The Modern Biological and Earth Sciences

by Bowler, Peter J.

• ISBN13: 9780521572019
• ISBN10: 0521572010
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-04-13
• Publisher: Cambridge Univ Pr

Summary

This book in the highly respected Cambridge History of Science series is devoted to the history of the life and earth sciences since 1800. It provides comprehensive and authoritative surveys of historical thinking on major developments in these areas of science, on the social and cultural milieus in which the knowledge was generated, and on the wider impact of the major theoretical and practical innovations. The articles were written by acknowledged experts who provide concise accounts of the latest historical thinking coupled with guides to the most important recent literature. In addition to histories of traditional sciences, the book covers the emergence of newer disciplines such as genetics, biochemistry, and geophysics. The interaction of scientific techniques with their practical applications in areas such as medicine is a major focus of the book, as is its coverage of controversial areas such as science and religion and environmentalism.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations page	p. xv
Notes on Contributors	p. xvii
General Editors' Preface	p. xxv
Introduction	p. 1
Workers and Places
Amateurs and Professionals	p. 15
The Preprofessional Era	p. 15
Categorizing the Amateurs	p. 18
The Culture of Collecting	p. 21
Academicization	p. 23
Attempted Adaptations	p. 27
Internal Salvation	p. 30
Convergence	p. 32
Discovery and Exploration	p. 34
Linking Universes	p. 36
Science and the Expansion of Europe	p. 39
Universal Knowledge: Humboldt's Cosmos	p. 43
Science and National Glory	p. 45
Science and Internationalism	p. 52
Looking Ahead	p. 57
Museums	p. 60
Museums to 1792	p. 61
The Paris Model, 1793-1809	p. 62
Impact of the Paris Model, 1810-1859	p. 64
The Museum Movement, 1860-1901	p. 67
Dioramas and Diversity, 1902-1990	p. 73
Field Stations and Surveys	p. 76
Surveys in Nature	p. 78
Field Stations	p. 84
Universities	p. 90
A Map of the Changing Terrain	p. 91
The Power of Patrons	p. 95
The Consequences of Institutional Location	p. 102
Conclusion	p. 106
Geological Industries	p. 109
Mining Schools	p. 109
Government Surveys	p. 111
Private Surveys	p. 118
Industrial Science	p. 120
Geology and Industry	p. 123
The Pharmaceutical Industries	p. 126
Influence from Alkaloids and the Dyestuff Industry	p. 127
Impact of Biological Medicines	p. 130
Political and Legal Elements	p. 131
Industry versus Professional Pharmacy	p. 132
War as a Catalyst to Industrial Development	p. 133
Industrial Growth and the Role of Research	p. 136
Regulating the Industry	p. 137
Consolidating the Industry	p. 139
Public and Environmental Health	p. 141
1800-1890: The Health of Towns	p. 142
1890-1950: The Health of Nations	p. 150
1950-2000: World Health	p. 157
Conclusion	p. 162
Analysis and Experimentation	p. 167
Geology	p. 167
Stratigraphy: The Basic Activity of Geology	p. 171
Mountains and Movement	p. 174
Ice Ages and Secular Cooling of the Earth	p. 178
Age and Internal Structure of the Earth	p. 179
Economic Geology	p. 181
Geology in the Twentieth Century	p. 182
Paleontology	p. 185
Cuvier, Extinction, and Stratigraphy	p. 186
Paleontology and Progress	p. 188
Paleontology and Evolution	p. 190
Paleontology and Modern Darwinism	p. 197
Paleontology and Biogeography	p. 200
Museums and Paleontology	p. 201
Zoology	p. 205
The Natural System and Natural Theology	p. 206
The Philosophical Naturalists	p. 208
The Triumph of Typology	p. 211
From Darwin to Evolutionary Typology	p. 214
Tensions within Evolutionism	p. 218
Into the Twentieth Century	p. 221
Botany	p. 225
Beyond Linnaeus: Systematics and Plant Geography	p. 227
Botanical Gardens	p. 231
The "New Botany"	p. 233
Linking Field and Laboratory, Theory and Practice	p. 237
Evolution	p. 243
The Influence of Buffon and Linnaeus	p. 244
Lamarck: The Direct and Indirect Production by Nature of All Living Bodies	p. 246
After Cuvier, Oken, and Lamarck	p. 249
Darwin: The Tree of Life and Natural Selection	p. 252
After Darwin	p. 256
Evolutionary Biology since Mendelism	p. 259
Conclusion: Controversies and Contexts	p. 263
Anatomy, Histology, and Cytology	p. 265
Anatomy: Humans and Animals	p. 267
Human Anatomy	p. 268
Comparative Anatomy	p. 270
Tissues and Cells	p. 274
The Cell Theory	p. 275
Histology	p. 279
Ultrastructure	p. 282
Conclusion	p. 284
Embryology	p. 285
Making Embryology	p. 287
Histories of Development	p. 291
Embryos as Ancestors	p. 294
Experiment and Description	p. 298
Organizers, Gradients, and Fields	p. 304
Embryos, Cells, Genes, and Molecules	p. 308
Embryology and Reproduction	p. 312
Microbiology	p. 316
Speciation, Classification, and the Infusoria	p. 317
Wine, Life, and Politics: Pasteur's Studies of Fermentation	p. 320
The Bacteriological Revolution	p. 323
Institutionalization of Bacteriology	p. 328
Between Protozoology and Tropical Diseases	p. 331
Bacteriology between Botany, Chemistry, and Agriculture	p. 333
Microbiology between the Brewing Industry and (Bio)chemistry	p. 335
Genetics of Microorganisms and Molecular Biology	p. 337
Conclusions	p. 340
Physiology	p. 342
Foundational Narratives	p. 342
Newer Narratives	p. 351
The Disappearance of Physiology?	p. 358
Pathology	p. 367
Pathology's Prehistory	p. 369
First Transition: Tissue Pathology	p. 371
Second Transition: Cellular Pathology	p. 374
Third Transition: Clinical Pathology	p. 375
Popular Forensic Pathology	p. 378
Recent Translational Medicine	p. 379
Conclusion	p. 380
New Objects and Ideas
Plate Tectonics	p. 385
The Classical Stage of the Mobilist Controversy: From Alfred Wegener to the End of the Second World War	p. 386
The Modern Controversy over Continental Drift	p. 391
Geophysics and Geochemistry	p. 395
The Size, Shape, and Weight of the Earth: Gravimetry and Associated Theories	p. 397
Seismology	p. 402
Geomagnetism	p. 405
Geological Synthesis from Results of Geophysical Investigations	p. 408
Chemical Analyses of Rocks and Minerals	p. 409
Geochemistry	p. 410
Physico-chemical Petrology	p. 412
Geochemical Cycles	p. 413
Mathematical Models	p. 416
Physiology and Psychology	p. 419
Evolution and Ecology	p. 421
Development and Form	p. 425
Mathematical Statistics	p. 427
Integrative Modeling: An Example from the Neurosciences	p. 428
Computers and Mathematical Modeling	p. 429
Conclusions	p. 430
Genes	p. 432
Before Mendel	p. 432
From Mendel to the Turn of the Century	p. 433
The Development of Genetics and the Gene Concept up to World War II	p. 435
Postwar Novelties: The Material of the Gene and Gene Action	p. 440
The Gene in the Light of Recent Historiography	p. 444
Conclusion	p. 450
Ecosystems	p. 451
The Study of Plant Communities	p. 453
The Concept of "Biocoenosis"	p. 454
The Integration of Physical Factors	p. 456
The First Qualitative Outline of an Ecological System	p. 456
From Plant Successions to Organicism in Ecology	p. 457
Thirty Years of Controversies	p. 459
Population Dynamics	p. 461
The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecosystems	p. 462
Odum's Fundamentals of Ecology	p. 463
From Ecosystems to Global Ecology	p. 464
Immunology	p. 467
Immunology	p. 467
Immunity as a Scientific Object	p. 468
The Emergence of Immunology	p. 471
The Consolidation of Immunology	p. 474
Immunity as an Object for Historical Inquiry	p. 478
Cancer	p. 486
The Clinical Cancer: Tumors, Cells, and Diagnosis	p. 487
The First Technological Disease: Cancer and Radiotherapy	p. 489
Cancer as Social Disease: Voluntary Health Organizations and Big Biomedicine	p. 491
Cancer as a Biological Problem	p. 494
Routine Experimentation: Chemotherapy and Clinical Trials	p. 498
Cancer Numbers: Risk and the Biomedicalization of Everyday Life	p. 499
Conclusion: The Cancer Cell after a Century?	p. 502
The Brain and the Behavioral Sciences	p. 504
Ghosts and Machines: Descartes, Kant, and Beyond	p. 505
The Piano that Plays Itself: From Gall to Helmholtz	p. 507
Imagining Building Blocks: From Language to Reflex	p. 510
Electricity, Energy, and the Nervous System from Galvani to Sherrington	p. 513
Haunted by Our Past: The Brain in Evolutionary Time	p. 516
The Subject Strikes Back: Hysteria and Holism	p. 519
Technological Imperatives and the Making of "Neuroscience"	p. 521
History of Biotechnology	p. 524
The Early History	p. 528
From Zymotechnics to Biotechnics	p. 530
Biochemical Engineering	p. 533
Molecular Biology	p. 535
Science and Culture	p. 541
Religion and Science	p. 541
A Victorian Rubric	p. 542
Freethought	p. 545
Natural Theology	p. 547
Earth History	p. 550
Darwin	p. 553
The Conflict	p. 556
Beyond "Religion and Science"	p. 559
Biology and Human Nature	p. 563
Mind and Brain	p. 565
Evolution, Psychology, and the Social Sciences	p. 568
Human Origins and Social Values	p. 573
Biology and Gender	p. 576
Heredity and Genetic Determinism	p. 579
Experimentation and Ethics	p. 583
Before Claude Bernard	p. 584
Animals and the Victorians	p. 586
Science in the Service of the State	p. 592
The World Medical Association and Research after Nuremberg	p. 595
Animals and Ethics	p. 598
Living with the Past History of Human Experimentation	p. 600
Environmentalism	p. 602
Environmentalism and Science in the Nineteenth Century	p. 604
The Emergence of the Administrative State	p. 606
Entering the Twentieth Century	p. 609
The Environmental Revolution	p. 613
The Roles and Authority of Science	p. 617
Politics and Science	p. 619
Popular Science	p. 622
The "Dominant View" and Its Critics	p. 622
Nineteenth-Century Popular Science Writing	p. 624
The Early Twentieth Century	p. 627
Later Developments	p. 631
Index	p. 635
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