Chemistry in Your Life

by Baird, Colin

• ISBN13: 9780716770428
• ISBN10: 0716770423
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: W. H. Freeman

Summary

Designed to help students understand the material better and avoid common mistakes. Includes solutions and explanations to odd-numbered exercises.

Table of Contents

A Note from the Author	xvii
The ``Elemental'' Foundation of Chemistry: Atoms, Molecules, Elements, Compounds, Mixtures, and States of Matter	1	(36)
Elements	2	(2)
Elements are the fundamental types of matter	2	(1)
Elements are classified as metals or nonmetals	3	(1)
Each element has its own symbol	4	(1)
The Atomic Nature of Matter	4	(4)
Matter is ultimately discrete, not continuous	4	(2)
Different atomic arrangements produce different types of matter	6	(2)
Compounds and Mixtures	8	(7)
Compounds are composed of elements in a fixed ratio	8	(1)
Mixtures contain substances in no fixed proportion	9	(3)
Some heterogeneous mixtures look like homogeneous ones	12	(1)
Emulsions are useful colloids	13	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Emulsification in the kitchen	14	(1)
States of Matter	15	(5)
Particles in solids and liquids are close together	16	(1)
Most of a gas is empty space	16	(1)
The scientific model for a gas	17	(1)
The volume of a gas depends on its pressure and temperature	18	(1)
Molecules are groups of tightly bound atoms	18	(2)
Metals and Alloys	20	(17)
Metals have effects on the human body	20	(1)
Alloys are mixtures of metals	21	(1)
Mercury is a controversial metal	22	(1)
Discussion Point: Should we phase out the use of mercury?	22	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Mercury in the Environment	23	(1)
The ages of history	23	(1)
Gold is a valuable and versatile element	24	(5)
Group Activity: The effect of temperatures on the size of balloons	29	(1)
Taking It Further with Math I: Any sample of matter big enough to see contains a huge number of atoms	30	(1)
Taking It Further with Math II: The gas laws show mathematically how the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas are interrelated	31	(3)
Taking It Further III: Liquid crystal is an intermediate state for molecules	34	(3)
Web Taking It Further: The 3-D structure of atoms in metals usually corresponds to the minimum volume
Web Taking It Further with Math: Significant figures
New Identities? Physical and Chemical Change	37	(42)
Physical Properties and Physical Changes	37	(5)
Physical properties are characteristics of a substance	37	(1)
Changes of state are physical changes	38	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Chocolate that melts in your mouth	39	(2)
Dissolving is different from melting	41	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Is salt incorporated into ice when you freeze salt water?	42	(1)
The Evaporation and Boiling of Liquids	42	(6)
In evaporation, molecules escape from the liquid's surface	42	(1)
We smell substances by responding to evaporated molecules	43	(1)
Evaporation and condensation can eventually reach equilibrium	44	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Liquids with different volatilities	45	(1)
When does a liquid boil?	46	(2)
Chemical Change	48	(7)
Chemical change alters pure substances	48	(1)
Chemical reaction equations summarize the interchange of atoms	49	(2)
A systematic procedure is used to balance reaction equations	51	(2)
Chemistry in Your Home: Building a model of molecules	53	(1)
Your body generates energy by oxidizing your food	54	(1)
Complete and Incomplete Combustion	55	(6)
Complete combustion produces CO2	55	(1)
Soot is a common by-product of incomplete combustion	56	(1)
Concentrations of gases are expressed as parts per million	57	(1)
Carbon monoxide gas can severely degrade your health	57	(2)
Carbon monoxide is a common air pollutant	59	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Carbon Monoxide	60	(1)
Examples of Chemical Reactions That Are Not Combustions	61	(3)
Tarnishing and rusting are chemical reactions	61	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Cleaning silver with aluminum foil	61	(1)
Explosions result from chemical reactions	62	(1)
Tying Concepts Together: Molten sulfur involves both physical and chemical change	63	(1)
The Burning of a Candle: The Scientific Method in Action	64	(15)
Chemistry in Your Home: What do you see when a candle burns?	64	(1)
Initial Observations	64	(1)
We can form an initial hypothesis and test it	65	(1)
Further experiments can identify the products of the combustion	66	(1)
A simple experiment identifies the oxygen-containing reactant	66	(1)
Where is the elemental carbon present?	67	(1)
The mass of chemicals is collectively unchanged	68	(1)
Summary of the expanded and tested hypothesis	68	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Using the scientific method in everyday life	68	(4)
Group Activity: The Speed of Chemical Reactions	72	(1)
Taking It Further with Math I: Density and Dimensional Analysis	73	(2)
Taking It Further with Math II: Calculating Masses of Substances in Chemical Reactions	75	(4)
WEB Taking It Further with Math: Interpreting graphs
An Insider's Perspective: The Internal Workings of Atoms and Molecules	79	(48)
The Components of Atoms	79	(6)
Atoms contain electrons and a nucleus	79	(1)
The atomic number identifies elements	80	(2)
Rutherford's experiments led to the nuclear model of the atom	82	(2)
The nucleus contains protons and neutrons	84	(1)
Electron Configurations	85	(6)
Electrons are held to their atoms by varying forces	85	(2)
Electron configurations of atoms indicate electron arrangements	87	(2)
Atoms with eight electrons in their valence shell are unreactive	89	(1)
Helium is the only noble gas without eight valence electrons	90	(1)
Noble gases are used commercially for lighting	90	(1)
The Periodic Table: Elements Grouped by Similar Properties	91	(4)
Elements that behave similarly occur periodically	91	(4)
Chemical properties are determined by valence shell electrons	95	(1)
Covalent Bonding and the Formation of Molecules	95	(11)
A hydrogen molecule is held together by the sharing of electrons	95	(1)
Hydrogen is a stable gas, but it can burn and explode	96	(1)
Hydrogen forms molecules with other atoms by sharing electrons	97	(1)
Lewis structures show electron distributions	98	(1)
Some atoms form bonds to more than one hydrogen atom	99	(1)
The position of bonds can be deduced from electron configurations	100	(2)
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemically unstable compound	102	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Catalysts in potatoes	103	(1)
Tying Concepts Together: Water	104	(2)
Ions and Ionic Bonding	106	(21)
Ions are electrically charged atoms	106	(2)
Ions bond by the attraction of opposite charges	108	(2)
Ions form compounds with three-dimensional networks	110	(1)
Sodium and potassium chloride are common salts	110	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Salt
Minerals, the ions in your diet	111	(1)
Sodium and potassium ions are important to your health	111	(2)
Chemistry in Your Home: How much sodium, potassium, and calcium are you getting in your diet?	113	(1)
Calcium and magnesium are important for bones and teeth	113	(1)
Iron and zinc are essential for basic body functions	114	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Pulling iron out of cereal	115	(1)
Iodine and table salt	115	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Worldwide Nutrition	116	(1)
Many ionic compounds do not have a 1:1 ratio of atoms	116	(1)
Solutions of ions in water have lowered freezing points	117	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Does salt water freeze faster than fresh water?	117	(1)
Polyatomic ions have two or more types of atoms	118	(1)
Tying Concepts Together: Bonds that are partially covalent, partially ionic	119	(8)
Powering the Planet: Hydrocarbons and Fossil Fuels	127	(44)
Hydrocarbons That Contain Only Single Bonds	127	(13)
Hydrocarbons are compounds of carbon and hydrogen	127	(1)
Methane molecules contain one carbon and four hydrogen atoms	128	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Building a model of methane	129	(1)
Methane is a component of air	129	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Methane	129	(1)
Ethane molecules have two carbons joined by a C--C bond	130	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Making a model of ethane	131	(1)
Alkanes have the general formula CmH2m+2	131	(2)
Longer alkanes have several nonequivalent forms	133	(2)
Chemistry in Your Home: Making models for the two isomers of butane	135	(1)
Alkanes with longer carbon chains are liquids and solids	136	(1)
Cycloalkanes are formed when carbon atoms form rings	136	(1)
Shorthand representations are used for carbon chains and rings	137	(3)
Molecules That Have Double and Triple Bonds	140	(5)
Some atoms can form double bonds with each other	141	(1)
Alkenes contain a C=C bond	141	(1)
Some carbon chains have both double and single bonds	142	(1)
Benzene	143	(1)
The atoms of a few elements form triple bonds	144	(1)
Fossil Fuels: Natural Gas and Petroleum	145	(13)
Supplies of fossil fuels are limited	145	(3)
Natural gas consists of short-chain alkanes	148	(1)
Methane	148	(1)
Propane	148	(1)
The hydrogen sulfide in natural gas is removed before combustion	149	(1)
Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons	150	(2)
The octane number of gasoline	152	(1)
Lead compounds raise gasoline's octane number	153	(1)
Lead compounds have been replaced in gasoline	154	(1)
Oil spills pollute waterways	155	(2)
Tying Concepts Together: The volatility of gasoline	157	(1)
Fossil Fuels: Coal	158	(13)
The composition of coal varies with its age	158	(1)
Coal mining creates environmental problems	159	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: The Strip Mining of Coal	159	(1)
Coal is called a ``dirty'' fuel	159	(2)
Discussion Point: Deciding whether to remain a gasoline-based society	161	(5)
Taking It Further: Petroleum refining: Fractional distillation	166	(5)
Web Taking It Further: ``Clean Coal'' can be achieved before, during, or after combustion
From Diamonds to Plastics: Carbon's Elemental Forms, Addition Polymers, and Substituted Hydrocarbons	171	(40)
Chemistry in Your Home: The synthetic products you use	171	(1)
Organic Molecules Containing Halogen Atoms	172	(4)
Halogen atoms can substitute for hydrogen	172	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: There is only one molecular structure for CH2Cl2	173	(1)
CFCs damaged the atmospheric ozone layer	174	(1)
Chlorine-substituted ethenes are used in plastics	175	(1)
Addition Polymers	176	(7)
Polyethylene is the simplest organic polymer	176	(3)
Addition polymers consist of repeating molecules	179	(1)
PVC	179	(1)
Polypropylene	180	(1)
Polystyrene and Styrofoam	180	(2)
Teflon and Gore-Tex	182	(1)
Properties of More Complex Polymers	183	(7)
Polymers exist in two different solid states	183	(2)
One form of polyethylene is a branched polymer	185	(1)
Rubber is a polymer chain that contains double bonds	186	(1)
Natural rubber and vulcanization	187	(1)
Synthetic rubber	188	(1)
Some polymers can conduct electricity	188	(1)
Tying Concepts Together: Variations on the theme of a polymer molecule	189	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Impact of Plastics in Developing Countries	190	(1)
The Recycling of Plastics	190	(4)
The recycling of plastic is a controversial issue	190	(1)
There are several ways to recycle plastics	191	(2)
Discussion Point: Should plastics be recycled?	193	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Recycling Plastics	193	(1)
Elemental Carbon	194	(9)
Diamond: Its structure and bonding	195	(1)
The formation and color of diamonds	195	(1)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fuse benzene rings	196	(1)
PAHs are carcinogenic environmental pollutants	197	(2)
Graphite consists of weakly linked giant planes of carbon atoms	199	(2)
Impure forms of carbon include soot and carbon black	201	(1)
Activated carbon is a form of charcoal	201	(1)
Fullerenes are synthetic molecules containing many carbon atoms	201	(1)
Nanotubes of carbon	201	(2)
Buckyballs	203	(1)
Recycling of Tires	203	(8)
Group Activity: The plastics in your life	209	(2)
Web Taking It Further: Isomers of multihalogenated alkanes
Web Taking It Further: Some other addition polymers
The Flavor of Our World: The Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds We Drink, Smell, and Taste	211	(48)
Ethers	211	(3)
The fuel additive MTBE is an ether	213	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: MTBE Use in Gasoline	213	(1)
Alcohols	214	(19)
Alcohol molecules contain a C-O-H unit	214	(1)
Methanol is often used as a fuel	215	(1)
Methanol is not for drinking!	216	(1)
Ethanol is found in alcoholic beverages	216	(2)
Ethanol has many effects on human health	218	(2)
The history of a can of beer in the body	220	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Two tests for sobriety	220	(4)
Ethanol can be used as a fuel or additive	224	(2)
Discussion Point: Should the use of agricultural ethanol in gasoline be mandatory?	226	(1)
Hydrogen bonding is a weak attraction	226	(4)
Chemistry in Your Home: Determining which substances are hydrophobic	230	(1)
Some alcohols have complex structures	230	(1)
Glycols and glycerine	230	(2)
PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol	232	(1)
THC: Tetrahydrocannabinol	232	(1)
Alcohols can be converted to ethers	233	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Finding the alcohols in your home	233	(1)
Aldehydes and Ketones	233	(4)
Formaldehyde is toxic	234	(1)
Aldehydes are used in foods and perfumes	235	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Extracting the scents from flowers	236	(1)
Ketones have two carbon groups bonded to the C=O carbon	236	(1)
Carboxylic Acids	237	(6)
Formic and acetic acids are common carboxylic acids	238	(1)
Hangovers are produced by aldehydes	239	(1)
Some carboxylic acids have awful smells	240	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Finding the carboxylic acids in your home	241	(1)
Carboxylic acids are a common component of foods	241	(2)
Lactic, malic, citric, and tartaric acids are alpha-hydroxy acids	243	(1)
Esters	243	(16)
That nice smell in the air may be an ester	244	(2)
Some useful plastics contain esters	246	(1)
Esters form the waxes that are used in lipstick	246	(1)
Alcohols react with carboxylic acids to produce esters	247	(1)
Tying Concepts Together: Oxygen-containing functional groups	248	(5)
Taking It Further with Math: Calculating the heat released or absorbed during chemical reactions	253	(6)
WEB Taking It Further: Ethanol can be produced by fermentation and distillation
WEB Taking It Further with Math: Converting units
Health and Energy: Carbohydrates, Fats, and Oils	259	(34)
Carbohydrates: Food, Fuel, and Plant Structure	259	(7)
Glucose and fructose are simple sugars	259	(2)
In diabetes, glucose is not available to body cells	261	(1)
Sucrose is common table sugar	262	(2)
The relative sweetness of molecules	264	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Diet versus regular	265	(1)
Lactose is a problematic sugar for many people	266	(1)
Polysaccharides	266	(8)
Starch is a complex carbohydrate	268	(2)
Glucose is stored temporarily in the body	270	(1)
Polysaccharides have complex 3-D structures	271	(1)
Cellulose is not digestible by humans	271	(2)
Dietary fiber and resistant starch are nondigestible	273	(1)
Fats and Oils	274	(19)
Fatty acids and glycerol combine to form fats and oils	275	(2)
Unsaturated fats and oils contain C=C bonds	277	(1)
Common fats and oils contain mixtures of fatty acids	278	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Calculating your intake of fat from processed foods	279	(1)
How do low-carbohydrate diets work?	280	(1)
Omega-3 fatty acids are good for you	280	(1)
Fats and oils are emulsified and hydrolyzed in the body	281	(1)
Hydrogenation is used to produce some margarines	282	(2)
``Fake fats'' have the mouth-feel of real fat	284	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Diet and Heart Disease	284	(4)
Taking It Further I: Beer and spirits are alcoholic beverages produced from carbohydrates	288	(2)
Taking It Further II: Many common food products are largely fats or oil	290	(3)
WEB Taking It Further: Different sugars determine the human blood groups
WEB Taking It Further: Chocolate is mainly fat
Condensation Polymers, Especially Those Containing Nitrogen: The Chemistry of Medication and Clothing	293	(32)
Important Nitrogen-Containing Organic Molecules	293	(9)
Amine molecules contain nitrogen atoms	293	(2)
Many amines have odors that disgust us	295	(1)
Antidepressants, such as Prozac, are amines	296	(1)
Nitrogen atoms are found in nicotine and caffeine	297	(3)
Chemistry in Your Home: How many cups of coffee do you really drink per day?	300	(1)
Decomposing substances are characterized by their half-life periods	301	(1)
The Reactions of Amines	302	(9)
Amines can form ions	302	(1)
Cocaine is a highly addictive amine	303	(2)
Amphetamine and its relatives are stimulants	305	(1)
Discussion Point: Should all stimulant drugs be legalized?	306	(1)
Most painkillers are nitrogen-containing organic compounds	307	(3)
A Global/Local Perspective: Coca and Opium Production	310	(1)
Amides are analogs of acids and esters	310	(1)
Condensation Polymers	311	(14)
Nylon is a polyamide	311	(4)
Polyesters, plastics, and films	315	(1)
Polycarbonates are used to make colored plastics	316	(1)
Useful fibers are made from condensation polymers	317	(8)
WEB Taking It Further: Silicon also forms condensation polymers
The Molecules That Make You What You Are: Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Hormones	325	(48)
Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Structures and Properties	325	(6)
The basic units of DNA and RNA are nucleotides	325	(3)
Nucleotides form biological polymers	328	(1)
DNA is a double helix	329	(2)
DNA: The Genetic Message	331	(2)
The nucleotide structure of DNA carries information	331	(1)
Specific sequences of nucleotides are genes	331	(1)
The Human Genome Project	332	(1)
Discussion Point: Who owns your genes?	333	(1)
RNA: The Genetic Message Translator	333	(8)
Genetic information goes from DNA to RNA to protein	333	(1)
Information on DNA is transferred to mRNA	333	(2)
RNA codons dictate a protein's sequence of amino acids	335	(1)
Ribosomes build polypeptides	336	(2)
Cells turn genes on and off	338	(1)
Tying Concepts Together: The base sequence of DNA determines the amino acid sequence of a protein	338	(3)
The Genetic Message Expressed I: Protein Form	341	(8)
Proteins are polyamides	341	(1)
Polypeptides are short chains of amino acids	341	(2)
Protein shapes are determined by interactions	343	(1)
Primary structure	343	(1)
Secondary structure	344	(1)
Tertiary structure	345	(2)
Quaternary structure	347	(1)
Your hair curls due to disulfide bridges and hydrogen bonds	347	(2)
The Genetic Message Expressed II: Protein Function	349	(11)
You need protein in your diet	349	(1)
What's a complete protein?	350	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Genetically Modified Food	351	(1)
Proteins have a variety of roles in the body	352	(1)
Enzymes are catalysts for biochemical reactions	352	(2)
Some proteins require additional molecules	354	(1)
Mutations: When things go wrong	355	(2)
Cloning	357	(1)
Discussion Point: Cloning	358	(1)
Proteins and DNA are used as evidence in legal proceedings	358	(1)
Discussion Point: What are the legal and ethical implications of DNA collection and databases?	359	(1)
Steroids: Cholesterol, Sex Hormones, and Birth Control Pills	360	(13)
Testosterone is one of several anabolic steroids	360	(2)
Discussion Point: Should athletes be allowed to use Andro-6 and carbohydrate loading?	362	(1)
Contraceptive pills use female sex hormones	362	(1)
Cholesterol is naturally present in animals	363	(1)
Lipoproteins contribute to heart disease risk	363	(7)
Group Activity: Extraction of DNA from wheat germ	370	(1)
Taking It Further: Altering a protein's shape affects its functionality	371	(2)
Chemicals in Our Bodies and Our Environment: Vitamins, Food Additives, Pesticides, and More	373	(42)
Vitamins	373	(8)
Vitamin C and members of the vitamin B family	374	(3)
Vitamins A, D, E, and K	377	(1)
Vitamin E, an antioxidant	377	(2)
Chemistry in Your Home: The antioxidant properties of vitamin C	379	(1)
Vitamins A, D, and K	380	(1)
Discussion Point: Should vitamin supplements be regulated?	381	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Vitamin Deficiencies	381	(1)
Food Additives	381	(6)
Antioxidants prevent foods from spoiling	381	(1)
Dehydration and food preservatives	382	(1)
Organic acids	383	(1)
Sulfites	384	(1)
Nitrites	384	(1)
Additives are used to enhance food's appearance, texture, and flavor	385	(2)
Chemistry in Your Home: The additives in your food	387	(1)
Pesticides: An Introduction	387	(1)
Pesticides kill undesirable organisms	387	(1)
Insecticides	388	(8)
DDT is an infamous insecticide	388	(1)
Organochlorine molecules accumulate in living matter	389	(2)
A Global/Local Perspective: The Impact of Continuing DDT Use in the World	391	(1)
Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are toxic	391	(3)
Discussion Point: Should flea collars impregnated with chemicals be used on pets?	394	(1)
Natural and Green Pesticides	394	(2)
A Global/Local Perspective: The Control of Insects by Insecticides	396	(1)
Herbicides, PCBs, Dioxins, and Furans	396	(8)
Phenoxy herbicides	396	(1)
Dioxin is highly toxic	397	(1)
Glyphosate is a herbicide that kills almost all plants	398	(1)
PCBs are multiuse organochlorine compounds	399	(1)
PCBs in the environment are recycled for years	399	(1)
PCBs are contaminated by furans	400	(1)
Environmental sources of dioxins and furans	401	(1)
Dioxins, furans, and PCBs in our diet	401	(1)
The health effects of PCBs, furans, and dioxins	402	(2)
Environmental Estrogens	404	(11)
Certain organic chemicals interfere with natural estrogen	404	(1)
Can environmental estrogens affect health?	405	(1)
Tying Concepts Together: Tiny concentrations of chemicals in our bodies	406	(5)
Taking It Further: The nature and reactivity of free radicals	411	(4)
Chemistry in Water: Salts, Acids, and Bases	415	(38)
Salts	415	(8)
Many salts readily dissolve in water	415	(2)
Salts have varying degrees of solubility in water	417	(2)
Seawater, drinking water, and bottled water	419	(2)
Fluoride in the water can help prevent tooth decay	421	(1)
Discussion Point: Should public water supplies be fluoridated?	422	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Fluoridation of Drinking Water	422	(1)
Acids	423	(11)
Acids increase hydrogen ion concentrations	423	(1)
Polyprotic acids release more than one hydrogen ion	424	(1)
Strong acids are completely ionized in solution	425	(1)
Molarity is a concentration scale	426	(1)
The pH scale measures H+ concentrations	427	(1)
Chemical equilibrium and weak acids	428	(1)
Acids give food and beverages their tartness	429	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Effects of acids and bases on hair	430	(1)
The reactivity of H+ makes it very important	430	(2)
Chemistry in Your Home: Making naked eggs	432	(1)
Gastric juice has a very low pH	432	(1)
Calcium, bicarbonate, and carbonate ions are common in the environment	433	(1)
Bases	434	(4)
Bases increase hydroxide ion concentrations	434	(2)
Weak bases also produce hydroxide ion from water	436	(2)
The Reactions of Acids and Bases	438	(15)
Acids and bases react to neutralize each other	438	(2)
Antacids are activated by acid	440	(1)
Water can ionize itself	440	(1)
Some natural substances are indicators	441	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Testing common substances to see if they are acids or bases	442	(1)
Buffer solutions resist changes to their pH	443	(10)
WEB Taking It Further: Hydrogen ion transfer
WEB Taking It Further with Math: Mole concept
Batteries, Fuel Cells, and the Hydrogen Economy: Oxidation and Reduction	453	(30)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	453	(7)
The transfer of electrons can be described by half-reactions	453	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Dissolving an iron nail in a soft drink	453	(1)
Oxidation involves electron loss, reduction involves electron gain	454	(3)
The simple zinc-copper electrochemical cell	457	(3)
Batteries	460	(2)
Batteries generate energy by redox reactions	460	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Feeling the heat of a redox reaction	460	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Building a battery from fruit	461	(1)
Batteries can power electric cars	461	(1)
Fuel Cells	462	(2)
Fuel cells provide continuous electric power	462	(1)
Fuel cells have great potential	463	(1)
Discussion Point: Should electric cars replace gasoline-powered vehicles?	463	(1)
Electrolysis: Producing Metals from Ores	464	(1)
Hydrogen: The Fuel of the Future?	465	(18)
Hydrogen combustion produces fewer pollutants than fossil fuels	466	(1)
Hydrogen fuel is produced from water or methane	467	(1)
Electrolysis	467	(1)
Sunlight-induced decomposition of water	467	(1)
Hydrogen from a fossil fuel	468	(1)
Hydrogen storage presents challenges	468	(1)
Storing hydrogen as a liquid or compressed gas	469	(1)
Storing hydrogen in carbon or a metal	469	(1)
Hydrogen storage in fuel cell-powered vehicles	469	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Hydrogen Technologies Currently in Use	470	(1)
Discussion Point: What impact will a hydrogen-based economy have?	470	(1)
Tying Concepts Together: Redox reactions and electrical energy	471	(4)
Taking It Further I: Flashlight batteries come in several versions	475	(3)
Taking It Further II: Nicad is a rechargeable battery	478	(1)
Taking It Further III: The lithium-ion battery	479	(1)
Taking It Further IV: Lead-acid storage batteries	480	(3)
Fit to Drink: Water: Sources, Pollution, and Purification	483	(34)
Drinking Water: Sources	484	(2)
Earth's fresh water	484	(1)
Groundwater provides some of Earth's water supply	484	(2)
Drinking Water: Removal of Ions, Gases, Solids, and Organic Compounds	486	(7)
Aeration removes gases	486	(1)
Settling and precipitation remove particles	487	(1)
Removing calcium and magnesium ions	487	(1)
Activated carbon removes organic compounds	488	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: Charcoal purification	489	(1)
Reverse osmosis removes ions	489	(2)
Ion exchange changes the ions in water	491	(1)
Water can be deionized by distillation	492	(1)
Tying Concepts Together: Arsenic in drinking water	492	(1)
Drinking Water: Disinfection by Chlorination	493	(4)
The disinfecting agent in chlorination is hypochlorous acid	493	(1)
Chlorination in swimming pools	494	(1)
Chlorination has some drawbacks	495	(1)
Residual chlorine protects water in storage	496	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Chlorination in Your Community and Other Parts of the World	497	(1)
Drinking Water: Disinfection by Methods Other Than Chlorination	497	(2)
Ozone is used to disinfect some water supplies	497	(1)
Chlorine dioxide can disinfect water	497	(1)
Irradiation with ultraviolet light eliminates toxic organisms	498	(1)
Discussion Point: Should chlorination be phased out?	498	(1)
The advantages of disinfecting drinking water	498	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Waterborne Illness	499	(1)
Groundwater Pollution by Organic Compounds	499	(3)
Organic compounds can leach into the soil	500	(1)
Cleaning up groundwater contamination	501	(1)
Water Pollution by Nitrogen Compounds	502	(2)
Nitrogen fertilizers cause serious pollution	502	(1)
Nitrate is a contaminant of well water	503	(1)
Nitrate has potential health effects	504	(1)
Surface Water Pollution by Phosphates: Soaps and Detergents	504	(13)
The hydrophobic portion of soap attracts grease	505	(1)
Soap is manufactured from fats	505	(1)
Synthetic detergents	506	(1)
Detergent builders enhance cleaning power	507	(2)
Chemistry in Your Home: Is your water hard or soft?	509	(1)
Phosphates from point and nonpoint sources	509	(2)
Discussion Point: Should phosphates be put back into detergents?	511	(6)
Dirty Air, Dirty Lungs: Air Pollution	517	(36)
Urban Ozone: The Photochemical Smog Process	518	(8)
Photochemical smog production	518	(2)
Burning fuel produces nitrogen oxides	520	(1)
Ground-level ozone is a form of pollution	520	(1)
Photochemical smog occurs worldwide	521	(1)
Ozone affects crops	522	(1)
Limiting VOC emissions can reduce smog	523	(1)
Catalytic converters help reduce vehicle emissions	524	(1)
Nitric oxide is also emitted from power plants	525	(1)
Acid Rain	526	(8)
Acid rain has a low pH	526	(1)
Sulfur dioxide pollution and control	527	(3)
The acidity of rain varies	530	(1)
The ecological effects of acid rain	531	(1)
Aluminum is made soluble by acid rain	532	(1)
Acid rain and air pollution affect forests	533	(1)
Particulates in Air Pollution	534	(4)
Particulates are tiny particles suspended in air	534	(1)
Sources of coarse particulates	535	(1)
Sources of fine particulates	535	(1)
Particulate concentration affects air quality	536	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Air Pollution from Automobiles	537	(1)
Discussion Point: The impact of automobiles on pollution	538	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Production of Pollutants Impacts Areas Far Away	538	(1)
The Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollutants	538	(4)
Soot-and-sulfur smog is a problem	539	(1)
Health effects of ozone and carbon monoxide	539	(1)
High particulate concentrations are a health risk	540	(2)
Discussion Point: The costs of cleaning air	542	(1)
Indoor Air Pollution	542	(11)
Formaldehyde is found indoors	543	(1)
Carbon monoxide can be deadly	544	(1)
Nitrogen oxides are indoor air pollutants	544	(1)
Health effects of secondhand smoke	545	(1)
Asbestos fibers damage the lungs	545	(2)
Discussion Point: Asbestos removal	547	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: The air pollutants in your home	547	(6)
A Thin Veil of Protection: Stratospheric Chemistry and the Ozone Layer	553	(30)
The Ozone Layer	554	(4)
There is an ozone hole over Antarctica	554	(2)
Molecules selectively absorb light	556	(2)
O2 and O3 filter sunlight	558	(1)
The Biological Consequences of Ozone Depletion	558	(4)
Skin cancer and cataracts are related to UV exposure	559	(1)
Chemistry in Your Home: How much UV are you exposed to?	560	(1)
Increased UV exposure affects plants and animals	561	(1)
The Interplay of Light with Chemistry in the Stratosphere	562	(2)
Light's energy varies with wavelength	562	(1)
Ozone is created in the stratosphere	562	(1)
Stratospheric ozone is constantly destroyed and re-formed	563	(1)
The Ozone Hole and Other Sites of Ozone Depletion	564	(6)
The ozone-destruction cycle over the South Pole	564	(1)
Inactive chlorine can be temporarily activated	565	(3)
Measuring the size of the Antarctic ozone hole	568	(1)
Stratospheric Arctic ozone depletion is increasing	569	(1)
Stratospheric ozone has decreased in nonpolar areas	570	(1)
The Chemicals That Cause Ozone Destruction	570	(13)
Natural and synthetic chlorine and bromine compounds	570	(2)
CFCs and carbon tetrachloride	572	(1)
CFC replacements contain hydrogen	572	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: CFCs	573	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Economic impact of Phasing out CFCs	573	(1)
Are CFCs really to blame?	574	(1)
Halons and methyl bromide contain bromine	574	(1)
International agreements protect the ozone layer	575	(1)
Discussion Point: Should agricultural methyl bromide be phased out?	576	(7)
Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect	583	(38)
Global Changes in Weather in the 20th Century	583	(3)
Global warming today exceeds that in the past	583	(1)
Global precipitation has changed	584	(1)
What are other signs of global warming?	585	(1)
The Causes of Global Warming	586	(3)
Earth balances energy received from the Sun	587	(1)
The greenhouse effect traps heat	588	(1)
Greenhouse Gases	589	(14)
Greenhouse gases absorb thermal infrared light	589	(2)
Carbon dioxide varies in concentration	591	(2)
Anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide	593	(1)
Carbon dioxide becomes dissolved in oceans	593	(2)
A Global/Local Perspective: Carbon Dioxide Emissions	595	(1)
Methane contributes to global warming	595	(1)
Methane comes from natural and anthropogenic processes	596	(1)
Nitrous oxide concentration in air has increased	597	(1)
CFCs and their replacements	598	(1)
Water vapor contributes to global warming	598	(1)
Aerosols contribute to our climate	599	(2)
Additional cloud cover	601	(1)
The impact of humans on global warming	601	(2)
Predictions of Future Global Warming	603	(2)
Even a slight increase in CO2 emissions will affect its concentration	603	(1)
Global air temperature is likely to increase	603	(1)
New methane emission sources	604	(1)
Global warming could be accelerated	604	(1)
Predicted Effects of Future Global Warming	605	(4)
Sea levels are predicted to rise	605	(1)
Changes in precipitation would affect agriculture	606	(2)
Discussion Point: Might global warming be good for agriculture?	608	(1)
Changes in climate may affect human health	608	(1)
Ways to Control CO2 Emissions	609	(12)
Energy usage and CO2 emissions vary widely	609	(1)
Setting a target level for atmospheric CO2	609	(2)
Some proposals allocate CO2 emissions	611	(2)
CO2 emissions could be minimized	613	(1)
Fuel switching	613	(1)
Burying carbon dioxide	613	(1)
Removing CO2 from the air	614	(1)
A final perspective on global warming	614	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Should the U.S. Now Sign the Kyoto Treaty?	615	(6)
Radioactivity, Nuclear Energy and Solar Energy: The Core of Matter	621
Radioactivity	621	(7)
Most elements occur as a mixture of isotopes	621	(1)
Radioactive nuclei emit small particles	622	(1)
Alpha emission	622	(2)
Beta emission	624	(1)
Gamma emission	625	(1)
Radioactivity can be dangerous to living organisms	625	(2)
A radioactive isotope decays over time	627	(1)
Chemistry in your Home: The Half-Life of . . . Candy	628	(1)
Radon Gas	628	(4)
Radon gas is produced from uranium decay	628	(1)
Radon can enter buildings	629	(2)
Is radon dangerous to our health?	631	(1)
A Global/Local Perspective: Is Radon a Health Hazard in Your Area?	631	(1)
Nuclear Energy	632	(11)
Fission reactors use chain reactions	632	(2)
Fission produces radioactive by-products	634	(2)
Plutonium is a radioactive element	636	(1)
Uranium mining contaminates the environment	637	(1)
The nuclear waste disposal problem is unsolved	638	(2)
The future of fission-based nuclear energy	640	(1)
Fusion reactors are another source of power	640	(2)
A Global/Local Perspective: Nuclear Energy Around the World	642	(1)
Discussion Point: What impact could nuclear power have on your life?	642	(1)
Tying Concepts Together: The sources of fission, fusion, and solar energy	642	(1)
Solar Energy	643
Solar energy is used to generate power	644	(1)
Hydroelectric power	644	(1)
Wind power	645	(1)
Biomass energy	646	(1)
Tidal and wave power	647	(1)
Solar energy can be used directly in two ways	648	(1)
Thermal conversion can be used to heat water	648	(1)
Thermal conversion can be used for electricity	649	(1)
Solar cells produce electricity	650	(2)
Solar energy has advantages and disadvantages	652
Appendix A: Scientific Notation	1	(2)
Appendix B: Answers to In-Text Exercises	3	(4)
Appendix C: Answers to End-of-Chapter Exercises	7
Glossary	1	(1)
Index	1