Challenge of Effective Speaking

by Verderber, Rudolph F.

• ISBN13: 9780534562502
• ISBN10: 0534562507
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-08-02
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Wadsworth's best selling Public Speaking text, the Verderbers' CHALLENGE OF EFFECTIVE SPEAKING, features a skills-oriented, mainstream approach that has effectively led hundreds of thousands of students through the challenges they face as they develop and deliver speeches. The speech making process is presented in a six-step framework based on classical and contemporary theory. The straightforward writing style and effective use of examples enables students to understand and effectively perform key speech making activities. The six-step framework emphasizes topic selection, audience analysis and adaptation, effective research (including appropriate use of Internet resources), organization (with emphasis on outlining), language and delivery. The six action steps are introduced in generic form and then later adapted to follow principles of informative and persuasive speaking.

Table of Contents

Part One Orientation
Introduction to Public Speaking	1	(15)
Public Speaking Is Empowerment	2	(1)
Public Speaking Is Audience Centered	3	(5)
The Speaker	3	(1)
The Speech	3	(1)
The Channel	4	(1)
The Audience	4	(1)
The Context	4	(2)
Noise	6	(1)
Feedback	6	(1)
Model of Public Speaking as Communication	7	(1)
Public Speaking Challenges Speakers to Consider Audience Diversity	8	(2)
Public Speaking Develops Critical Thinking	10	(1)
Public Speaking Carries Ethical Responsibilities	11	(2)
Public Speaking Is a Learned Activity	13	(1)
Summary	14	(2)
Preparing Your First Speech and Coping with Nervousness	16	(18)
An Effective Speech Plan	18	(8)
Goal	18	(1)
Speech Material	19	(1)
Organization	20	(2)
Audience Adaptation	22	(1)
Visual Aids	22	(1)
Language	23	(1)
Delivery	23	(3)
Coping with Nervousness	26	(5)
Specific Behaviors	28	(3)
Persistent Nervousness	31	(1)
Summary	31	(3)
Listening Critically	34	(14)
Attending to the Speech	36	(2)
Understanding and Retaining Speech Information	38	(4)
Analyzing Speeches and Determining Their Effectiveness	42	(4)
Bases of Evaluation	43	(1)
Specific Criteria for Evaluating Speeches	43	(1)
The Importance of Feedback	44	(2)
Summary	46	(1)
Reflect on Ethics	47	(1)
Part Two Principles
Selecting a Topic, Analyzing the Audience and Setting, and Determining Your Speech Goal	48	(20)
Selecting a Topic from a Subject Area	50	(3)
Identifying Subjects	50	(1)
Brainstorming for Topics	51	(2)
Analyzing the Audience	53	(7)
Kinds of Audience Data Needed	54	(1)
Ways of Gathering Audience Data	55	(1)
Using Data to Predict Audience Reactions	55	(2)
Surveying Students to Test Predictions	57	(3)
Considering the Setting	60	(2)
Writing the Speech Goal	62	(3)
General Goal	62	(1)
Specific Goal	63	(2)
Anticipating a Thesis Statement	65	(1)
Summary	66	(1)
Reflect on Ethics	67	(1)
Researching Your Speech in the Information Age	68	(28)
Where to Look: Traditional and Electronic Sources of Information	70	(15)
Personal Knowledge, Experience, and Observation	71	(1)
Research	72	(7)
The Internet	79	(3)
Interviews	82	(3)
What Information to Look For	85	(6)
Factual Statements	86	(1)
Expert Opinions	86	(1)
Verbal Forms of Information	86	(5)
Recording Data and Citing Written and Electronic Sources	91	(3)
Recording Data	91	(2)
Citing Sources in Speeches	93	(1)
Reflect on Ethics	94	(1)
Summary	95	(1)
Organizing and Outlining the Speech Body	96	(22)
Writing a Thesis Statement	99	(1)
Outlining Main Points	100	(4)
Write Main Points as Complete Sentences	100	(2)
Revise Main Points	102	(2)
Determining the Best Order	104	(5)
Topic Order	105	(1)
Time Order	105	(1)
Space Order	106	(1)
Logical Reasons Order	107	(1)
Other Choices	107	(2)
Selecting and Outlining Supporting Material	109	(3)
List Supporting Material	109	(1)
Organize Supporting Material	109	(3)
Outlining Section Transitions	112	(1)
Listing Sources	113	(3)
Written Sources	113	(1)
Electronic Databases	114	(1)
Experience and Observation	115	(1)
Interviews	115	(1)
Reflect on Ethics	116	(1)
Summary	116	(2)
Organizing and Outlining Introductions and Conclusions	118	(18)
Outlining the Introduction	120	(6)
Goals of the Introduction	120	(2)
Types of Introduction	122	(3)
Selecting an Introduction	125	(1)
Outlining the Conclusion	126	(3)
Goals of the Conclusion	127	(1)
Types of Conclusions	127	(1)
Selecting a Conclusion	128	(1)
Writing a Title	129	(1)
Completing the Outline	130	(1)
Readying Notes for Practice	131	(4)
Reflect on Ethics	135	(1)
Summary	135	(1)
Adapting to Audiences	136	(18)
Developing Common Ground	138	(3)
Use Personal Pronouns	138	(1)
Ask Rhetorical Questions	139	(1)
Share Common Experiences	139	(1)
Personalize Information	139	(2)
Creating and Maintaining Audience Interest	141	(1)
Timeliness	141	(1)
Proximity	141	(1)
Seriousness	141	(1)
Adapting to Audience Level of Understanding	142	(3)
Orienting Listeners	142	(1)
Presenting New Information	143	(2)
Building a Positive Audience Attitude toward You as the Speaker	145	(2)
Knowledge and Expertise	145	(1)
Trustworthiness	145	(2)
Personality	147	(1)
Adapting to Audience Attitude toward Your Speech Goal	147	(1)
Forming a Plan of Audience Adaptation	148	(4)
Specifics of the Speech Plan	148	(1)
Examples of Speech Plans	148	(4)
Special Problems of Speakers from Different Cultuers	152	(1)
Reflect on Ethics	152	(1)
Summary	153	(1)
Visual Aids: From Models to Computer Graphics	154	(22)
Types of Visual Aids	156	(10)
Yourself	157	(1)
Objects	157	(1)
Models	157	(1)
Charts	157	(2)
Flipcharts	159	(1)
Graphs	159	(1)
Pictorial Representations	160	(2)
Projections	162	(2)
Chalkboard or Markerboard	164	(1)
Handouts	165	(1)
Computer Graphics	165	(1)
Making Choices	166	(1)
Designing Visual Aids	167	(6)
Using Visual Aids in Your Speech	173	(1)
Reflect on Ethics	174	(1)
Summary	175	(1)
Practicing Speech Wording	176	(24)
Developing an Oral Style to Communicate Meaning	178	(1)
Language and Meaning	179	(2)
The Denotative and Connotative Meaning of Words	180	(1)
Variations in Meaning across Subgroups	180	(1)
Speaking Clearly	181	(7)
Use Specific, Concrete, Precise, Simple Words	181	(3)
Eliminate Clutter	184	(1)
Develop Your Ability to Speak more Clearly	185	(1)
Be Sensitive to Cultural Differences	186	(2)
Speaking Vividly	188	(2)
Using Similes	190	(1)
Using Metaphors	190	(1)
Speaking Emphatically	190	(4)
Emphasize through Placement and Sequencing	191	(1)
Emphasize through Repetition or Restatement	191	(1)
Emphsize through Transition	192	(2)
Speaking Appropriately	194	(3)
Formal versus Informal Language	194	(1)
Freedom from Jargon and Unnecessary Technical Expressions	194	(1)
Sensitivity in Language Use	195	(2)
Reflect on Ethics	197	(1)
Summary	198	(2)
Practicing Delivery	200	(24)
Physical Elements of Delivery	202	(7)
Voice	202	(3)
Articulation	205	(2)
Bodily Action	207	(2)
Achieving a Conversational Quality	209	(4)
Enthusiasm	209	(1)
Vocal Expressiveness	209	(1)
Spontaneity	210	(1)
Fluency	211	(1)
Eye Contact	212	(1)
Rehearsal	213	(5)
Timetable for Preparation and Practice	213	(1)
Using Notes during Your Speech	214	(2)
Rehearsal Sessions	216	(2)
Criteria for Evaluating Speeches	218	(1)
Summary	218	(2)
Sample Speech: Ridding the Body of Toxins	220	(3)
Reflect on Ethics	223	(1)
Part Three Informative and Persuasive Speaking
Principles and Practices of Informative Speaking	224	(30)
Principles of Informing	226	(7)
Credibility	226	(1)
Intellectual Stimulation	226	(2)
Creativity	228	(2)
Relevance	230	(1)
Emphasis	231	(2)
Methods of Informing	233	(2)
Exposition	234	(1)
Sample Speech: Improving Grades	235	(7)
Process Explanation or Demonstration	239	(3)
Sample Speech: Process of Producing a Nightly Edition of ESPN's Sports Center	242	(7)
Definition	246	(3)
Sample Speech: Impressionistic Painting	249	(3)
Summary	252	(1)
Reflect on Ethics	253	(1)
Principles of Persuasive Speaking	254	(24)
Writing a Specific Goal That Meets Ethical Standards	256	(2)
Adapting to Audience Attitude	258	(4)
In Favor	260	(1)
No Opinion	261	(1)
Opposed	261	(1)
Giving Good Reasons and Evidence	262	(3)
Finding Reasons	263	(1)
Finding Evidence to Support Your Reasons	264	(1)
Organizing Reasons to Meet Audience Attitudes	265	(4)
Statement of Logical Reasons Pattern	266	(1)
Problem Solution Pattern	266	(1)
Comparative Advantages Pattern	267	(1)
Criteria Satisfaction Pattern	268	(1)
Motivational Pattern	268	(1)
Using Emotion to Motivete	269	(2)
Developing Your Credibility	271	(1)
Presenting the Speech Convincingly	272	(1)
Considering Gender and Cultural Differences	272	(1)
Sample Speech: Limiting Exposure to the Sun	273	(4)
Reflect on Ethics	277	(1)
Summary	277	(1)
Practicing Persuasive Speaking Skills	278	(34)
Reasoning with Audiences	280	(10)
Essentials of Reasoning	280	(2)
Types of Arguments	282	(8)
Sample Speech: Volunteering at a Soup Kitchen	290	(3)
Motivating Audiences	293	(6)
Incentive Theory: Cost/Reward Ratios	294	(1)
Basic Needs Theory	295	(4)
Sample Speech: Notes to Neighbours	299	(4)
Refuting Persuasive Claims	303	(4)
Outline What Your Opponent Says and Your Reaction	303	(1)
Plan Your Procedure	304	(1)
Organize and Present Your Refutation	305	(2)
Supporting and Refuting: Two Sides of a Debate	307	(1)
Speech in Favor of Prohibiting the Use of Lie Detector Tests	307	(2)
Speech of Refutation: Using Lie Detector Tests	309	(1)
Reflect on Ethics	310	(1)
Summary	311	(1)
Part Four Adapting to Other Occasions and Formats
Speaking at Special Occasions	312	(12)
Introductions	314	(1)
Procedure	314	(1)
Considerations	314	(1)
Presentations	315	(1)
Procedure	315	(1)
Considerations	316	(1)
Acceptances	316	(2)
Procedure	316	(2)
Considerations	318	(1)
Welcomings	318	(1)
Procedure	318	(1)
Considerations	318	(1)
Tributes	318	(1)
Procedure	318	(1)
Considerations	319	(1)
Other Ceremonial Occasions	319	(1)
Impromptu Speeches	320	(2)
Manuscript Speeches	322	(1)
Reflect on Ethics	323	(1)
Summary	323	(1)
Leading Problem-Solving Groups	324	(21)
Leadership in Problem-Solving Group Discussion	326	(4)
Leadership Defined	326	(1)
Leadership Traits	326	(1)
Leadership Styles	327	(2)
Leadership Preparation	329	(1)
Gender Differences in Leader Acceptability	329	(1)
Understanding Problem Solving	330	(2)
State the Goal of Discussion as a Question	331	(1)
Ask Questions That Analyze the Problem	331	(1)
Suggest Possible Solutions	331	(1)
Lay the Groundwork for Selecting the Best Solution	332	(1)
Task Responsiblities of the Leader	332	(4)
Plan the Agenda	332	(1)
Ask Appropriate Questions	333	(2)
Keep the Group on Track	335	(1)
Summarize Frequently	335	(1)
Maintenance Responsibilties of the Leader	336	(4)
Establish a Good Working Climate	336	(1)
Reward Members for Valuable Contributions	336	(1)
Give Everyone an Equal Opportunity to Speak	336	(2)
Deal with Cultural Diversity	338	(2)
When the Group Goes Public	340	(2)
Symposium	340	(1)
Panel Discussion	341	(1)
Presentation of Conclusions	342	(1)
Reflect on Ethics	342	(1)
Summary	342	(3)
Appendix: Sample Speeches	345	(12)
Service: Life Beyond Self	345	(4)
Careers in International Business: Five Ideas or Principles	349	(1)
Other Speeches	349	(8)
Notes	357	(6)
Glossary	363	(6)
Index	369