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Dr. Narottam P. Bansal is a Senior Research Scientist in the Ceramic and Polymer Composites Branch, Materials and Structures Division, at NASA Glenn Research Center. Previously, he was a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and research associate at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. He is the author or editor of six books, 37 conference proceedings, six invited chapters, and three review articles. Dr. Bansal has to date published over 230 papers, including more than 100 peer-reviewed journal papers on glass, ceramics, and composites and holds seven US patents.
Dr. Jacques Lamon is Director of Research at CNRS (National Centre of Scientific Research). He recently joined the Laboratory for Mechanics and Technology (LMT) at Ecole Normale Supérieure Cachan (Paris, France). Before that he was Group Leader at LCTS (Laboratory for Thermostructural Composites, University of Bordeaux/CNRS, France), and Professor at the University of Bordeaux, France. He earned his PhD in materials science and engineering in 1978 from Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines. He is the author of one book, twelve invited chapters, fourteen conference proceedings, and three journal special issues. He has written over 200 articles on ceramics and ceramic matrix composites.
Preface xv
Contributors xvii
Part I Fibers: Interface and Architecture 1
1 Reinforcement of Ceramic Matrix Composites: Properties of SiC-Based Filaments and Tows 3
Jacques Lamon, Stéphane Mazerat, and Mohamed R’Mili
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Processing of SiC-Based Filaments 4
1.3 Fracture Characteristics of Single Filaments 6
1.4 Multifilament Tows 11
1.5 Mechanical Behavior at High Temperatures 16
1.6 Summary 23
References 23
2 Carbon Fibers 27
Herwig Peterlik
2.1 Introduction/Production Routes 27
2.2 Structure of Carbon Fibers 28
2.3 Stiffness and Strength of Carbon Fibers 32
2.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 36
Acknowledgments 37
References 37
3 Influence of Interfaces and Interphases on the Mechanical Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites 40
Jacques Lamon
3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Role of Interfacial Domain in CMCs 41
3.3 Influence of Deflected Cracks 49
3.4 Strengthened Interfaces and Interphases 51
3.5 Various Concepts ofWeak Interfaces/Interphases 56
3.6 Determination of Interfacial Properties 56
3.7 Interface Selection 60
3.8 Conclusions 60
References 61
4 Textile Reinforcements: Architectures, Mechanical Behavior, and Forming 65
Philippe Boisse
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Textile Composite Reinforcements 65
4.3 Reinforcements of Ceramic Composites 74
4.4 Preforming Simulation 76
4.5 Conclusion 81
References 82
Part II Composite Materials 85
5 Carbon/Carbons and Their Industrial Applications 87
Hiroshi Hatta, Roland Weiss, and Patrick David
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Manufacturing of Carbon/Carbons 87
5.3 Strengths 97
5.4 Thermal Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites 109
5.5 Oxidation Protection of Carbon/Carbon 118
5.6 Industrial Applications of Carbon/Carbons 126
References 140
6 C/SiC and C/C-SiC Composites 147
Bernhard Heidenreich
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Manufacturing Methods 149
6.3 Properties 174
6.4 Applications 191
6.5 Summary 209
Acknowledgments 209
Abbreviations 210
References 211
7 Advances in SiC/SiC Composites for Aero-Propulsion 217
James A. DiCarlo
7.1 Introduction 217
7.2 Materials and Process Requirements for Structurally Reliable High Temperature SiC/SiC Components 218
7.3 Current Fabrication Routes for SiC/SiC Engine Components 219
7.4 Recent NASA Advancements in SiC/SiC Materials and Processes 220
7.5 Current Microstructural Design Guidelines and Potential Service Issues for Higher Temperature SiC/SiC Components 232
7.6 Concluding Remarks 233
Acknowledgments 233
References 233
8 Oxide–Oxide Composites 236
Kristin A. Keller, George Jefferson, and Ronald J. Kerans
8.1 Introduction 236
8.2 Composite Design for Tough Behavior 237
8.3 Fibers and Fiber Architecture 240
8.4 Processing Methods 241
8.5 Porous Matrix Composite Systems 248
8.6 Properties 250
8.7 Composites with Interface Coatings 257
8.8 Technology Development 261
8.9 Potential Future for Oxide–Oxide Composites 263
Acknowledgments 264
References 264
9 Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramic-Based Composites 273
Yutaka Kagawa and Shuqi Guo
9.1 Introduction 273
9.2 Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramic-Based Composites with Particulates 273
9.3 Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramic-Based Composites with Short Fibers 285
9.4 Summary Remarks and Future Outlook 288
References 290
Part III Environmental Effects and Coatings 293
10 Environmental Effects on Oxide/Oxide Composites 295
Marina B. Ruggles-Wrenn
10.1 Introduction/Background 295
10.2 Mechanical Behavior—Effects of Environment 296
10.3 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 330
References 331
11 Stress-Environmental Effects on Fiber-Reinforced SiC-Based Composites 334
Gregory N. Morscher
11.1 Introduction/Background 334
11.2 Mechanisms 334
11.3 Composite Systems 337
11.4 Modeling and Design for Stress-Oxidation Degradation 345
11.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 350
Acknowledgments 350
References 350
12 Environmental Effects: Ablation of C/C Materials—Surface Dynamics and Effective Reactivity 353
Gerard L. Vignoles, Jean Lachaud, and Yvan Aspa
12.1 Introduction/Background 353
12.2 Materials Observation: Recession Rate 365
12.3 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 383
Acknowledgments 384
References 384
13 Radiation Effects 389
Yutai Katoh
13.1 Introduction 389
13.2 Theory of Radiation Damage 389
13.3 Radiation Effects on Ceramics 392
13.4 Radiation Effects in Ceramic Matrix Composites 394
13.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 401
Acknowledgment 402
References 402
14 Foreign Object Damage in Ceramic Matrix Composites 405
Sung R. Choi
14.1 Introduction/Background 405
14.2 Experimental Techniques 406
14.3 Phenomena of Foreign Object Damage in CMCs 409
14.4 FOD Response of Environmental Barrier Coatings 422
14.5 Comparison of CMCs and Silicon Nitrides 424
14.6 Consideration Factors of FOD in CMCs 425
14.7 Concluding Remarks 426
Acknowledgments 426
References 426
15 Environmental Barrier Coatings for SiCf/SiC 430
Kang N. Lee
15.1 Introduction 430
15.2 Background 431
15.3 Evolution of EBCs 437
15.4 Processing, Testing, and Lifing 442
15.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 448
References 448
16 Oxidation Protective Coatings for Ultrahigh Temperature Composites 452
Qiangang Fu and Yiguang Wang
16.1 Introduction 452
16.2 Basic Requirements of Anti-Oxidation Coating for C/C and C/SiC Composites 453
16.3 Preparation Methods of Anti-Oxidation Coatings 454
16.4 Oxidation-Resistant Coating Systems 456
16.5 Composite Coating 460
16.6 Summary 460
References 461
Part IV Modeling 465
17 Damage and Lifetime Modeling for Structure Computations 467
Pierre Ladevèze, Emmanuel Baranger, Martin Genet, and Christophe Cluzel
17.1 Introduction 467
17.2 Damage Modeling Based on an Anisotropic Damage Theory Including Closure Effects 468
17.3 Multiscale Modeling of the Oxidation/Damage Coupling and the Self-Healing Effects 481
17.4 Prediction Capabilities 503
References 515
18 Approach to Microstructure–Behavior Relationships for Ceramic Matrix Composites Reinforced by Continuous Fibers 520
Jacques Lamon
18.1 Introduction 520
18.2 Composite Mechanical Behavior 521
18.3 Constituent Properties and Length Scales 526
18.4 Modeling of Stress–Strain Behavior 531
18.5 Virtual Testing: Computational Approach forWoven Composites 539
18.6 Predictions of Rupture Time 542
18.7 Conclusions 545
References 546
Part V Joining 549
19 Integration and Joining of Ceramic Matrix Composites 551
Monica Ferraris and Valentina Casalegno
19.1 Introduction/Background 551
19.2 Mechanical Joining and Integration of CMC 552
19.3 Adhesive Joining of CMC 553
19.4 Brazing of CMC 553
19.5 Liquid Silicon Infiltration 554
19.6 ArcJoinT 554
19.7 “Exotic” Techniques for Integration And Joining of CMC 555
19.8 Back to Basic: Joints for CMC Like in Wood-Based Products 558
19.9 Special Issues 560
19.10 Mechanical Tests on Joined CMC 561
19.11 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 562
Acknowledgments 563
References 563
Part VI Nondestructive Evaluation 569
20 Use of Acoustic Emission for Ceramic Matrix Composites 571
Gregory N. Morscher and Nathalie Godin
20.1 Introduction/Background 571
20.2 AE Principles and Practice 572
20.3 Event-Based AE Monitoring of CMCs 575
20.4 AE Signal Analysis Using Pattern Recognition Techniques 580
20.5 High Temperature Testing and AE Monitoring 584
20.6 Acoustic Emission and Lifetime Prediction During Static Fatigue Tests 586
20.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions 588
References 589
Part VII Applications 591
21 CMC Applications to Gas Turbines 593
Patrick Spriet
21.1 Introduction 593
21.2 CMC Developments for Military Engines 594
21.3 CMC R&D for Commercial Engines 600
21.4 Summary and Insertion Issues 607
References 608
22 Ceramic Matrix Composites: Nuclear Applications 609
Cédric Sauder
22.1 Introduction 609
22.2 CMC Fusion Applications 610
22.3 CMC Fission Applications 616
22.4 Processing of C/C Composites for Nuclear Applications 624
22.5 Processing of SiC/SiC Composites for Nuclear Applications 627
22.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 641
Acknowledgment 642
References 642
23 Ceramic Matrix Composites for Friction Applications 647
Walter Krenkel and Jacques Georges Thébault
23.1 Introduction 647
23.2 Carbon/Carbon for Friction Applications 647
23.3 Carbon/Ceramic for Friction Applications 657
23.4 Conclusions 668
Acknowledgments 669
References 669
Index 673
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