The Changing Earth Exploring Geology and Evolution (with Physical GeologyNOW)

by Monroe, James S.; Wicander, Reed

• ISBN13: 9780495010203
• ISBN10: 0495010200
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-02-08
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

THE CHANGING EARTH, a leader in the Introductory Geology course, is the only text specifically written for the combined physical and historical geology course. The Fourth Edition's content is based on the best-selling texts PHYSICAL GEOLOGY: EXPLORING THE EARTH and HISTORICAL GEOLOGY: EVOLUTION OF EARTH AND LIFE THROUGH TIME, both written by James Monroe and Reed Wicander. Briefer than the previous edition and maintaining a consistent and clear writing style throughout, the text provides a balanced coverage of physical and historical geology with engaging, real-life examples that draw students into the material. Examples in the Fourth Edition include new two-page art spreads, new paleogeographic maps, and "Geology in Unexpected Places"-a favorite feature from PHYSICAL GEOLOGY: EXPLORING THE EARTH, Fifth Edition. Known for its competitive and robust ancillary package, the Fourth Edition now features GeologyNow, the first assessment-centered student tutorial technology developed for the Geology market. The seamless integration of GeologyNow with chapter concepts emphasizes the connections between the content and students' own lives, through visual 3-D animations and chapter quizzes, helping students develop a greater appreciation for geology.

Table of Contents

Understanding Earth: A Dynamic and Evolving Planet	2	(24)
Introduction	4	(2)
What Is Geology?	6	(1)
Geo-Focus 1.1: Interpreting Earth History	7	(1)
Geology and the Formulation of Theories	7	(1)
How Does Geology Relate to the Human Experience?	8	(1)
How Does Geology Affect Our Everyday Lives?	9	(1)
Natural Events	9	(1)
Economics and Politics	9	(1)
Our Role as Decision Makers	9	(1)
Consumers and Citizens	9	(1)
Sustainable Development	10	(1)
Global Geologic and Environmental Issues Facing Humankind	10	(1)
Origin of the Universe and Solar System, and Earth's Place in Them	11	(5)
Origin of the Universe---Did It Begin with a Big Bang?	11	(1)
Our Solar System---Its Origin and Evolution	12	(1)
Earth---Its Place in Our Solar System	13	(1)
The Terrestrial and Jovian Planets	14	(2)
Why Is Earth a Dynamic and Evolving Planet?	16	(3)
Plate Tectonic Theory	17	(2)
The Rock Cycle	19	(1)
How Are the Rock Cycle and Plate Tectonics Related?	19	(1)
Organic Evolution and the History of Life	20	(2)
Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism	22	(1)
How Does the Study of Geology Benefit Us?	23	(1)
Geo-Recap	23	(3)
Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory	26	(32)
Introduction	28	(1)
What Were Some of the Early Ideas About Continental Drift?	28	(2)
Geo-Focus 2.1: Oil, Plate Tectonics, and Politics	29	(1)
Alfred Wegener and the Continental Drift Hypothesis	30	(1)
What Is the Evidence for Continental Drift?	30	(4)
Continental Fit	30	(1)
Similarity of Rock Sequences and Mountain Ranges	31	(1)
Glacial Evidence	32	(1)
Fossil Evidence	33	(1)
Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering	34	(1)
How Do Magnetic Reversals Relate to Seafloor Spreading?	35	(2)
Deep-Sea Drilling and the Confirmation of Seafloor Spreading	37	(1)
Why Is Plate Tectonics a Unifying Theory?	37	(5)
The Supercontinent Cycle	39	(1)
Tectonics of the Terrestrial Planets	40	(2)
What Are the Three Types of Plate Boundaries?	42	(6)
Divergent Boundaries	42	(2)
Convergent Boundaries	44	(3)
Transform Boundaries	47	(1)
What Are Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes?	48	(1)
How Are Plate Movement and Motion Determined?	49	(1)
What Is the Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics?	50	(1)
How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Natural Resources?	51	(1)
Mineral Deposits	51	(1)
How Does Plate Tectonics Affect the Distribution of Life?	52	(2)
Geo-Recap	54	(4)
Minerals---The Building Blocks of Rocks	58	(28)
Introduction	60	(1)
Matter---What Is It?	61	(4)
Atoms and Elements	61	(2)
Bonding and Compounds	63	(2)
What Are Minerals?	65	(2)
Naturally Occurring Inorganic Substances	65	(1)
Mineral Crystals	65	(1)
Chemical Composition of Minerals	66	(1)
Physical Properties of Minerals	66	(1)
How Many Minerals Are There?	67	(1)
Geology in Unexpected Places: The Queen's Jewels	68	(1)
Mineral Groups Recognized by Geologists	68	(3)
Silicate Minerals	69	(2)
Carbonate Minerals	71	(1)
Other Mineral Groups	71	(1)
Physical Properties of Minerals	71	(7)
The Precious Metals	72	(2)
Luster and Color	74	(1)
Crystal Form	74	(1)
Cleavage and Fracture	74	(2)
Geo-Focus 3.1: Mineral Crystals	76	(1)
Hardness	77	(1)
Specific Gravity (Density)	77	(1)
Other Useful Mineral Properties	77	(1)
How Do Minerals Form?	78	(1)
What Are Rock-Forming Minerals?	78	(1)
Natural Resources and Reserves	79	(3)
Geo-Recap	82	(4)
Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Igneous Activity	86	(26)
Introduction	88	(1)
The Properties and Behavior of Magma and Lava	89	(1)
Composition of Magma	89	(1)
How Hot Are Magma and Lava?	89	(1)
Viscosity---Resistance to Flow	90	(1)
How Does Magma Originate and Change?	90	(5)
Bowen's Reaction Series	91	(1)
The Origin of Magma at Spreading Ridges	92	(1)
Subduction Zones and the Origin of Magma	93	(1)
Processes That Bring About Compositional Changes in Magma	93	(2)
Igneous Rocks---Their Characteristics and Classification	95	(5)
Igneous Rock Textures	95	(1)
Composition of Igneous Rocks	95	(1)
Classifying Igneous Rocks	96	(4)
Plutons---Their Characteristics and Origins	100	(6)
Dikes and Sills	101	(1)
Plutons	102	(2)
Geo-Focus 4.1: Some Remarkable Volcanic Necks	104	(1)
Laccoliths	104	(1)
Volcanic Pipes and Necks	105	(1)
Batholiths and Stocks	105	(1)
How Are Batholiths Intruded into Earth's Crust?	106	(2)
Geo-Recap	108	(4)
Volcanism and Volcanoes	112	(26)
Introduction	114	(2)
Volcanism	116	(5)
Volcanic Gases	116	(1)
Lava Flows	117	(1)
Geo-Focus 5.1: Lava Flows Pose Little Danger to Humans---Usually	118	(1)
Pyroclastic Materials	119	(2)
What Are the Types of Volcanoes, and How Do They Form?	121	(7)
Shield Volcanoes	121	(1)
Types of Volcanoes	122	(3)
Cinder Cones	125	(1)
Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes)	125	(1)
Geology in Unexpected Places: A Most Unusual Volcano	126	(1)
Lava Domes	127	(1)
Other Volcanic Landforms	128	(1)
Fissure Eruptions and Basalt Plateaus	128	(1)
Pyroclastic Sheet Deposits	128	(1)
Volcanic Hazards	129	(4)
How Large Is an Eruption, and How Long Do Eruptions Last?	130	(1)
Is It Possible to Forecast Eruptions?	130	(3)
Distribution of Volcanoes	133	(1)
Plate Tectonics, Volcanoes, and Plutons	134	(1)
Igneous Activity at Divergent Plate Boundaries	134	(1)
Igneous Activity at Convergent Plate Boundaries	134	(1)
Intraplate Volcanism	134	(1)
Geo-Recap	135	(3)
Weathering, Soil, and Sedimentary Rocks	138	(34)
Introduction	140	(1)
How Are Earth Materials Altered?	141	(5)
Mechanical Weathering	141	(1)
Chemical Weathering	142	(4)
How Does Soil Form and Deteriorate?	146	(7)
The Soil Profile	147	(1)
Factors That Control Soil Formation	148	(2)
Geo-Focus 6.1: The Dust Bowl---An American Tragedy	150	(1)
Soil Degradation	151	(2)
Weathering and Resources	153	(1)
Sediment and Sedimentary Rocks	153	(2)
Sediment Transport and Deposition	154	(1)
How Does Sediment Become Sedimentary Rock?	154	(1)
Types of Sedimentary Rocks	155	(4)
Detrital Sedimentary Rocks	156	(2)
Chemical and Biochemical Sedimentary Rocks	158	(1)
Sedimentary Facies	159	(2)
Reading the Story in Sedimentary Rocks	161	(5)
Sedimentary Structures	161	(1)
Fossils---Remains and Traces of Ancient Life	162	(1)
Determining the Environment of Deposition	162	(2)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Sandstone Lion	164	(2)
Important Resources in Sedimentary Rocks	166	(2)
Petroleum and Natural Gas	166	(1)
Uranium	167	(1)
Banded Iron Formation	167	(1)
Geo-Recap	168	(4)
Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks	172	(24)
Introduction	174	(3)
Geo-Focus 7.1: Asbestos: Good or Bad?	176	(1)
What Are the Agents of Metamorphism?	177	(1)
Heat	177	(1)
Pressure	177	(1)
Fluid Activity	178	(1)
What Are the Three Types of Metamorphism?	178	(3)
Contact Metamorphism	178	(1)
Dynamic Metamorphism	179	(1)
Regional Metamorphism	180	(1)
How Are Metamorphic Rocks Classified?	181	(6)
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks	181	(3)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Starting Off with a Clean Slate	184	(2)
Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rocks	186	(1)
What Are Metamorphic Zones and Facies?	187	(3)
The Many Uses of Marble	188	(2)
How Does Plate Tectonics Affect Metamorphism?	190	(2)
Metamorphism and Natural Resources	192	(1)
Geo-Recap	193	(3)
Earthquakes and Earth's Interior	196	(36)
Introduction	198	(1)
What Is the Elastic Rebound Theory?	199	(1)
What Is Seismology?	199	(3)
The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake	200	(2)
Where Do Earthquakes Occur, and How Often?	202	(1)
What Are Seismic Waves?	203	(2)
Body Waves	203	(1)
Surface Waves	204	(1)
How Is an Earthquake's Epicenter Located?	205	(2)
How Are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured?	207	(3)
Intensity	207	(1)
Magnitude	208	(2)
What Are the Destructive Effects of Earthquakes?	210	(5)
Ground Shaking	210	(1)
Fire	211	(1)
Tsunami: Killer Waves	211	(1)
Geo-Focus 8.1: Designing Earthquake-Resistant Structures	212	(3)
Ground Failure	215	(1)
Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?	215	(5)
The San Andreas Fault	216	(2)
Earthquake Precursors	218	(1)
Earthquake Prediction Programs	219	(1)
Can Earthquakes Be Controlled?	220	(1)
What Is Earth's Interior Like?	221	(2)
Earth's Core	223	(2)
Density and Composition of the Core	224	(1)
Earth's Mantle	225	(1)
The Mantle's Structure, Density, and Composition	225	(1)
Seismic Tomography	226	(1)
Earth's Internal Heat	226	(2)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Diamonds and Earth's Interior	227	(1)
Earth's Crust	228	(1)
Geo-Recap	228	(4)
The Seafloor	232	(26)
Introduction	234	(1)
Exploring the Oceans	234	(3)
Early Exploration	235	(1)
How Are Oceans Explored Today?	236	(1)
Oceanic Crust---Its Structure and Composition	237	(1)
What Are Continental Margins?	238	(3)
The Continental Shelf	238	(1)
The Continental Slope and Rise	239	(1)
Submarine Canyons, Turbidity Currents, and Submarine Fans	239	(2)
Types of Continental Margins	241	(1)
What Features Are Found in the Deep-Ocean Basins?	241	(5)
Abyssal Plains	242	(1)
Oceanic Trenches	242	(1)
Oceanic Ridges	243	(1)
Submarine Hydrothermal Vents	243	(2)
Seafloor Fractures	245	(1)
Seamounts, Guyots, and Aseismic Ridges	245	(1)
Sedimentation and Sediments on the Deep Seafloor	246	(1)
Reefs	247	(3)
Reefs: Rocks Made by Organisms	248	(2)
Seawater and Seafloor Resources	250	(4)
Geo-Focus 9.1: Oceanic Circulation and Resources from the Sea	252	(2)
Geo-Recap	254	(4)
Deformation, Mountain Building, and the Continents	258	(32)
Introduction	260	(1)
Rock Deformation---How Does It Occur?	260	(3)
Stress and Strain	261	(1)
Types of Strain	261	(1)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Ancient Ruins and Geology	262	(1)
Strike and Dip---The Orientation of Deformed Rock Layers	263	(1)
Deformation and Geologic Structures	264	(12)
Folded Rock Layers	264	(5)
Joints	269	(1)
Faults	270	(2)
Types of Faults	272	(4)
Deformation and the Origin of Mountains	276	(8)
Mountain Building	276	(1)
Plate Tectonics and Mountain Building	277	(1)
Geo-Focus 10.1: Geologic Maps---Their Construction and Uses	278	(5)
Terranes and the Origin of Mountains	283	(1)
Earth's Continental Crust	284	(3)
Floating Continents?	284	(1)
The Principle of Isostasy	284	(1)
Isostatic Rebound	285	(2)
Geo-Recap	287	(3)
Mass Wasting	290	(30)
Introduction	292	(1)
What Factors Influence Mass Wasting?	293	(4)
Slope Angle	293	(1)
Weathering and Climate	294	(1)
Water Content	294	(2)
Geology in Unexpected Places: New Hampshire Says Good-Bye to the ``Old Man''	296	(1)
Vegetation	296	(1)
Overloading	296	(1)
Geology and Slope Stability	297	(1)
Triggering Mechanisms	297	(1)
What Are the Different Types of Mass Wasting?	297	(16)
Geo-Focus 11.1: The Tragedy at Aberfan, Wales	298	(1)
Falls	298	(1)
Slides	299	(7)
Point Fermin---Slip Sliding Away	306	(2)
Flows	308	(4)
Complex Movements	312	(1)
How Can We Recognize and Minimize the Effects of Mass Movements?	313	(5)
Geo-Recap	318	(2)
Running Water	320	(32)
Introduction	322	(1)
Water on Earth	323	(3)
Geo-Focus 12.1: Dams, Reservoirs, and Hydroelectric Power Plants	324	(1)
The Hydrologic Cycle	324	(2)
Fluid Flow	326	(1)
Running Water	326	(2)
Sheet Flow and Channel Flow	326	(1)
Gradient, Velocity, and Discharge	327	(1)
How Does Running Water Erode and Transport Sediment?	328	(1)
Deposition by Running Water	329	(8)
The Deposits of Braided and Meandering Channels	330	(3)
Floodplain Deposits	333	(1)
Deltas	334	(1)
Alluvial Fans	335	(2)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Floating Burial Chambers	337	(1)
Can Floods Be Predicted and Controlled?	337	(4)
The Flood of '93	338	(3)
Drainage Basins and Drainage Patterns	341	(4)
The Significance of Base Level	343	(1)
What Is a Graded Stream?	344	(1)
How Do Valleys Form and Evolve?	345	(4)
Stream Terraces	347	(1)
Incised Meanders	348	(1)
Superposed Streams	348	(1)
Geo-Recap	349	(3)
Groundwater	352	(32)
Introduction	354	(1)
Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle	354	(1)
How Do Earth Materials Absorb Water?	355	(1)
What Is the Water Table?	356	(1)
How Does Groundwater Move?	356	(1)
What Are Springs, Water Wells, and Artesian Systems?	357	(3)
Springs	357	(1)
Water Wells	357	(2)
Artesian Systems	359	(1)
How Does Groundwater Erode and Deposit Material?	360	(7)
Sinkholes and Karst Topography	360	(2)
Caves and Cave Deposits	362	(2)
The Burren Area of Ireland	364	(3)
How Do Humans Affect the Groundwater System?	367	(8)
Lowering the Water Table	367	(1)
Saltwater Incursion	368	(1)
Subsidence	369	(1)
Groundwater Contamination	370	(2)
Geo-Focus 13.1: Arsenic and Old Lace	372	(2)
Groundwater Quality	374	(1)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Water-Treatment Plants	375	(1)
Hydrothermal Activity---What Is It, and Where Does It Occur?	375	(6)
Hot Springs	376	(1)
Geysers	377	(3)
Geothermal Energy	380	(1)
Geo-Recap	381	(3)
Glaciers and Glaciation	384	(28)
Introduction	386	(1)
Glaciers	387	(2)
Glaciers---Part of the Hydrologic Cycle	388	(1)
How Do Glaciers Form and Move?	388	(1)
What Kinds of Glaciers Are There?	389	(2)
Valley Glaciers	390	(1)
Continental Glaciers and Ice Caps	390	(1)
Accumulation and Wastage---The Glacial Budget	391	(3)
How Fast Do Glaciers Move?	392	(1)
Glacial Surges	393	(1)
Glacial Erosion and Transport	394	(3)
Erosion by Valley Glaciers	396	(1)
Continental Glaciers and Erosional Landforms	397	(1)
Glacial Deposits	397	(9)
Geo-Focus 14.1: Glaciers in U.S. and Canadian National Parks	398	(2)
Valley Glaciers and Erosion	400	(2)
Landforms Composed of Till	402	(2)
Landforms Composed of Stratified Drift	404	(2)
Glacial Lake Deposits	406	(1)
What Causes Ice Ages?	406	(3)
The Milankovitch Theory	407	(1)
Short-Term Climatic Events	408	(1)
Geo-Recap	409	(3)
The Work of Wind and Deserts	412	(26)
Introduction	414	(1)
How Does Wind Transport Sediment?	415	(1)
Bed Load	415	(1)
Suspended Load	415	(1)
How Does Wind Erode Landforms?	415	(6)
Abrasion	415	(1)
Geo-Focus 15.1: Radioactive Waste Disposal---Safe or Sorry?	416	(2)
Deflation	418	(2)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Blowing in the Wind	420	(1)
What Are the Different Types of Wind Deposits?	421	(4)
The Formation and Migration of Dunes	421	(1)
Dune Types	422	(3)
Loess	425	(1)
How Are Air-Pressure Belts and Global Wind Patterns Distributed?	425	(1)
Where Do Deserts Occur?	426	(2)
What Are the Characteristics of Deserts?	428	(4)
Temperature, Precipitation, and Vegetation	428	(1)
Weathering and Soils	429	(1)
Mass Wasting, Streams, and Groundwater	429	(1)
Rock Art for the Ages	430	(2)
Wind	432	(1)
What Types of Landforms Are Found in Deserts?	432	(3)
Geo-Recap	435	(3)
Shorelines and Shoreline Processes	438	(32)
Introduction	440	(1)
Tides, Waves, and Nearshore Currents	441	(7)
Tides	441	(1)
Geo-Focus 16.1: Energy from the Oceans	442	(3)
Waves	445	(1)
Nearshore Currents and Sediment Transport	446	(2)
Deposition Along Shorelines	448	(7)
Beaches	448	(2)
Shoreline Processes and Beaches	450	(2)
Seasonal Changes in Beaches	452	(1)
Spits, Baymouth Bars, and Tombolos	453	(1)
Barrier Islands	454	(1)
How Are Shorelines Eroded?	455	(1)
Wave-Cut Platforms	455	(1)
Sea Caves, Arches, and Stacks	456	(1)
The Nearshore Sediment Budget	456	(2)
How Are Coastal Areas Managed As Sea Level Rises?	458	(5)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Erosion and the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse	462	(1)
Storm Waves and Coastal Flooding	463	(1)
Types of Coasts	464	(2)
Depositional and Erosional Coasts	464	(1)
Submergent and Emergent Coasts	464	(2)
Geo-Recap	466	(4)
Geologic Time: Concepts and Principles	470	(34)
Introduction	472	(1)
How Has the Concept of Geologic Time and Earth's Age Changed Throughout Human History?	473	(2)
Geo-Focus 17.1: Geologic Time and Climate Change	474	(1)
Why Are James Hutton's Contributions to Geology Important?	475	(4)
Uluru and Kata Tjuta	476	(2)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Time Marches On---The Great Wall of China	478	(1)
What Are Relative Dating Methods?	479	(8)
Fundamental Principles of Relative Dating	479	(2)
Unconformities	481	(4)
Applying the Principles of Relative Dating	485	(2)
How Do Geologists Correlate Rock Units?	487	(4)
Subsurface Correlation	488	(3)
What Are Absolute Dating Methods?	491	(5)
Atoms, Elements, and Isotopes	491	(1)
Radioactive Decay and Half-Lives	491	(2)
Sources of Uncertainty	493	(1)
Long-Lived Radioactive Isotope Pairs	494	(1)
Fission Track Dating	495	(1)
Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dating Methods	495	(1)
How Was the Geologic Time Scale Developed?	496	(1)
Stratigraphy and Stratigraphic Terminology	496	(4)
Geo-Recap	500	(4)
Evolution---The Theory and Its Supporting Evidence	504	(26)
Introduction	506	(1)
Evolution: What Does It Mean?	507	(2)
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and His Ideas on Evolution	507	(1)
The Contributions of Charles Robert Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace	507	(1)
Geo-Focus 18.1: The Tragic Lysenko Affair	508	(1)
Natural Selection---What Is Its Significance?	509	(1)
Mendel and the Birth of Genetics	509	(2)
Mendel's Experiments	509	(1)
Genes and Chromosomes	510	(1)
The Modern View of Evolution	511	(6)
What Brings About Variation?	511	(1)
Speciation and the Rate of Evolution	512	(2)
Divergent, Convergent, and Parallel Evolution	514	(1)
Cladistics and Cladograms	514	(2)
Evolutionary Trends	516	(1)
Extinctions	516	(1)
What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?	517	(9)
Classification---A Nested Pattern of Similarities	518	(1)
How Does Biological Evidence Support Evolution?	518	(2)
Fossils: What Do We Learn from Them?	520	(2)
Fossilization	522	(4)
Geo-Recap	526	(4)
Precambrian Earth and Life History	530	(32)
Introduction	532	(1)
What Happened During the Hadean?	533	(1)
Continental Foundations---Shields, Platforms, and Cratons	534	(1)
Archean Earth History	535	(4)
Archean Rocks	537	(1)
Archean Plate Tectonics and the Origin of Cratons	538	(1)
Proterozoic Earth History	539	(8)
Proterozoic Evolution of Laurentia	539	(3)
Proterozoic Supercontinents	542	(1)
Proterozoic Rocks	543	(4)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Little Rock, Big Story	547	(1)
Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere and Hydrosphere	547	(3)
The Atmosphere	547	(2)
The Hydrosphere	549	(1)
Life---Its Origin and Early History	550	(6)
The Origin of Life	550	(1)
Archean Organisms	551	(2)
Life of the Proterozoic	553	(3)
Geo-Focus 19.1: Banded Iron Formation---From Mine to Steel Mill	556	(1)
What Kinds of Resources Are Found in Precambrian Rocks?	556	(2)
Archean Resources	557	(1)
Proterozoic Resources	557	(1)
Geo-Recap	558	(4)
Paleozoic Earth History	562	(40)
Introduction	564	(1)
Continental Architecture: Cratons and Mobile Belts	564	(1)
Paleozoic Paleogeography	565	(4)
Early-Middle Paleozoic Global History	566	(3)
Late Paleozoic Global History	569	(1)
Paleozoic Evolution of North America	569	(2)
The Sauk Sequence	571	(2)
Geo-Focus 20.1: Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore	572	(1)
The Tippecanoe Sequence	573	(4)
Tippecanoe Reefs and Evaporites	575	(2)
The End of the Tippecanoe Sequence	577	(1)
The Kaskaskia Sequence	577	(5)
Reef Development in Western Canada	579	(1)
Black Shales	580	(1)
The Late Kaskaskia---A Return to Extensive Carbonate Deposition	581	(1)
The Absaroka Sequence	582	(4)
What Are Cyclothems, and Why Are They Important?	583	(3)
Cratonic Uplift---The Ancestral Rockies	586	(1)
The Late Absaroka---More Evaporite Deposits and Reefs	586	(1)
History of the Paleozoic Mobile Belts	586	(8)
Appalachian Mobile Belt	586	(5)
Cordilleran Mobile Belt	591	(1)
Geology in Unexpected Places: A Man's Home Is His Castle	592	(1)
Ouachita Mobile Belt	593	(1)
What Role Did Microplates and Terranes Play in the Formation of Pangaea?	594	(1)
Paleozoic Mineral Resources	594	(2)
Geo-Recap	596	(6)
Paleozoic Life History	602	(34)
Introduction	604	(1)
What Was the Cambrian Explosion?	604	(1)
The Emergence of a Shelly Fauna	605	(1)
Paleozoic Invertebrate Marine Life	606	(9)
The Present Marine Ecosystem	606	(1)
Cambrian Marine Community	607	(1)
The Burgess Shale Biota	608	(2)
Trilobites---Paleozoic Arthropods	610	(2)
Ordovician Marine Community	612	(1)
Silurian and Devonian Marine Communities	613	(1)
Carboniferous and Permian Marine Communities	613	(1)
The Permian Marine Invertebrate Mass Extinction	614	(1)
Vertebrate Evolution	615	(1)
Fish	616	(5)
Amphibians---Vertebrates Invade the Land	621	(2)
Evolution of the Reptiles---The Land Is Conquered	623	(2)
Plant Evolution	625	(6)
Geo-Focus 21.1: Palynology: A Link Between Geology and Biology	626	(1)
Silurian and Devonian Floras	627	(1)
Late Carboniferous and Permian Floras	628	(3)
Geo-Recap	631	(5)
Mesozoic Earth and Life History	636	(44)
Introduction	638	(1)
The Breakup of Pangaea	638	(3)
The Effects of the Breakup of Pangaea on Global Climates and Ocean Circulation Patterns	641	(1)
Mesozoic History of North America	641	(11)
Continental Interior	642	(1)
Eastern Coastal Region	642	(2)
Gulf Coastal Region	644	(1)
Western Region	645	(2)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Ancient Seafloor in San Francisco	647	(5)
What Role Did Accretion of Terranes Play in the Growth of Western North America?	652	(2)
Mesozoic Mineral Resources	654	(1)
Life of the Mesozoic Era	655	(16)
Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton	655	(2)
Plants---Primary Producers on Land	657	(1)
The Diversification of Reptiles	658	(4)
Dinosaurs	662	(4)
Geo-Focus 22.1: Mary Anning's Contributions to Paleontology	666	(1)
From Reptiles to Birds	667	(1)
Origin and Early History of Mammals	668	(3)
Mesozoic Climates and Paleogeography	671	(1)
Mass Extinctions---A Crisis in the History of Life	672	(1)
Geo-Recap	673	(7)
Cenozoic Earth and Life History	680	(38)
Introduction	682	(1)
Cenozoic Plate Tectonics and Orogeny---An Overview	683	(1)
Paleogene and Neogene Evolution of North America	683	(9)
The North American Cordillera	683	(3)
The Interior Lowlands	686	(1)
The Gulf Coastal Plain	687	(1)
Eastern North America	688	(4)
The Quaternary Period	692	(4)
Pleistocene Tectonism and Volcanism	692	(1)
Pleistocene Glaciation	692	(2)
Cascade Range Volcanoes	694	(2)
Geo-Focus 23.1: Supervolcanoes	696	(1)
Cenozoic Mineral Resources	696	(4)
Geology in Unexpected Places: Evidence of Glaciation in New York City	698	(2)
Paleogene and Neogene Life History	700	(6)
Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton	700	(1)
Paleogene and Neogene Birds	700	(1)
Diversification of Mammals	701	(1)
Cenozoic Mammals	701	(5)
Pleistocene Faunas	706	(9)
Mammals and Birds	706	(2)
Primate Evolution	708	(1)
Hominids	709	(5)
Pleistocene Extinctions	714	(1)
Geo-Recap	715	(3)
Physical and Historical Geology in Perspective	718	(9)
Appendices
A: English--Metric Conversion Chart	723	(1)
B: Periodic Table of the Elements	724	(2)
Answers
Multiple-Choice Review Questions	726	(1)
Glossary	727	(9)
Index	736