Chemistry : The Practical Science

by Kelter,Paul

• ISBN13: 9780618000722
• ISBN10: 0618000720
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-02
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

From core concepts to current applications,Chemistry: The Practical Sciencepromotes an interrogative approach that develops effective problem solvers and critical thinkers for today's world. Using the text and its pedagogical features as a model, students learn to appreciate the role of questioning in the process of chemistry and begin to think like chemists. In addition, applications woven throughout the narrative, examples, and exercises present core chemical concepts in the context of everyday life. This integrated approach encourages curiosity and demonstrates the relevance of chemistry and its uses in students' lives, their future careers, and their world. Chemistryintroduces new topics as an instructor would in the classroom. The authors' approach to problem solving prompts students to begin by asking questions about the topic, think critically to arrive at a solution, evaluate their answers, and uncover related information about the concepts being explored. A dynamic art program, comprehensive end-of-chapter materials, and powerful technology resources complete this innovative textbook program. Real-world applications integrated throughout the chapter-opening case studies, examples, and exercises demonstrate why chemistry matters, as well as its uses in industry, the human body, and the environment. Boxed essays explore scientific applications; connections between nano-level interactions and chemistry at the macro level; and current, controversial topics related to chemistry. In addition,Applications IconshighlightChemical Encountersand other real-world applications in the narrative. Sample worked-out exercises complement the authors' problem-solving approach and help students develop critical-thinking skills. Each exercise begins with aQuestion,followed byFirst Thoughtsto capture and maintain student interest. The worked-outSolution,accompanied byFurther Insights,extends the concept. Finally,Practiceproblems and correspondingEnd-of-Chapter Exercisesprovide an opportunity for students to apply this approach independently. Designed for optimal student support,Here's What We Know So Farin-chapter summaries reinforce complex or important chemical concepts, andThe Bottom Lineend-of-chapter reviews highlight the main topics of each chapter and provide key words with definitions and page references for further review. End-of-chapter problems test students' understanding of key concepts and problem-solving skills. Organized by chapter section and in pairs,Skills ReviewandChemical Applications and Practicesare followed by increasingly challengingComprehensive ProblemsandThinking Beyond the Calculationexercises that involve multiple concepts. The dynamic art program promotes visual learning and resonates with students who expect exciting and appealing graphics. Molecular-level illustrations of key concepts help students connect nanoscale activity to macroscale phenomena, while electrostatic potential maps use vibrant colors to demonstrate the distribution of electrons within a molecule. For further visual learning, the HM ClassPresent CD offers scaleable, searchable animations and lab demonstration videos for use in classroom presentations. The innovative technology program reinforces concepts and allows students to practice problem-solving strategies. Interactive teaching and learning tools--from Chemwork interactive homework problems to video lessons from Thinkwell--present content in a variety of formats to meet different learning styles. Accuracy reviewers worked diligently to ensure the integrity of content, exercises, and supplements forChemistry: The Practical Science.

Table of Contents

Note: Each chapter concludes with "The Bottom Line," Key Words, and "Focus Your Learning."

The World of Chemistry

What Do Chemists do?

The Chemist's Shorthand

The Scientific Method

Units and Measurement

Conversions and Dimensional Analysis

Uncertainty, Precision, Accuracy, and Significant Figures

The Chemical Challenges of the Future

Atoms: A Quest for Understanding

Early Attempts to Explain Matter

Dalton's Atomic Theory and Beyond

The Structure of the Atom

Atoms and Isotopes

Atomic Mass

The Periodic Table

Ionic Compounds

Molecules

Naming Compounds

Naming Acids

Introducing Quantitative Chemistry

Formula Masses

Counting by Weighing

Working with Moles

Percentages by Mass

Finding the Formula

Chemical Equations

Working with Equations

Solution Stoichiometry and Types of Reactions

Water--A Most Versatile Solvent

The Concentration of Solutions

Stoichiometric Analysis of Solutions

Types of Chemical Reactions

Precipitation Reactions

Acid-Base Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Fresh Water--Issues of Quantitative Chemistry

Energy

The Concept of Energy

Keeping Track of Energy

Specific Heat Capacity and Heat Capacity

Enthalpy

Hess's Law

Energy Choices

Quantum Chemistry: The Strange World of Atoms

Introducing Quantum Chemistry

Electromagnetic Radiation

Atomic Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy, Chemical Analysis and the Quantum Number

The Bohr Model of Atomic Structure

Wave-Particle Duality

Why Treating Things as "Waves" Allows Us to Quantize Their Behavior

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

More About the Photon--The de Broglie and Heisenberg Discussions

The Mathematical Language of Quantum Chemistry

Atomic Orbitals

Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle

Orbitals and Energy Levels in Multielectron Atoms

Electron Configurations and the Aufbau Principle

Periodic Properties of the Elements

The Big Picture--Building the Periodic Table

The First Level of Structure--Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids

The Next Level of Structure--Groups in the Periodic Table

The Concept of Periodicity

Atomic Size

Ionization Energies

Electron Affinity

Electronegativity

Reactivity

The Elements and the Environment

Bonding Basics

Modeling Bonds

Ionic Bonding

Covalent Bonding

VSEPR Theory--A Better Model

Properties of Ionic and Molecular Compounds

Advanced Models of Bonding

Valence Bond Theory

Hybridization

Molecular Orbital Theory

Putting It All Together

Molecular Models in the Chemist's Toolbox

The Behavior and Applications of Gases

The Nature of Gases

Production of Hydrogen and the Meaning of Pressure

Mixtures of Gases--Dalton's Law and Food Packaging

The Gas Laws--Relating the Behavior of Gases to Key Properties

The Ideal Gas Equation

Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Effusion and Diffusion

Industrialization: A Wonderful, Yet Cautionary, Tale

Chemistry of Water and the Nature of Liquids

The Structure of Water: An Introduction to Intermolecular Forces

A Closer Look at Intermolecular Forces

Impact of Intermolecular Forces on the Physical Properties of Water I

Phase Diagrams

Impact of Intermolecular Forces on the Physical Properties of Water II

Water: The Universal Solvent

Measures of Solution Concentration

The Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Solubility

Colligative Properties

Carbon

Elemental Carbon

Crude Oil--The Basic Resource

Hydrocarbons

Separating the Hydrocarbons by Fractional Distillation

Processing Hydrocarbons

Typical Reactions of the Alkanes

The Functional Group Concept

Ethene, the C=C Bond, and Polymers

Alcohols

From Alcohols to Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

From Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids to Esters

Condensation Polymers

Polyethers

Handedness in Molecules

Organic Chemistry and Modern Drug Discovery

Modern Materials

The Structure of Crystals

Metals

Ceramics

Plastics

Thin Films and Surface Analysis

On the Horizon--What Does the Future Hold?

Thermodynamics: A Look at Why Reactions Happen

Probability as a Predictor of Chemical Behavior

Why Do Chemical Reactions Happen? Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Temperature and Spontaneous Processes

Calculating Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Free Energy

When ?G = 0; A Taste of Equilibrium

Chemical Kinetics

Reaction Rates

An Introduction to Rate Laws

Changes in Time--The Integrated Rate Law

Methods of Determining Rate Laws

Looking Back at Rate Laws

Reaction Mechanisms

Applications of Catalysts

Chemical Equilibrium

The Concept of Chemical Equilibrium

Why Is Chemical Equilibrium a Useful Concept?

The Meaning of the Equilibrium Constant

Working With Equilibrium Constants

Solving Equilibrium Problems--A Different Way of Thinking

Le Ch?telier's Principle

Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant

Acids and Bases

What Are Acids and Bases?

Acid Strength

The pH Scale

Determining the pH of Acid Solutions

Determining the pH of Basic Solutions

Polyprotic Acids

Assessing the Acid-Base Behavior of Salts in Aqueous Solution

Anhydrides in Aqueous Solution

Applications of Aqueous Equilibria

Buffers and the Common-Ion Effect

Acid-Base Titrations

Solubility Equilibria

Complex-Ion Equilibria

Electrochemistry

What Is Electrochemistry?

Oxidation States--Electronic Bookkeeping

Redox Equations

Electrochemical Cells

Chemical Reactivity Series

Not-So-Standard Conditions: The Nernst Equation

Electrolytic Reactions

Coordination Complexes

Bonding in Coordination Complexes

Ligands

Coordination Number

Structure

Isomers

Formulas and Names

Color and Coordination Compounds

Chemical Reactions

Nuclear Chemistry

Isotopes and More Isotopes

Types of Radioactive Decay

Interaction of Radiation with Matter

The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay

Mass and Binding Energy

Nuclear Stability and Human-made Radioactive Nuclides

Splitting the Atom: Nuclear Fission

Medical Uses of Radioisotopes

The Chemistry of Life

DNA--The Basic Structure

Proteins

How Genes Code for Proteins

Enzymes

The Diversity of Protein Functions

Carbohydrates

Lipids

The Maelstrom of Metabolism

Biochemistry and Chirality

A Look to the Future

Mathematical Operations

Working with Exponents

Working with Logarithms

Solving the Quadratic Equation

Graphing

Calculating Uncertainties in Measurements

Thermodynamic Data for Selected Compounds at 298 K

Colligative Property Constants for Selected Compounds

Selected Equilibrium Constants at 298 K

Water Vapor Pressure Table

Standard Reduction Potentials at 298 K

Common Radioactive Nuclei Answers to Practice Exercises and Selected Exercises

Index/Glossary

Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.