Civilians as Infiltrators

118

(1)

3.3. The Growing International Dimension of Infiltration

118

(1)

3.4. The Shift from Evidence-gathering to Intelligence

119

(2)

3.5. The Risks: Lacking Accountability under the Rule of Law

121

(1)

3.6. The Risks: Police Corruption

122

(2)

3.7. The Risks: Psychological Effects on the Undercover Agent

124

(1)

3.8. Infiltration in the Future

125

(2)

4. Surveillance

127

(3)

4.1. A Short History of Police Surveillance Teams

127

(1)

4.2. Police Surveillance Exposed and Reorganized under a New Doctrine

128

(1)

4.3. Surveillance Reports Kept out of Court

128

(1)

4.4. Does Police Surveillance Require a Formal Legal Arrangement?

129

(1)

5. Informants

130

(3)

5.1. Motivation of Informants

130

(1)

5.2. Risks Involved in Working with Informants

131

(2)

6. Secrecy and the Fear of Corruption

133

(2)

6.1. Attitudes among the Police toward Secrecy

133

(1)

6.2. A Justified Fear of Corruption?

134

(1)

7. Conclusions

135

(2)

References

137

(4)

Lode Van Outrive

Jan Cappelle

TWENTY YEARS OF UNDERCOVER POLICING IN BELGIUM: THE REGULATION OF A RISKY POLICE PRACTICE

141

(14)

1. The Early History

141

(3)

2. The American War on Drugs During the Nixon Administration

144

(1)

3. The `Americanization' of Belgian Investigation Procedures

145

(2)

3.1. At the Level of Police Organization

145

(1)

3.2. At the Level of Legislation

146

(1)

3.3. At the Level of Police Tactics

146

(1)

4. Police Provocation and its Legalization

147

(2)

5. The New Policy Directives

149

(1)

6. Covert Policing and the Failure of Belgian Police Services

150

(2)

7. Evaluation of the Current Situation

152

(3)

Louise Shelley

SOVIET UNDERCOVER WORK

155

(20)

1. Introduction

155

(4)

1.1. A Comparative Framework

157

(1)

1.2. Sources

158

(1)

1.3. Objectives

159

(1)

2. Undercover Work and the Legal Framework

159

(2)

3. The Militia and Undercover Work

161

(5)

3.1. Developing Informants

161

(2)

3.2. Deployment of Informants

163

(1)

3.3. Employing Informant Information

164

(1)

3.4. Anonymous Tips and Denunciations

165

(1)

4. Undercover Work of the Security Police

166

(4)

4.1. Technology and the Security Police

166

(1)

4.2. Recruitment of Informants

167

(2)

4.3. Surveillance Methods

169

(1)

5. Post-Soviet Developments

170

(2)

6. Conclusion

172

(1)

References

173

(2)

Gary Armstrong

Dick Hobbs

HIGH TACKLES AND PROFESSIONAL FOULS: THE POLICING OF SOCCER HOOLIGANISM

175

(20)

1. Introduction

175

(1)

2. The Inheritance of Covert Policing

176

(2)

3. Leaders of Men

178

(2)

4. Tactical Persuasions

180

(1)

5. Trying Times

181

(2)

6. Paying for Admission

183

(2)

7. Hooligan Conspiracies: Playing Away

185

(5)

8. Conclusion

190

(1)

References

191

(4)

Michael Levi

COVERT POLICING AND THE INVESTIGATION OF `ORGANIZED FRAUD': THE ENGLISH EXPERIENCE IN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT

195

(18)

1. Introduction

195

(1)

2. English Law and Undercover Work

195

(6)

2.1. Provocation and Entrapment

196

(3)

2.2. Disclosure Rules

199

(2)

3. The Contexts of Police Undercover Work

201

(1)

4. Covert Investigations of White-collar Crime in America

202

(2)

5. Covert Policing of White-collar Crime in Britain

204

(3)

6. Justifying White-collar Undercover Work

207

(3)

6.1. Intended Consequences of Undercover Work

209

(1)

6.2. Unintended Consequences of Undercover Work

209

(1)

7. Conclusion

210

(1)

References

211

(2)

Gary T. Marx

WHEN THE GUARDS GUARD THEMSELVES: UNDERCOVER TACTICS TURNED INWARD

213

(22)

1. The Expansion of Covert Policing

215

(1)

2. The Problem of Guarding the Guards

216

(4)

3. Some Examples

220

(5)

4. Some Consequences, Costs and Choices

225

(3)

5. Some Additional Consequences

228

(4)

References

232

(3)

Helgi Gunnlaugsson

John F. Galliher

THE SECRET DRUG POLICE OF ICELAND

235

(14)

1. Secret Policing around the World

235

(1)

2. Crime in Iceland

236

(1)

3. Evidence of an Icelandic Moral Panic

237

(2)

4. History of Policing in Iceland

239

(1)

5. Secret Policing in Iceland

240

(3)

6. Examples of Covert Policing Practices

243

(1)

7. Moral and Geographical Boundary Maintenance

244

(1)

References

245

(4)

Dennis Tollborg

UNDERCOVER IN SWEDEN: THE SWEDISH SECURITY POLICE AND THEIR MODI OPERANDI

249

(20)

1. Direction and Data Sources

249

(1)

2. The Swedish Security Police (Sakerhetspolisen): Its Organizational Structure and Tasks in the Nineties

250

(2)

3. Modi Operandi

252

(13)

3.1. Search

253

(1)

3.2. Wire-tapping and Letter Control

254

(4)

3.3. Bugging

258

(3)

3.4. Enlisting and Crime Provocation

261

(4)

4. Conclusions

265

(4)

Ethan A. Nadelmann

THE DEA IN EUROPE

269

(22)

1. `Americanization' of European Drug Enforcement

269

(6)

2. Undercover Operations

275

(9)

3. Controlled Deliveries

284

(2)

4. Wire-tapping

286

(1)

5. Conclusion

287

(4)

Nikos Passas

Richard B. Groskin

INTERNATIONAL UNDERCOVER INVESTIGATIONS

291

(22)

1. Introduction

291

(2)

2. Operation C-Chase

293

(1)

3. Operation Exodus

294

(2)

4. Preparing International Operations

296

(3)

5. Coordination with Domestic Agencies

299

(2)

6. Coordination and Collaboration with Foreign Agencies

301

(1)

7. Diversity of Methods and Procedures

302

(1)

8. Diversity of Substantive Laws

303

(1)

9. Other Political Considerations

304

(2)

10. Timing the Close-down of Undercover Operations

306

(1)

11. Arrests and Prosecutions

306

(1)

12. Conclusion

307

(2)

References

309

(4)

Gary T. Marx

UNDERCOVER: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY

313

(10)

Gary T. Marx

UNDERCOVER IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR KNOWLEDGE AND SOCIAL RESEARCH

323

(14)

References

337


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