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1 | (70) |
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I. International institutional law |
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|
1 | (28) |
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A. A classic theme: interdependence and state sovereignty |
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|
1 | (5) |
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|
6 | (16) |
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1. A description and analysis of international institutional law |
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|
7 | (5) |
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2. To contribute to improvements in practice |
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|
12 | (1) |
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3. To contribute to a better understanding of international institutional law |
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|
13 | (9) |
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C. Unity within diversity? |
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|
22 | (7) |
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29 | (1) |
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|
29 | (19) |
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A. International cooperation, international organizations, (con)federations |
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|
29 | (3) |
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B. A definition: three elements |
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32 | (14) |
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34 | (10) |
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44 | (1) |
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|
45 | (1) |
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C. International organizations, international corporations, non-governmental organizations |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (17) |
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A. Criteria for classification |
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|
48 | (3) |
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B. Universal versus closed organizations |
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51 | (7) |
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1. Universal organizations |
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|
51 | (2) |
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|
53 | (5) |
|
C. Intergovernmental versus supranational organizations |
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58 | (5) |
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1. Intergovernmental organizations |
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58 | (2) |
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2. Supranational organizations |
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60 | (3) |
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D. Special versus general organizations |
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63 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (6) |
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|
71 | (135) |
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71 | (95) |
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A. Subjects of membership |
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71 | (14) |
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71 | (4) |
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2. Territories which are not independent states |
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|
75 | (4) |
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|
79 | (2) |
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4. International organizations |
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|
81 | (4) |
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B. Commencement of membership |
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|
85 | (33) |
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1. Establishment of the organization |
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|
85 | (2) |
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2. Re-admission of ex-members |
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|
87 | (1) |
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3. Admission of new members |
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|
88 | (12) |
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a. Admission by constitutional amendment |
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|
88 | (2) |
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b. Conditions imposed by the constitution |
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|
90 | (10) |
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4. Acceptance of membership |
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100 | (2) |
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5. Date of commencement of membership |
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102 | (1) |
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6. Establishment of new states |
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103 | (15) |
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C. Termination of membership |
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118 | (37) |
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1. Withdrawal by the membership |
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119 | (18) |
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a. Constitutional provisions |
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120 | (3) |
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b. Withdrawal without constitutional provision |
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123 | (13) |
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(i) Interpretative declarations |
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123 | (2) |
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(ii) Practical experience |
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125 | (9) |
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134 | (2) |
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136 | (1) |
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2. Expulsion from the organization |
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137 | (12) |
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a. The notion "expulsion" |
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138 | (5) |
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(i) Expulsion versus suspension |
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139 | (1) |
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(ii) Expulsion as a sanction |
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|
140 | (1) |
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(iii) Expulsion to protect the organization |
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|
141 | (2) |
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b. Constitutional provisions |
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143 | (3) |
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c. Expulsion without constitutional provision |
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146 | (3) |
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3. Disappearance of the member or loss of essential qualifications |
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149 | (5) |
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4. Dissolution of the organization |
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154 | (1) |
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D. Rights and obligations of full members |
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155 | (11) |
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1. Individual rights and obligations |
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156 | (6) |
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2. Collective rights and obligations |
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162 | (4) |
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166 | (3) |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (25) |
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173 | (6) |
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B. Categories of observers |
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179 | (19) |
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180 | (2) |
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2. National liberation movements |
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182 | (3) |
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3. Public international organizations |
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185 | (3) |
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4. Private international organizations |
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188 | (8) |
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5. Individuals and private companies |
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|
196 | (2) |
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VI. Concluding observations |
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|
198 | (8) |
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CHAPTER 3 RULES FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANS |
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|
206 | (178) |
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206 | (31) |
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206 | (18) |
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206 | (3) |
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2. Attribution of powers to the organization |
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|
209 | (2) |
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3. The concept of domestic jurisdiction |
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|
211 | (6) |
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4. Attribution of powers to organs of the organization |
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|
217 | (7) |
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|
224 | (7) |
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231 | (1) |
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|
232 | (5) |
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II. Composition of organs |
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|
237 | (69) |
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|
237 | (1) |
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B. Representation of members |
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|
238 | (29) |
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1. Representation by a delegation |
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|
239 | (25) |
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|
239 | (1) |
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|
240 | (2) |
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|
242 | (1) |
|
d. Composition of delegations |
|
|
243 | (12) |
|
(i) Governmental delegates |
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|
243 | (7) |
|
(ii) Delegates representing specific interests |
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|
250 | (1) |
|
(iii) Delegates from national parliaments |
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|
251 | (2) |
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|
|
253 | (1) |
|
(v) Multinational delegations |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
e. Obligation to send a delegation |
|
|
255 | (1) |
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|
256 | (8) |
|
2. Representation by proxy |
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|
264 | (3) |
|
C. Use of individual experts |
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|
267 | (8) |
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|
|
275 | (1) |
|
E. Equitable representation of interests |
|
|
276 | (9) |
|
1. Equitable geographical representation |
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|
276 | (4) |
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a. Need for regional representation |
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
b. Composition of regions |
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|
277 | (3) |
|
2. Equitable representation of specific interests |
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
3. Means of strengthening representation |
|
|
282 | (3) |
|
F. Election of non-plenary organs |
|
|
285 | (17) |
|
1. Election by the entire organization |
|
|
286 | (3) |
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2. Election by the region or group concerned |
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|
289 | (6) |
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|
|
295 | (1) |
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|
|
296 | (1) |
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|
|
297 | (2) |
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|
|
299 | (3) |
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|
|
302 | (4) |
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|
306 | (70) |
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|
306 | (48) |
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|
|
306 | (3) |
|
2. Frequency and duration |
|
|
309 | (3) |
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|
|
312 | (1) |
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|
313 | (4) |
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|
|
317 | (4) |
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|
|
321 | (1) |
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|
|
322 | (1) |
|
8. Privileges and immunities at sessions |
|
|
323 | (14) |
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|
|
323 | (1) |
|
b. Why are privileges and immunities granted to international organizations? |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
c. Instruments laying down privileges and immunities |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
d. Subjects of privileges and immunities |
|
|
326 | (11) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
(ii) Delegates of members |
|
|
327 | (5) |
|
(iii) Delegates of non-members |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
(iv) Delegates of other public international organizations |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
(v) Delegates of private international organizations and individuals |
|
|
334 | (3) |
|
|
|
337 | (17) |
|
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
c. Discussion of agenda items |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
d. Statements of delegations |
|
|
343 | (3) |
|
e. Limits to freedom of speech |
|
|
346 | (3) |
|
|
|
349 | (5) |
|
|
|
354 | (13) |
|
|
|
354 | (11) |
|
|
|
354 | (7) |
|
b. Powers and obligations |
|
|
361 | (4) |
|
2. Vice-presidents and bureau |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
|
367 | (9) |
|
IV. Concluding observations |
|
|
376 | (8) |
|
CHAPTER 4 POLICY-MAKING AND ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANS |
|
|
384 | (174) |
|
I. Classifying international organs |
|
|
384 | (5) |
|
|
|
389 | (45) |
|
A. Plenary policy-making organs |
|
|
390 | (16) |
|
1. General congress or council of ministers |
|
|
390 | (3) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
|
|
393 | (3) |
|
3. Specialized congresses |
|
|
396 | (4) |
|
|
|
400 | (6) |
|
a. Congressional commissions |
|
|
401 | (3) |
|
b. Plenary functional commissions |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
B. Non-plenary policy-making organs |
|
|
406 | (28) |
|
1. The need for non-plenary policy-making organs |
|
|
406 | (3) |
|
|
|
409 | (12) |
|
|
|
410 | (5) |
|
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
|
|
412 | (3) |
|
|
|
415 | (6) |
|
|
|
415 | (3) |
|
|
|
418 | (3) |
|
3. Commissions and committees |
|
|
421 | (11) |
|
a. Functional commissions |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
b. Consultative commissions of interest groups |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
c. Ad hoc advisory commissions |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
e. Regional commissions and regional groups |
|
|
428 | (4) |
|
4. President of the organization |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
|
|
434 | (113) |
|
|
|
434 | (5) |
|
B. Tasks and influence of the secretariat |
|
|
439 | (30) |
|
|
|
442 | (23) |
|
a. Administrative and clerical functions |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
e. Collection of reports from member states |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
f. Collection of information from member states |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (2) |
|
h. Representation of the organization |
|
|
450 | (4) |
|
|
|
454 | (2) |
|
j. Observation of elections |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
k. Depositary of treaties |
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
n. Good offices, mediation, conciliation, arbitration |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
o. Performance of instructions |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
3. Delegation of tasks; outside experts |
|
|
466 | (3) |
|
|
|
469 | (22) |
|
|
|
469 | (9) |
|
|
|
478 | (11) |
|
3. Decentralization: regional offices |
|
|
489 | (2) |
|
D. International civil servants |
|
|
491 | (56) |
|
|
|
492 | (4) |
|
2. Number of international civil servants |
|
|
496 | (2) |
|
|
|
498 | (2) |
|
4. Geographic distribution |
|
|
500 | (6) |
|
5. Conditions of employment |
|
|
506 | (18) |
|
|
|
508 | (3) |
|
|
|
511 | (4) |
|
c. Pension and social security |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
e. Permanent or temporary employment |
|
|
518 | (5) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
524 | (14) |
|
a. Relation with the national governments |
|
|
525 | (4) |
|
|
|
529 | (5) |
|
(i) Exemption from taxation |
|
|
530 | (3) |
|
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
c. Immunity from jurisdiction |
|
|
534 | (4) |
|
(i) Immunity for official acts |
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
(ii) Immunity for other acts |
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
7. The safety of personnel |
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
539 | (7) |
|
a. Law governing the service |
|
|
539 | (3) |
|
|
|
542 | (4) |
|
9. Organs of international civil servants |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
IV. The Commission of the European Communities |
|
|
547 | (4) |
|
|
|
547 | (3) |
|
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
V. Concluding observations |
|
|
551 | (7) |
|
CHAPTER 5 ADVISORY AND SUPERVISORY ORGANS |
|
|
558 | (148) |
|
|
|
558 | (39) |
|
A. Need for parliamentary organs |
|
|
558 | (6) |
|
B. International organizations with parliamentary organs |
|
|
564 | (4) |
|
C. Comparison of parliamentary organs |
|
|
568 | (8) |
|
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
|
|
570 | (4) |
|
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
D. Tasks of parliamentary organs |
|
|
576 | (18) |
|
1. Control over the executive |
|
|
576 | (6) |
|
2. Control over the budget |
|
|
582 | (2) |
|
|
|
584 | (10) |
|
a. Advising national parliaments |
|
|
585 | (2) |
|
b. Advising international organs |
|
|
587 | (2) |
|
c. Participation in decision-making |
|
|
589 | (5) |
|
E. Functioning of parliamentary organs |
|
|
594 | (3) |
|
|
|
597 | (103) |
|
A. The need for judicial organs |
|
|
597 | (8) |
|
1. Control of the legality of decisions |
|
|
599 | (3) |
|
2. Administrative jurisdiction over staff members |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
3. Control of the application of acts within the national legal orders |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
B. Existing judicial organs |
|
|
605 | (67) |
|
1. Universal judicial organs |
|
|
605 | (12) |
|
a. The International Court of Justice |
|
|
605 | (3) |
|
b. Ad hoc tribunals on war crimes and the establishment of an international criminal court |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
c. The Human Rights Committee |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
d. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
e. The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
f. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
g. The Committee against Torture |
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
h. The Committee on the Rights of the Child |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
i. The Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
j. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
2. Regional judicial organs |
|
|
617 | (75) |
|
a. The Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the European Communities |
|
|
618 | (4) |
|
b. Benelux Court of Justice |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
c. The EFTA Court of Justice |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
d. The Andean Court of Justice |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
e. Organs of the European Convention on Human Rights |
|
|
625 | (4) |
|
f. American organs for human rights |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
g. African Commission on Human and People's Rights |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
h. Central Commission for the Navigation of the Rhine |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
i. Other river commissions |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
j. European Tribunal on State Immunity |
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
k. Tribunal of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
m. Tribunal of International Composition in the Saar |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
n. Central American Court of Justice |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
o. Judicial Commission of the OAPEC |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
p. Common Market Tribunal of the East African Community |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
q. Court of Appeal for East Africa |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
r. Court of Justice of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
3. Staff administrative tribunals |
|
|
642 | (6) |
|
a. The UN Administrative Tribunal (UNAT) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
b. The ILO Administrative Tribunal (ILOAT) |
|
|
643 | (2) |
|
c. The World Bank Administrative Tribunal |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
d. The Administrative Tribunal of the International Monetary Fund |
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
e. Regional administrative tribunals |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
4. Arbitration, conciliation, mediation and fact-finding commissions |
|
|
648 | (22) |
|
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
C. Composition of judicial organs |
|
|
672 | (14) |
|
|
|
672 | (3) |
|
2. Nationality of the members |
|
|
675 | (4) |
|
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (3) |
|
5. Independence of judges |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
D. Procedure before judicial organs |
|
|
686 | (14) |
|
|
|
687 | (6) |
|
|
|
688 | (4) |
|
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
|
693 | (2) |
|
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
|
|
695 | (5) |
|
III. Concluding observations |
|
|
700 | (6) |
|
CHAPTER 6 DECISION-MAKING PROCESS |
|
|
706 | (222) |
|
I. The concept of a decision |
|
|
706 | (2) |
|
|
|
708 | (2) |
|
|
|
710 | (15) |
|
A. Necessity for initiatives |
|
|
710 | (1) |
|
B. Initiatives by governments |
|
|
711 | (1) |
|
C. Initiatives by organs of the organization |
|
|
712 | (7) |
|
|
|
712 | (3) |
|
2. Organs of independent experts |
|
|
715 | (4) |
|
D. Initiatives by other international organizations |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
E. Initiatives by interest groups |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
F. Initiatives by individuals |
|
|
721 | (4) |
|
|
|
725 | (46) |
|
A. Preparation of proposals |
|
|
725 | (22) |
|
|
|
725 | (2) |
|
|
|
727 | (2) |
|
|
|
729 | (18) |
|
|
|
730 | (9) |
|
b. Procedure in the European Community |
|
|
739 | (8) |
|
B. Discussion of proposals |
|
|
747 | (24) |
|
|
|
747 | (3) |
|
|
|
750 | (2) |
|
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
4. Time-limits, marathon sessions |
|
|
753 | (3) |
|
|
|
756 | (4) |
|
6. Informal consultation, pressure |
|
|
760 | (3) |
|
|
|
763 | (3) |
|
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
9. Withdrawal of proposals and amendments |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
10. Financial implications of resolutions |
|
|
769 | (1) |
|
11. Closure of discussions |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
V. Decisions-making by consensus |
|
|
771 | (7) |
|
|
|
771 | (2) |
|
|
|
773 | (8) |
|
C. Explaining the decline of majority voting and the rise of consensus |
|
|
781 | (6) |
|
|
|
787 | (101) |
|
|
|
787 | (4) |
|
1. Organizations requiring unanimity |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
2. Expectations to unanimity |
|
|
789 | (2) |
|
|
|
791 | (26) |
|
1. Equality of voting power |
|
|
791 | (3) |
|
2. Inequality of voting power |
|
|
794 | (23) |
|
a. Permanent seats and weighted representation |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
|
|
795 | (18) |
|
|
|
795 | (4) |
|
|
|
799 | (14) |
|
|
|
813 | (4) |
|
|
|
817 | (51) |
|
|
|
817 | (3) |
|
2. Calculation of majorities |
|
|
820 | (18) |
|
a. Majority of membership |
|
|
821 | (2) |
|
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
|
|
824 | (6) |
|
d. Non-participation in the vote (or in a consensus) |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
|
|
831 | (6) |
|
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
|
|
838 | (13) |
|
a. Voting between two alternatives |
|
|
838 | (4) |
|
b. Voting between several alternatives |
|
|
842 | (7) |
|
|
|
849 | (2) |
|
|
|
851 | (5) |
|
|
|
851 | (4) |
|
b. Other qualified majorities |
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
6. Factors influencing the majority to be preferred |
|
|
857 | (11) |
|
a. The need for a decision |
|
|
858 | (3) |
|
b. The effect of the decision |
|
|
861 | (2) |
|
c. Structure and procedures of the decision-making organ |
|
|
863 | (5) |
|
|
|
868 | (16) |
|
1. Simultaneous open voting |
|
|
869 | (2) |
|
2. Roll-call or recorded vote |
|
|
871 | (2) |
|
|
|
873 | (3) |
|
4. Vote by correspondence |
|
|
876 | (6) |
|
5. Alteration of votes cast |
|
|
882 | (2) |
|
|
|
884 | (4) |
|
VII. Entry into force of decisions |
|
|
888 | (9) |
|
A. Immediate entry into force |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
B. Previous agreement of other organs |
|
|
889 | (3) |
|
C. Previous agreement of member states |
|
|
892 | (5) |
|
VIII. Termination of decisions |
|
|
897 | (20) |
|
A. Amendment and revocation |
|
|
898 | (10) |
|
|
|
898 | (7) |
|
|
|
905 | (2) |
|
|
|
907 | (1) |
|
B. Termination of membership |
|
|
908 | (2) |
|
C. Dissolution of the organization |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
|
|
912 | (5) |
|
1. Possibility of annulment |
|
|
912 | (2) |
|
2. Initiative for judicial annulment |
|
|
914 | (1) |
|
|
|
915 | (2) |
|
IX. Concluding observations |
|
|
917 | (11) |
|
|
|
928 | (211) |
|
|
|
928 | (37) |
|
|
|
928 | (3) |
|
B. Classification of costs |
|
|
931 | (34) |
|
1. Methods of classification |
|
|
931 | (11) |
|
a. Budgeting according to instrument or to activity |
|
|
931 | (7) |
|
b. Administrative or operational expenditure |
|
|
938 | (4) |
|
2. Fields of activity: some examples |
|
|
942 | (13) |
|
|
|
943 | (2) |
|
b. Development assistance; "economic and social cohesion" |
|
|
945 | (6) |
|
|
|
951 | (4) |
|
|
|
955 | (10) |
|
|
|
956 | (1) |
|
b. Sessions of the organs of the organization |
|
|
957 | (3) |
|
|
|
960 | (3) |
|
|
|
963 | (1) |
|
|
|
964 | (1) |
|
|
|
965 | (126) |
|
|
|
966 | (56) |
|
|
|
966 | (1) |
|
2. The sharing of expenditure |
|
|
967 | (25) |
|
|
|
967 | (2) |
|
b. Optional classes of contribution |
|
|
969 | (5) |
|
|
|
974 | (18) |
|
|
|
976 | (4) |
|
(ii) Interest in the work of the organization and other factors |
|
|
980 | (6) |
|
(iii) Flexibility of scales |
|
|
986 | (6) |
|
3. Limits to contributions of members |
|
|
992 | (13) |
|
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
|
|
993 | (8) |
|
|
|
1001 | (1) |
|
|
|
1002 | (3) |
|
|
|
1005 | (1) |
|
5. Currencies of contributions |
|
|
1006 | (4) |
|
|
|
1010 | (11) |
|
|
|
1010 | (4) |
|
|
|
1014 | (3) |
|
c. Filling the gap: working capital funds |
|
|
1017 | (4) |
|
7. Table of contributions |
|
|
1021 | (1) |
|
B. Voluntary contributions |
|
|
1022 | (18) |
|
1. The principle of voluntary contributions |
|
|
1022 | (4) |
|
2. Existing systems of voluntary contributions |
|
|
1026 | (3) |
|
|
|
1029 | (3) |
|
4. International organizations contributing to voluntary programmes |
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
5. Voluntary contributions from non-members |
|
|
1033 | (1) |
|
6. Raising voluntary contributions |
|
|
1034 | (6) |
|
|
|
1034 | (3) |
|
b. Collection of voluntary contributions |
|
|
1037 | (3) |
|
|
|
1040 | (10) |
|
1. Gifts which benefit the budget of the organization |
|
|
1040 | (3) |
|
2. Gifts for specific programmes |
|
|
1043 | (6) |
|
|
|
1049 | (1) |
|
|
|
1050 | (24) |
|
1. Income from services rendered to states |
|
|
1051 | (7) |
|
|
|
1051 | (2) |
|
|
|
1053 | (3) |
|
c. Cost sharing for specific projects |
|
|
1056 | (1) |
|
d. Special payment by the states responsible for the expense |
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
2. Income from services rendered to individuals |
|
|
1058 | (4) |
|
3. Income from services rendered to other international organizations |
|
|
1062 | (2) |
|
4. Income from investments and borrowing |
|
|
1064 | (6) |
|
5. Income from staff assessment |
|
|
1070 | (3) |
|
|
|
1073 | (1) |
|
|
|
1074 | (17) |
|
1. Definition of taxation |
|
|
1074 | (1) |
|
2. Conditions for international taxation |
|
|
1075 | (6) |
|
3. Existing systems of taxation |
|
|
1081 | (10) |
|
|
|
1091 | (40) |
|
|
|
1091 | (14) |
|
|
|
1091 | (3) |
|
|
|
1094 | (3) |
|
|
|
1097 | (3) |
|
4. Explanatory memorandum |
|
|
1100 | (1) |
|
|
|
1101 | (2) |
|
6. Medium-term financial plans |
|
|
1103 | (2) |
|
|
|
1105 | (4) |
|
|
|
1105 | (3) |
|
|
|
1108 | (1) |
|
C. Adoption and execution |
|
|
1109 | (14) |
|
1. The decision establishing the budget |
|
|
1109 | (2) |
|
2. Power of the organ adopting the budget |
|
|
1111 | (10) |
|
3. Execution and supplementary estimates |
|
|
1121 | (1) |
|
|
|
1122 | (1) |
|
|
|
1123 | (8) |
|
|
|
1123 | (2) |
|
|
|
1125 | (6) |
|
IV. Concluding observations |
|
|
1131 | (8) |
|
|
|
1139 | (207) |
|
|
|
1139 | (6) |
|
|
|
1145 | (51) |
|
|
|
1146 | (1) |
|
|
|
1147 | (10) |
|
1. Creation of a legal person |
|
|
1148 | (2) |
|
2. Limitation on reservations |
|
|
1150 | (4) |
|
|
|
1154 | (1) |
|
|
|
1155 | (2) |
|
C. Amendment of the constitution |
|
|
1157 | (39) |
|
1. Necessity for amendments |
|
|
1157 | (6) |
|
2. Constitutional requirements for amendments |
|
|
1163 | (26) |
|
a. Legal character of constitutional provisions on amendment |
|
|
1163 | (2) |
|
b. Existing constitutional requirements |
|
|
1165 | (24) |
|
(i) Temporary exclusion of amendments |
|
|
1166 | (2) |
|
(ii) Amendment requiring the cooperation of organs in addition to unanimity of the members |
|
|
1168 | (1) |
|
(iii) Amendment by unanimous approval of the members |
|
|
1169 | (4) |
|
(iv) Amendment by qualified majority of the members |
|
|
1173 | (5) |
|
(v) Amendment by decision |
|
|
1178 | (9) |
|
(vi) Amendments without general application |
|
|
1187 | (2) |
|
|
|
1189 | (6) |
|
|
|
1189 | (1) |
|
|
|
1190 | (1) |
|
|
|
1191 | (1) |
|
d. Provisional application |
|
|
1192 | (1) |
|
e. Amendments creating new obligations |
|
|
1193 | (1) |
|
f. Entry into force of amendments |
|
|
1194 | (1) |
|
|
|
1195 | (1) |
|
III. Decisions of the organization |
|
|
1196 | (139) |
|
|
|
1196 | (20) |
|
1. Rules concerning the functioning of the organization |
|
|
1201 | (5) |
|
2. Internal rules with external effect |
|
|
1206 | (10) |
|
a. Possibility of external effect |
|
|
1206 | (2) |
|
b. Operational activities |
|
|
1208 | (2) |
|
c. Competence to engage in operational activities |
|
|
1210 | (6) |
|
|
|
1216 | (119) |
|
|
|
1217 | (27) |
|
a. The notion "recommendation" |
|
|
1217 | (3) |
|
b. Factors which strengthen recommendations |
|
|
1220 | (21) |
|
(i) Constitutional provisions |
|
|
1221 | (2) |
|
(ii) Structure of the organization |
|
|
1223 | (1) |
|
(iii) The method of enactment |
|
|
1224 | (7) |
|
|
|
1231 | (2) |
|
|
|
1233 | (4) |
|
(vi) The application by others |
|
|
1237 | (1) |
|
(vii) The moral or legitimizing effect |
|
|
1238 | (2) |
|
|
|
1240 | (1) |
|
c. Internal effects of recommendations |
|
|
1241 | (3) |
|
|
|
1244 | (18) |
|
a. The notion "declaration" |
|
|
1244 | (4) |
|
|
|
1248 | (14) |
|
|
|
1262 | (56) |
|
a. The notion "convention" |
|
|
1262 | (9) |
|
|
|
1262 | (1) |
|
(ii) Special forms of conventions |
|
|
1263 | (3) |
|
|
|
1266 | (4) |
|
b. Competence to make conventions |
|
|
1271 | (5) |
|
c. Legal force before ratification |
|
|
1276 | (5) |
|
|
|
1281 | (16) |
|
(i) The requirement of ratification |
|
|
1281 | (1) |
|
|
|
1282 | (6) |
|
(iii) Negative acceptance (contracting out, tacit acceptance) |
|
|
1288 | (7) |
|
(iv) Provisional application |
|
|
1295 | (2) |
|
e. Legal effect after ratification |
|
|
1297 | (1) |
|
f. Possible parties to conventions |
|
|
1298 | (8) |
|
|
|
1298 | (2) |
|
|
|
1300 | (5) |
|
(iii) Other international organizations |
|
|
1305 | (1) |
|
|
|
1306 | (5) |
|
|
|
1311 | (7) |
|
|
|
1318 | (17) |
|
|
|
1322 | (1) |
|
b. Types of binding decision |
|
|
1323 | (12) |
|
(i) Decisions addressed to governments |
|
|
1323 | (7) |
|
(ii) Decisions addressed to individuals |
|
|
1330 | (2) |
|
(iii) General regulations |
|
|
1332 | (3) |
|
IV. Other elements of the legal order |
|
|
1335 | (5) |
|
|
|
1335 | (1) |
|
B. General principles of law |
|
|
1336 | (3) |
|
|
|
1339 | (1) |
|
V. Concluding observations |
|
|
1340 | (6) |
|
CHAPTER 9 INTERPRETATION AND SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES |
|
|
1346 | (46) |
|
I. Means of interpretation |
|
|
1346 | (5) |
|
II. Authorities charged with interpretation |
|
|
1351 | (28) |
|
A. Interpretation by the members |
|
|
1351 | (4) |
|
|
|
1351 | (1) |
|
|
|
1352 | (3) |
|
B. Interpretation by organs of the organization |
|
|
1355 | (24) |
|
|
|
1355 | (8) |
|
|
|
1363 | (16) |
|
|
|
1364 | (2) |
|
|
|
1366 | (8) |
|
|
|
1374 | (5) |
|
III. Competence to request interpretation |
|
|
1379 | (8) |
|
A. Organs of the organization |
|
|
1379 | (1) |
|
B. Members of the organization |
|
|
1380 | (4) |
|
|
|
1384 | (1) |
|
|
|
1385 | (2) |
|
IV. Concluding observations |
|
|
1387 | (5) |
|
CHAPTER 10 SUPERVISION AND SANCTIONS |
|
|
1392 | (170) |
|
|
|
1392 | (7) |
|
|
|
1392 | (3) |
|
|
|
1395 | (4) |
|
II. Supervision of the implementation of rules |
|
|
1399 | (40) |
|
A. Supervision by other members acting on their own account |
|
|
1400 | (2) |
|
B. Supervision by or on behalf of the organization |
|
|
1402 | (26) |
|
1. Supervision based on reports of the members |
|
|
1402 | (4) |
|
2. Supervision based on information collected by the organization |
|
|
1406 | (8) |
|
3. Supervision based on inspection |
|
|
1414 | (14) |
|
a. Continuing supervision |
|
|
1415 | (9) |
|
b. Retrospective fact-finding |
|
|
1424 | (4) |
|
C. Supervision by individuals |
|
|
1428 | (11) |
|
|
|
1429 | (6) |
|
|
|
1435 | (1) |
|
|
|
1436 | (1) |
|
|
|
1437 | (2) |
|
III. Official recognition of violations |
|
|
1439 | (5) |
|
IV. Waiver of obligations |
|
|
1444 | (1) |
|
|
|
1445 | (108) |
|
A. Sanctions by the other members |
|
|
1449 | (1) |
|
B. Sanctions (authorized) by the organization |
|
|
1450 | (68) |
|
1. The possibility of imposing sanctions |
|
|
1450 | (5) |
|
2. Suspension of voting rights |
|
|
1455 | (7) |
|
3. Suspension of representation |
|
|
1461 | (2) |
|
4. Suspension of services of the organization |
|
|
1463 | (3) |
|
5. Suspension of rights and privileges of membership |
|
|
1466 | (4) |
|
6. Expulsion from specific organs |
|
|
1470 | (5) |
|
7. Expulsion from the organization |
|
|
1475 | (1) |
|
8. Sanctions through other organizations |
|
|
1476 | (2) |
|
|
|
1478 | (9) |
|
10. Forces of international organizations and military enforcement |
|
|
1487 | (26) |
|
|
|
1513 | (5) |
|
C. Enforcement within the national legal order |
|
|
1518 | (31) |
|
1. Enforcement through national parliaments |
|
|
1521 | (1) |
|
2. Enforcement through national courts |
|
|
1522 | (27) |
|
a. Should national courts apply rules of international law? |
|
|
1522 | (23) |
|
(i) Monist and dualist theories |
|
|
1522 | (16) |
|
(ii) Application of constitutional provisions |
|
|
1538 | (3) |
|
(iii) Application of international decisions |
|
|
1541 | (4) |
|
b. Initiative for decisions of national courts |
|
|
1545 | (4) |
|
D. Sanctions against individuals |
|
|
1549 | (4) |
|
VI. Concluding observations |
|
|
1553 | (9) |
|
|
|
1562 | (125) |
|
I. Status in international law |
|
|
1562 | (29) |
|
A. Personality of international organizations in international law |
|
|
1562 | (10) |
|
B. Application of international law |
|
|
1572 | (3) |
|
1. General principles of law |
|
|
1575 | (2) |
|
|
|
1577 | (2) |
|
|
|
1579 | (1) |
|
4. Decisions of other international organizations |
|
|
1580 | (2) |
|
C. Liability under international law |
|
|
1582 | (9) |
|
II. Status in national law |
|
|
1591 | (26) |
|
A. Personality of international organizations in domestic law |
|
|
1591 | (8) |
|
1. Personality in the law of member states |
|
|
1591 | (1) |
|
a. Constitutional provisions |
|
|
1591 | (1) |
|
b. Provisions in national law |
|
|
1592 | (2) |
|
c. In the absence of express provisions |
|
|
1594 | (4) |
|
2. Personality in the law of non-member states |
|
|
1598 | (1) |
|
B. Application of domestic law |
|
|
1599 | (18) |
|
1. Competence to make use of national laws |
|
|
1599 | (2) |
|
|
|
1601 | (5) |
|
3. Limits imposed by privileges |
|
|
1606 | (4) |
|
4. Limits imposed by immunity from jurisdiction |
|
|
1610 | (3) |
|
5. Liability under private law |
|
|
1613 | (4) |
|
|
|
1617 | (64) |
|
|
|
1617 | (6) |
|
B. Dissolution of the organization |
|
|
1623 | (58) |
|
1. Termination or succession |
|
|
1623 | (6) |
|
2. Methods of dissolution |
|
|
1629 | (16) |
|
a. Constitutional provisions |
|
|
1629 | (3) |
|
b. Provisions in other treaties and implied succession |
|
|
1632 | (5) |
|
c. Acts of the general congress |
|
|
1637 | (2) |
|
d. Agreements with other international organizations |
|
|
1639 | (1) |
|
|
|
1640 | (1) |
|
f. Constitutional amendment |
|
|
1641 | (1) |
|
|
|
1642 | (2) |
|
|
|
1644 | (1) |
|
3. Consequences of dissolution |
|
|
1645 | (35) |
|
a. Functions of the organization |
|
|
1645 | (3) |
|
b. Legal acts of the organization |
|
|
1648 | (25) |
|
(i) Recommendations and declarations |
|
|
1650 | (1) |
|
|
|
1651 | (3) |
|
|
|
1654 | (2) |
|
|
|
1656 | (1) |
|
|
|
1657 | (4) |
|
|
|
1661 | (4) |
|
|
|
1665 | (1) |
|
c. Personnel of the organization |
|
|
1666 | (7) |
|
d. Property of the organization |
|
|
1673 | (7) |
|
|
|
1680 | (1) |
|
IV. Concluding observations |
|
|
1681 | (6) |
|
CHAPTER 12 EXTERNAL RELATIONS |
|
|
1687 | |
|
I. Partners for external relations |
|
|
1687 | (55) |
|
|
|
1687 | (4) |
|
|
|
1687 | (1) |
|
|
|
1688 | (1) |
|
|
|
1689 | (2) |
|
B. Relations with other international organizations |
|
|
1691 | (51) |
|
1. "Families" of international organizations |
|
|
1691 | (11) |
|
|
|
1692 | (6) |
|
|
|
1698 | (1) |
|
c. Inter-American organizations |
|
|
1699 | (2) |
|
|
|
1701 | (1) |
|
|
|
1702 | (40) |
|
a. The need for coordination |
|
|
1702 | (3) |
|
|
|
1705 | (1) |
|
c. Coordination at international level |
|
|
1706 | (33) |
|
(i) Priority for the acts of one organization |
|
|
1707 | (5) |
|
(ii) Delimitation of competences |
|
|
1712 | (3) |
|
|
|
1715 | (6) |
|
(iv) Joint Sessions and meetings |
|
|
1721 | (2) |
|
(v) Exchange of observers |
|
|
1723 | (1) |
|
|
|
1724 | (2) |
|
(vii) Organizations and organs responsible for coordination |
|
|
1726 | (6) |
|
|
|
1732 | (1) |
|
|
|
1733 | (5) |
|
|
|
1738 | (1) |
|
d. Coordination at national level |
|
|
1739 | (3) |
|
II. Instruments of external relations |
|
|
1742 | (133) |
|
|
|
1743 | (58) |
|
1. The notion "agreement" |
|
|
1744 | (4) |
|
2. Competence to conclude agreements |
|
|
1748 | (21) |
|
a. The treaty-making capacity of international organizations |
|
|
1748 | (8) |
|
|
|
1756 | (7) |
|
|
|
1763 | (6) |
|
3. The subject matter of agreements |
|
|
1769 | (14) |
|
a. Agreements on the status of the organization and on relations with others |
|
|
1770 | (1) |
|
b. Agreements on assistance to members |
|
|
1771 | (1) |
|
c. Agreements concerning the organization's field of operation |
|
|
1772 | (1) |
|
|
|
1773 | (3) |
|
e. Establishment of new international organizations |
|
|
1776 | (7) |
|
4. The legal force of agreements |
|
|
1783 | (6) |
|
|
|
1783 | (1) |
|
|
|
1784 | (3) |
|
|
|
1787 | (2) |
|
5. The conclusion, entry into force and termination of agreements |
|
|
1789 | (12) |
|
a. Negotiation and signature |
|
|
1789 | (2) |
|
|
|
1791 | (3) |
|
|
|
1794 | (1) |
|
|
|
1795 | (1) |
|
|
|
1796 | (3) |
|
|
|
1799 | (2) |
|
|
|
1801 | (42) |
|
1. The notion "diplomatic relations" |
|
|
1801 | (2) |
|
|
|
1803 | (13) |
|
|
|
1816 | (27) |
|
a. The right of active legation |
|
|
1816 | (4) |
|
b. Permanent missions to members |
|
|
1820 | (12) |
|
(i) Missions for development |
|
|
1820 | (9) |
|
(ii) Missions for other purposes |
|
|
1829 | (2) |
|
(iii) National committees |
|
|
1831 | (1) |
|
c. Special missions to members |
|
|
1832 | (2) |
|
d. Missions to non-members |
|
|
1834 | (6) |
|
e. Missions to other international organizations |
|
|
1840 | (1) |
|
f. Delegations to international conferences |
|
|
1841 | (2) |
|
C. Recognition of other subjects of international law |
|
|
1843 | (13) |
|
|
|
1845 | (6) |
|
2. Recognition of governments |
|
|
1851 | (1) |
|
3. Recognition of territorial sovereignty |
|
|
1852 | (1) |
|
|
|
1853 | (2) |
|
|
|
1855 | (1) |
|
D. Judicial actions and responsibility under public law |
|
|
1856 | (4) |
|
1. Competence to bring and receive international claims |
|
|
1856 | (3) |
|
2. The possibility to bring international claims to court |
|
|
1859 | (1) |
|
E. Convening international conferences |
|
|
1860 | (3) |
|
|
|
1863 | (4) |
|
G. Depositary of treaties |
|
|
1867 | (1) |
|
H. Registration of treaties |
|
|
1868 | (2) |
|
I. Registration of ships and aircraft |
|
|
1870 | (2) |
|
|
|
1872 | (3) |
|
III. Concluding observations |
|
|
1875 | |
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