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Preface | p. xv |
Understanding Underdevelopment | p. 1 |
Third World Commonalities: The Nature of Underdevelopment | p. 2 |
Economic Underdevelopment | p. 3 |
Social Underdevelopment | p. 7 |
Political Underdevelopment | p. 11 |
Some Relationships between the Components of Development | p. 13 |
The Causes of Underdevelopment | p. 15 |
Modernization Theory and the Importance of Cultural Values | p. 15 |
Dependency Theory: The Core and the Periphery | p. 19 |
Modernization and Dependency Theories Compared | p. 21 |
Contemporary Perspectives | p. 22 |
How Much (or How Little) Progress Has Been Made? | p. 25 |
Discussion Questions | p. 26 |
Notes | p. 26 |
Democratic Change and the Change to Democracy | p. 28 |
Democracy Defined | p. 30 |
Democratic Transition and Consolidation | p. 32 |
Authoritarian Beginnings | p. 33 |
Justifying Authoritarian Rule | p. 34 |
The Third Wave and Its Effect on the Third World | p. 36 |
International Causes and Consequences of the Third Wave | p. 38 |
The Prerequisites of Democracy in Individual Countries | p. 40 |
Social and Economic Modernization | p. 40 |
Class Structure | p. 41 |
Political Culture | p. 43 |
The Curse of Oil Wealth | p. 47 |
How Do Democracies Perform? Public Policy Compared | p. 48 |
Democratic Consolidation | p. 50 |
Improving the Quality of Democracy | p. 51 |
Conclusion | p. 53 |
Discussion Questions | p. 55 |
Notes | p. 55 |
Religion and Politics | p. 58 |
The Meeting of Church and State | p. 59 |
Great Religions of the Third World | p. 60 |
Religion, Modernity, and Secularization | p. 61 |
Structural and Theological Bases of Church-State Relations | p. 64 |
Islam | p. 64 |
Catholicism | p. 65 |
Hinduism and Buddhism | p. 66 |
Religious Fundamentalism and Islamism | p. 67 |
Defining and Explaining Fundamentalism | p. 68 |
Fundamentalists: Radical and Conservative | p. 69 |
The Iranian Revolution: Radical Islamism as a Reaction to Western-Style Modernization | p. 70 |
Al Qaeda and Militant Islamism | p. 73 |
Islamist Terrorists in Western Europe: A New Frontier | p. 78 |
Turkey and Moderate Islamism | p. 79 |
The Strengthening of Moderate Islam | p. 83 |
The Progressive Catholic Church | p. 83 |
The Future of Religion and Politics in the Developing World | p. 86 |
Conclusion: Religion and Democracy | p. 88 |
Discussion Questions | p. 90 |
Notes | p. 91 |
The Politics of Cultural Pluralism and Ethnic Conflict | p. 94 |
Defining Ethnicity | p. 97 |
Ethnic and State Boundaries | p. 99 |
Types of Ethnic-Cultural Divisions | p. 100 |
Nationality | p. 100 |
Tribe | p. 102 |
Race | p. 104 |
Religion | p. 106 |
Dependency, Modernization, and Ethnic Conflict | p. 113 |
Levels of Interethnic Conflict | p. 115 |
Relative Harmony | p. 115 |
Uneasy Balance | p. 115 |
Enforced Hierarchy (Ethnic Dominance) | p. 117 |
Systematic Violence | p. 118 |
Outcomes and Resolutions | p. 119 |
Power Sharing: Federalism and Consociationalism | p. 119 |
Secession | p. 121 |
Outside Intervention | p. 122 |
Outside Intervention in Iraq: The Effect of the U.S. Occupation on Kurdish Autonomy | p. 126 |
Settlement through Exhaustion | p. 127 |
Toward a Peaceful Resolution of Conflict | p. 127 |
Conclusion: Ethnic Pluralism and Democracy | p. 128 |
Discussion Questions | p. 130 |
Notes | p. 130 |
Women and Development | p. 133 |
The Political and Socioeconomic Status of Third World Women | p. 135 |
Modernization and the Economic Status of Women | p. 138 |
Women in the Economy: Rural and Urban | p. 139 |
Women and Politics | p. 142 |
Women's Political Activism at the Grass Roots | p. 143 |
Women as National Political Leaders | p. 145 |
Reserved Seats and Quotas: Female Representation in Parliament and the Cabinet | p. 149 |
Women and Revolutionary Change | p. 155 |
The Status of Women: The Roles of Modernization, Globalization, and Regime Type | p. 158 |
Conclusion: Democracy and the Role of Women in Society | p. 160 |
Discussion Questions | p. 163 |
Notes | p. 163 |
Agrarian Reform and the Politics of Rural Change | p. 166 |
Rural Class Structures | p. 167 |
Peasant Politics | p. 168 |
The Politics of Agrarian Reform | p. 171 |
Patterns of Land Concentration | p. 172 |
The Case for Agrarian Reform | p. 173 |
Types of Agrarian Reform | p. 175 |
Externally Imposed Reform | p. 176 |
Revolutionary Transformation | p. 177 |
Moderate Reformism | p. 179 |
The Limits of Agrarian Reform | p. 181 |
Other Approaches and Issues | p. 184 |
Crop Pricing | p. 184 |
Integrated Rural Development | p. 185 |
Conclusion: Democracy and Rural Reform | p. 186 |
Discussion Questions | p. 188 |
Notes | p. 188 |
Rapid Urbanization and the Politics of the Urban Poor | p. 191 |
The Third World's Urban Explosion | p. 191 |
The Political Consequences of Urban Growth | p. 195 |
The Search for Employment | p. 195 |
The Urban Poor's Struggle for Housing | p. 199 |
Public Housing and the Role of the State | p. 200 |
Spontaneous Housing | p. 202 |
Sites-and-Services Programs | p. 203 |
The Problem of Urban Crime | p. 204 |
The Politics of the Urban Poor: Conflicting Images | p. 206 |
Forms of Political Expression among the Urban Poor | p. 210 |
Individual Political Behavior | p. 210 |
Collective Goals: Housing and Urban Services | p. 211 |
Radical Political Behavior | p. 214 |
Conclusion: Future Urban Growth and Democratic Politics | p. 215 |
Discussion Questions | p. 216 |
Notes | p. 216 |
Revolutionary Change | p. 219 |
Defining Revolution | p. 220 |
Underlying Causes of Revolution | p. 222 |
Inexorable Historical Forces | p. 222 |
Regime Decay | p. 223 |
Challenges from Below | p. 225 |
Causes of Revolution: A Summary | p. 228 |
Levels of Popular Support | p. 230 |
Peasants as Revolutionaries | p. 232 |
Why Peasants Rebel | p. 233 |
Which Peasants Rebel | p. 233 |
Revolutionary Leadership | p. 234 |
Revolutionaries in Power | p. 236 |
Conclusion: Revolutionary Change and Democracy | p. 239 |
Discussion Questions | p. 242 |
Notes | p. 242 |
Soldiers and Politics | p. 244 |
The Causes of Military Intervention | p. 246 |
The Nature of the Armed Forces | p. 246 |
The Nature of Civil Society | p. 247 |
Progressive Soldiers and Military Conservatives | p. 250 |
The Types and Goals of Military Regimes | p. 253 |
Personalistic Regimes | p. 253 |
Institutional Military Regimes | p. 254 |
The Accomplishment and Failures of Military Regimes | p. 259 |
Combating Corruption | p. 259 |
Defending Military Interests | p. 260 |
Patterns in Military Spending | p. 261 |
Establishing Stability | p. 264 |
Improving the Economy | p. 266 |
Military Withdrawal from Politics | p. 267 |
New Roles for the Armed Forces | p. 270 |
Improved Civil-Military Relationships | p. 271 |
Conclusion: Democracy and the Military | p. 272 |
Discussion Questions | p. 273 |
Notes | p. 273 |
The Political Economy of Third World Development | p. 276 |
The Role of the State | p. 277 |
The Command Economy | p. 278 |
Latin American Statism | p. 281 |
East Asia's Developmental State | p. 284 |
The Neoclassical Ideal | p. 286 |
Finding a Proper Role for the State | p. 289 |
Industrialization Strategies | p. 289 |
Import-Substituting Industrialization | p. 290 |
Export-Oriented Industrialization | p. 292 |
Growth with Equity | p. 293 |
Economic Development and the Environment | p. 295 |
The Costs of Growth | p. 296 |
Environmental Decay as a Third World Problem | p. 296 |
Third World Environmental Decay and Global Warming: A Global Problem | p. 297 |
The Search for Sustainable Development | p. 298 |
Some Signs of Progress | p. 300 |
Finding the Right Mix | p. 302 |
The Effects of Globalization on Developing Nations | p. 302 |
Conclusion: Democracy and Economic Development | p. 307 |
Discussion Questions | p. 308 |
Notes | p. 308 |
Glossary | p. 311 |
Index | p. 320 |
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