The Brief Holt Handbook

by KIRSZNER

• ISBN13: 9780155067370
• ISBN10: 0155067370
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-04-28
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

The Brief Hold Handbook, 3/e serves as a concise writing reference for composition courses and beyond. Distinct from the competition, this easy-to-use reference covers critical thinking and reading and also addresses the use of computers and the Internet in every stage of writing and research.

Table of Contents

Preface	ix
Introduction: Philosophy	1	(1)
Socrates	1	(9)
What Is Philosophy?	10	(5)
A Modern Approach to Philosophy	15	(5)
A Brief Introduction to Logic	20	(23)
Deductive Arguments	21	(5)
Inductive Arguments	26	(3)
Argument by Analogy	29	(1)
Argument by Counter-Example	30	(2)
Reductio ad Absurdum	32	(1)
The Worst Kind of Fallacies	32	(5)
Glossary	37	(4)
Bibliography and Further Reading	41	(2)
PART ONE THE WORLD AND BEYOND	43	(276)
Reality	45	(78)
``The Way The World Really Is''	46	(1)
The First Philosophers: The ``Turning Point of Civilization''	47	(2)
The Early Greek Philosophers	49	(9)
The Ionian Naturalists	49	(2)
Monism, Materialism, and Immaterial ``Stuff''	51	(1)
Heraclitus	51	(1)
Democritus, Atoms, and Pluralism	52	(1)
Animism	53	(1)
Pythagoras	53	(1)
The Appearance/Reality Distinction	54	(1)
Parmenides	54	(2)
The Sophists	56	(1)
Metaphysics	56	(2)
Ultimate Reality in the East: India, Persia and China	58	(9)
Reality as Spirit: The Upanishads	58	(3)
Reality, Good, and Evil: Zarathustra	61	(1)
Confucius	62	(1)
Lao Tsu, or the Poets of Tao Te Ching	63	(1)
Buddha	64	(3)
Two Kinds of Metaphysics: Plato and Aristotle	67	(21)
Plato	68	(12)
Aristotle	80	(8)
Modern Metaphysics: Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz	88	(35)
Rene Descartes	90	(5)
Benedictus de Spinoza	95	(10)
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz	105	(11)
Summary and Conclusion	116	(1)
Glossary	117	(4)
Bibliography and Further Reading	121	(2)
Religion	123	(61)
What is Religion?	123	(7)
The Western Religions	130	(17)
The Traditional Conception of God	130	(2)
Can We Know That God Exists?	132	(15)
Religion, Morality, and Evil	147	(14)
Religion and ``Practical Reason''	147	(5)
The Problem of Evil	152	(6)
Hinduism, Buddhism, Karma, and Compassion	158	(3)
Reason and Faith	161	(4)
Faith and Irrationality	165	(10)
God as Experience	166	(2)
The Leap of Faith	168	(5)
God as Ultimate Concern	173	(2)
The Attack on Religion: Marx, Nietzsche, and Freud	175	(9)
Summary and Conclusion	181	(1)
Glossary	181	(2)
Bibliography and Further Reading	183	(1)
Knowledge	184	(64)
The Rationalist's Confidence: Descartes	190	(11)
Innate Ideas Concerning Human Understanding: John Locke	201	(5)
The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge	206	(8)
Common Sense Undone: Bishop Berkeley	214	(8)
The Congenial Skeptic: David Hume	222	(15)
An Ancient Skeptic: Nagarjuna	237	(1)
Double Vision: A Non-Western Feminist Perspective	238	(10)
Summary and Conclusion	243	(1)
Glossary	244	(2)
Bibliography and Further Reading	246	(2)
Truth	248	(71)
Two Kinds of Truth	251	(8)
Analytic Truths	252	(4)
Truths about the World	256	(3)
Theories of Truth	259	(12)
The Coherence Theory	259	(2)
The Pragmatic Theory	261	(7)
The Semantic Theory	268	(3)
Kant's Revolution	271	(8)
The Battle in Europe after Kant: Relativism and Absolutism	279	(16)
Hegel	279	(10)
Schopenhauer	289	(2)
Nietzsche	291	(4)
Phenomenology	295	(3)
Hermeneutics, Pragmatism, and Feminism: Relativism Reconsidered	298	(21)
Summary and Conclusion	313	(1)
Glossary	314	(4)
Bibliography and Further Reading	318	(1)
PART TWO KNOW THY SELF	319	(166)
Self	321	(56)
Consciousness and the Self From Descartes to Kant	323	(17)
Existentialism: Self Identity and the Responsibility of Choice	340	(8)
The Individual and the Community	348	(16)
Voices of Protest	354	(6)
Beyond ``Individualism''	360	(4)
One Self? Any Self? Questioning the Concept of Personal ``Essence''	364	(13)
Summary and Conclusion	374	(1)
Glossary	375	(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading	376	(1)
Mind and Body	377	(44)
What Is Consciousness?	377	(6)
The Problem of Dualism	383	(6)
The Rejection of Dualism	389	(21)
Radical Behaviorism	389	(1)
Logical Behaviorism	390	(7)
The Identity Theory	397	(6)
Eliminative Materialism	403	(4)
Functionalism: The Mind and the Computer	407	(2)
Connectionism	409	(1)
The Problem of Consciousness	410	(11)
Changing Our Minds: Holism and Consciousness	414	(4)
Summary and Conclusion	418	(1)
Glossary	419	(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading	420	(1)
Freedom	421	(64)
Fatalism and Karma	422	(5)
Predestination	427	(8)
Determinism	435	(17)
Hard Determinism	436	(3)
Determinism versus Indeterminism	439	(3)
The Role of Consciousness	442	(2)
Soft Determinism	444	(8)
Compulsion and Ignorance	452	(15)
Conditioning	460	(7)
Freedom in Practice	467	(8)
Radical Freedom: Existentialism	475	(10)
Summary and Conclusion	482	(1)
Glossary	482	(2)
Bibliography and Further Reading	484	(1)
PART THREE THE GOOD AND THE BEAUTIFUL	485	(208)
Ethics	487	(92)
Morality	489	(2)
Is Morality Relative?	491	(7)
Egoism and Altruism	498	(6)
Morality as Virtue: Aristotle	504	(14)
Morality and Sentiment: Hume and Rousseau	518	(8)
Morality and Practical Reason: Kant	526	(15)
Utilitarianism	541	(12)
The Creation of Morality: Nietzsche and Existentialism	553	(12)
Ethics and Gender	565	(14)
Summary and Conclusion	574	(1)
Glossary	574	(3)
Bibliography and Further Reading	577	(2)
Justice	579	(70)
The Problem of Justice	581	(36)
Two Ancient Theories of Justice: Plato and Aristotle	582	(6)
Two Modern Theories of Justice: Hume and Mill on Utility and Rights	588	(6)
The Social Contract	594	(13)
Two Contemporary Theories of Justice: Rawls and Nozick	607	(8)
Justice or Care: A Feminist View	615	(2)
Individual Rights and Freedom	617	(7)
Fighting for Rights and Justice	624	(17)
On the Origins of Good and Evil	641	(8)
Summary and Conclusion	646	(1)
Glossary	646	(2)
Bibliography and Further Reading	648	(1)
Beauty	649	(44)
Plato and the Transcendence of Beauty	650	(9)
Aristotle and the Self-Sufficiency of Art	659	(4)
The Dispute about Tastes	663	(4)
Kant: Disputes about Taste Resolved	667	(3)
After Kant: Art, Society, and Self-Awareness	670	(7)
G. W. F. Hegel	671	(3)
Arthur Schopenhauer	674	(1)
Friedrich Nietzsche	675	(2)
Art and Reality in the Twentieth Century	677	(4)
The Other Half of the Picture-Feminist Aesthetics	681	(4)
Art and Culture: Japan and Africa	685	(8)
Summary and Conclusion	691	(1)
Glossary	691	(1)
Bibliography and Further Reading	692	(1)
Brief Biographies	693	(12)
Literary Credits	705	(10)
Index	715