Chemistry

by Zumdahl, Steven S.; Zumdahl, Susan A.

• ISBN13: 9780618265053
• ISBN10: 0618265058
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-11-13
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Table of Contents

To the Professor	xii
To the Student	xviii
Chemical Foundations	1	(40)
Chemistry: An Overview	2	(4)
Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Art	5	(1)
The Scientific Method	6	(2)
Units of Measurement	8	(3)
Chemical Impact Critical Units!	10	(1)
Uncertainty in Measurement	11	(3)
Significant Figures and Calculations	14	(4)
Dimensional Analysis	18	(4)
Temperature	22	(3)
Density	25	(1)
Classification of Matter	26	(15)
Summary	30	(1)
Key Terms	30	(1)
Questions and Exercises	31	(10)
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions	41	(39)
The Early History of Chemistry	42	(1)
Chemical Impact There's Gold in Them There Plants!	43	(1)
Fundamental Chemical Laws	43	(3)
Dalton's Atomic Theory	46	(3)
Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom	49	(4)
Chemical Impact Berzelius, Selenium, and Silicon	50	(3)
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction	53	(3)
Chemical Impact Reading the History of Bogs	55	(1)
Molecules and Ions	56	(2)
An Introduction to the Periodic Table	58	(4)
Chemical Impact Hassium Fits Right in	61	(1)
Naming Simple Compounds	62	(18)
Chemical Impact Buckminsterfullerene: A New Form of Carbon	66	(6)
Summary	72	(1)
Key Terms	72	(2)
Question and Exercises	74	(6)
Stoichiometry	80	(53)
Atomic Masses	81	(5)
Chemical Impact Buckyballs Teach Some History	84	(2)
The Mole	86	(4)
Chemical Impact Elemental Analysis Catches Elephant Poachers	88	(2)
Molar Mass	90	(3)
Chemical Impact Measuring the Masses of Large Molecules, or Making Elephants Fly	91	(2)
Percent Composition of Compounds	93	(3)
Determining the Formula of a Compound	96	(6)
Chemical Equations	102	(2)
Balancing Chemical Equations	104	(4)
Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products	108	(5)
Chemical Impact High Mountains---Low Octane	109	(4)
Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant	113	(20)
Summary	121	(1)
Key Terms	121	(1)
Questions and Exercises	121	(12)
Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry	133	(56)
Water, the Common Solvent	134	(2)
The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes	136	(4)
Chemical Impact Arrhenius: A Man with Solutions	140	(1)
The Composition of Solutions	140	(8)
Chemical Impact Tiny Laboratories	147	(1)
Types of Chemical Reactions	148	(1)
Precipitation Reactions	148	(6)
Describing Reactions in Solution	154	(2)
Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions	156	(2)
Acid--Base Reactions	158	(6)
Oxidation--Reduction Reactions	164	(8)
Chemical Impact Iron Zeroes in on Pollution	166	(5)
Chemical Impact Aging: Does It Involve Oxidation?	171	(1)
Balancing Oxidation--Reduction Equations	172	(17)
Summary	179	(1)
Key Terms	179	(1)
Questions and Exercises	180	(9)
Gases	189	(52)
Pressure	190	(2)
The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro	192	(6)
The Ideal Gas Law	198	(5)
Gas Stoichiometry	203	(3)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures	206	(6)
Chemical Impact Separating Gases	208	(2)
Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Air Bags	210	(2)
The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases	212	(7)
Effusion and Diffusion	219	(3)
Real Gases	222	(3)
Chemistry in the Atmosphere	225	(16)
Chemical Impact Acid Rain: A Growing Problem	226	(3)
Summary	229	(1)
Key Terms	229	(1)
Questions and Exercises	230	(11)
Thermochemistry	241	(48)
The Nature of Energy	242	(6)
Enthalpy and Calorimetry	248	(8)
Chemical Impact Nature Has Hot Plants	252	(3)
Chemical Impact Firewalking: Magic or Science?	255	(1)
Hess's Law	256	(4)
Standard Enthalpies of Formation	260	(7)
Present Sources of Energy	267	(4)
New Energy Sources	271	(18)
Chemical Impact Farming the Wind	274	(4)
Chemical Impact Veggie Gasoline?	278	(1)
Summary	278	(1)
Key Terms	278	(2)
Questions and Exercises	280	(9)
Atomic Structure and Periodicity	289	(58)
Electromagnetic Radiation	290	(2)
Chemical Impact Flies That Dye	291	(1)
The Nature of Matter	292	(5)
Chemical Impact Chemistry That Doesn't Leave You in the Dark	293	(4)
The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen	297	(2)
The Bohr Model	299	(5)
Chemical Impact Fireworks	302	(2)
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom	304	(3)
Quantum Numbers	307	(2)
Orbital Shapes and Energies	309	(1)
Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle	310	(2)
Polyelectronic Atoms	312	(2)
The History of the Periodic Table	314	(3)
Chemical Impact The Growing Periodic Table	316	(1)
The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table	317	(7)
Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties	324	(6)
The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals	330	(17)
Chemical Impact Potassium: Too Much of a Good Thing Can Kill You	334	(1)
Summary	335	(1)
Key Terms	335	(1)
Questions and Exercises	336	(11)
Bonding: General Concepts	347	(66)
Types of Chemical Bonds	348	(4)
Chemical Impact No Lead Pencils	351	(1)
Electronegativity	352	(2)
Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments	354	(3)
Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes	357	(5)
Formation of Binary Ionic Compounds	362	(4)
Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds	366	(1)
The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model	367	(4)
Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions	371	(3)
The Localized Electron Bonding Model	374	(1)
Lewis Structures	375	(5)
Chemical Impact Nitrogen Under Pressure	379	(1)
Exceptions to the Octet Rule	380	(3)
Resonance	383	(6)
Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model	389	(24)
Chemical Impact Chemical Structure and Communication: Semiochemicals	398	(3)
Summary	401	(1)
Key Terms	401	(1)
Questions and Exercises	402	(11)
Covalent Bonding: Orbitals	413	(36)
Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model	413	(13)
The Molecular Orbital Model	426	(4)
Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules	430	(6)
Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules	436	(1)
Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models	437	(12)
Summary	440	(1)
Key Terms	440	(1)
Questions and Exercises	441	(8)
Liquids and Solids	449	(62)
Intermolecular Forces	450	(4)
The Liquid State	454	(2)
An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids	456	(5)
Structure and Bonding in Metals	461	(7)
Chemical Impact Seething Surfaces	462	(5)
Chemical Impact What Sank the Titanic?	467	(1)
Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids	468	(10)
Chemical Impact Golfing with Glass	473	(3)
Chemical Impact Transistors and Printed Circuits	476	(2)
Molecular Solids	478	(1)
Ionic Solids	479	(4)
Chemical Impact Gallium Arsenide Lasers	481	(2)
Vapor Pressure and Changes of State	483	(9)
Phase Diagrams	492	(19)
Chemical Impact Making Diamonds at Low Pressures: Fooling Mother Nature	496	(2)
Summary	498	(1)
Key Terms	498	(1)
Questions and Exercises	499	(12)
Properties of Solutions	511	(44)
Solution Composition	512	(3)
Chemical Impact Electronic Ink	514	(1)
The Energies of Solution Formation	515	(4)
Factors Affecting Solubility	519	(5)
Chemical Impact Ionic Liquids?	520	(3)
Chemical Impact The Lake Nyos Tragedy	523	(1)
The Vapor Pressures of Solutions	524	(7)
Chemical Impact Spray Power	527	(4)
Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression	531	(4)
Osmotic Pressure	535	(5)
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions	540	(3)
Chemical Impact The Drink of Champions---Water	541	(2)
Colloids	543	(12)
Chemical Impact Organisms and Ice Formation	544	(1)
Summary	545	(1)
Key Terms	545	(1)
Questions and Exercises	546	(9)
Chemical Kinetics	555	(54)
Reaction Rates	557	(4)
Rate Laws: An Introduction	561	(2)
Determining the Form of the Rate Law	563	(5)
The Integrated Rate Law	568	(10)
Rate Laws: A Summary	578	(1)
Reaction Mechanisms	579	(3)
A Model for Chemical Kinetics	582	(6)
Catalysis	588	(21)
Chemical Impact Automobiles: Air Purifiers?	591	(1)
Chemical Impact Enzymes: Nature's Catalysts	592	(3)
Summary	595	(1)
Key Terms	595	(2)
Questions and Exercises	597	(12)
Chemical Equilibrium	609	(44)
The Equilibrium Condition	610	(3)
The Equilibrium Constant	613	(4)
Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures	617	(3)
Heterogeneous Equilibria	620	(2)
Applications of the Equilibrium Constant	622	(9)
Solving Equilibrium Problems	631	(5)
Le Chatelier's Principle	636	(17)
Summary	642	(1)
Key Terms	642	(1)
Questions and Exercises	643	(10)
Acids and Bases	653	(60)
The Nature of Acids and Bases	654	(3)
Acid Strength	657	(5)
The pH Scale	662	(3)
Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions	665	(1)
Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions	666	(10)
Chemical Impact Household Chemistry	674	(2)
Bases	676	(6)
Chemical Impact Amines	679	(3)
Polyprotic Acids	682	(5)
Acid--Base Properties of Salts	687	(6)
The Effect of Structure on Acid--Base Properties	693	(2)
Acid--Base Properties of Oxides	695	(1)
The Lewis Acid--Base Model	696	(3)
Chemical Impact Self-Destructing Paper	697	(2)
Strategy for Solving Acid--Base Problems: A Summary	699	(14)
Summary	701	(1)
Key Terms	701	(2)
Questions and Exercises	703	(10)
Applications of Aqueous Equilibria	713	(70)
Acid--Base Equilibria
Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion	714	(2)
Buffered Solutions	716	(10)
Buffer Capacity	726	(3)
Titrations and pH Curves	729	(15)
Acid--Base Indicators	744	(7)
Solubility Equilibria
Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product	751	(9)
Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Teeth	755	(5)
Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis	760	(6)
Complex Ion Equilibria
Equilibria Involving Complex Ions	766	(17)
Summary	772	(1)
Key Terms	772	(1)
Questions and Exercises	773	(10)
Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy	783	(44)
Spontaneous Processes and Entropy	784	(6)
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics	790	(1)
Chemical Impact Entropy: An Organizing Force?	791	(1)
The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity	791	(4)
Free Energy	795	(3)
Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions	798	(4)
Free Energy and Chemical Reactions	802	(4)
The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure	806	(4)
Free Energy and Equilibrium	810	(4)
Free Energy and Work	814	(13)
Summary	816	(1)
Key Terms	816	(2)
Questions and Exercises	818	(9)
Electrochemistry	827	(50)
Galvanic Cells	828	(2)
Standard Reduction Potentials	830	(7)
Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy	837	(4)
Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration	841	(5)
Batteries	846	(5)
Chemical Impact Printed Batteries	847	(2)
Chemical Impact Thermophotovoltaics: Electricity from Heat	849	(2)
Chemical Impact Fuel Cells for Cars	851	(1)
Corrosion	851	(4)
Chemical Impact Paint that Stops Rust---Completely	853	(2)
Electrolysis	855	(5)
Chemical Impact The Chemistry of Sunken Treasure	858	(2)
Commercial Electrolytic Processes	860	(17)
Summary	865	(1)
Key Terms	865	(2)
Questions and Exercises	867	(10)
The Nucleus: A Chemist's View	877	(36)
Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay	878	(5)
The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay	883	(3)
Nuclear Transformations	886	(3)
Chemical Impact Stellar Nudeosynthesis	887	(2)
Detection and Uses of Radioactivity	889	(5)
Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus	894	(3)
Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion	897	(5)
Effects of Radiation	902	(11)
Chemical Impact Nuclear Physics: An Introduction	904	(1)
Summary	905	(1)
Key Terms	905	(1)
Questions and Exercises	906	(7)
The Representative Elements: Groups 1A Through 4A	913	(28)
A Survey of the Representative Elements	914	(5)
The Group 1A Elements	919	(3)
Hydrogen	922	(2)
The Group 2A Elements	924	(3)
The Group 3A Elements	927	(2)
Chemical Impact Boost Your Boron	928	(1)
The Group 4A Elements	929	(12)
Chemical Impact Concrete Learning	932	(1)
Chemical Impact Beethoven: Hair is the Story	933	(1)
Summary	933	(1)
Key Terms	933	(1)
Questions and Exercises	934	(7)
The Representative Elements: Groups 5A Through 8A	941	(44)
The Group 5A Elements	942	(2)
The Chemistry of Nitrogen	944	(11)
Chemical Impact Nitrous Oxide: Laughing Gas That Propels Whipped Cream and Cars	953	(2)
The Chemistry of Phosphorus	955	(4)
Chemical Impact Phosphorus: An Illuminating Element	956	(3)
The Group 6A Elements	959	(1)
The Chemistry of Oxygen	960	(1)
The Chemistry of Sulfur	961	(6)
The Group 7A Elements	967	(6)
Chemical Impact Photography	968	(5)
The Group 8A Elements	973	(12)
Chemical Impact Automatic Sunglasses	974	(2)
Summary	976	(1)
Key Terms	976	(1)
Questions and Exercises	977	(8)
Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry	985	(58)
The Transition Metals: A Survey	986	(6)
The First-Row Transition Metals	992	(6)
Chemical Impact Titanium Dioxide---Miracle Coating	994	(2)
Chemical Impact Titanium Makes Great Bicycles	996	(2)
Coordination Compounds	998	(5)
Chemical Impact Alfred Werner: Coordination Chemist	1003	(1)
Isomerism	1003	(6)
Chemical Impact The Importance of Being cis	1007	(2)
Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model	1009	(2)
The Crystal Field Model	1011	(7)
Chemical Impact Transition Metal Ions Lend Color to Gems	1016	(2)
The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes	1018	(6)
Chemical Impact The Danger of Mercury	1020	(3)
Chemical Impact Supercharged Blood	1023	(1)
Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production	1024	(19)
Summary	1032	(1)
Key Terms	1032	(2)
Questions and Exercises	1034	(9)
Organic and Biological Molecules	1043
Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons	1044	(8)
Alkenes and Alkynes	1052	(3)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	1055	(2)
Hydrocarbon Derivatives	1057	(7)
Polymers	1064	(10)
Chemical Impact Heal Thyself	1065	(5)
Chemical Impact Wallace Hume Carothers	1070	(2)
Chemical Impact Plastic That Talks and Listens	1072	(2)
Natural Polymers	1074
Chemical Impact Tanning in the Shade	1080	(9)
Summary	1089	(1)
Key Terms	1089	(2)
Questions and Exercises	1091
Appendix 1 Mathematical Procedures	1	(13)
A1.1 Exponential Notation	1	(3)
A1.2 Logarithms	4	(2)
A1.3 Graphing Functions	6	(2)
A1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations	8	(3)
A1.5 Uncertainties in Measurements	11	(3)
Appendix 2 The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model	14	(4)
Appendix 3 Spectral Analysis	18	(3)
Appendix 4 Selected Thermodynamic Data	21	(3)
Appendix 5 Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials	24	(3)
A5.1 Values of Ka for Some Common Monoprotic Acids	24	(1)
A5.2 Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids	24	(1)
A5.3 Values of Kb for Some Common Weak Bases	25	(1)
A5.4 Ksp Values at 25°C for Common Ionic Solids	25	(1)
A5.5 Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C (298K) for Many Common Half-Reactions	26	(1)
Appendix 6 SI Units and Conversion Factors	27	(2)
Glossary	29	(14)
Answers to Selected Exercises	43	(24)
Photo Credits	67	(2)
Index	69